Delta''''s key to the next generation toefl test part 12

Questions about purpose require you to scan the passage for specific information, Here are some examples: ‘The author mentions orthodox medicine in Herbalism Paragraph 1 in order t

5 Questions about purpose require you to scan the passage for specific information, Here are some examples:

‘The author mentions orthodox medicine in Herbalism

Paragraph 1 in order to

» The knowledge that plants can cure disease

‘may be instinctive, since even animals seek

‘out the appropriate herb when they are il The study and use of plants for medicinal purposes is the concern of herbalism It is no less the concer of orthodox medicine, which puts equal faith in the curative value of certain plants The earliest physicians were all herbalists, and one of these, Hippocrates, left

us a valuable description of the herbs in use throughout the classical world

For thousands of years, the practice of medicine depended almost exclusively on flowers, barks, and leaves Only recently have synthetic drugs come into use, and in many cases these are duplicates of chemicals identified in plants Even today pharmaceutical firms sponsor expeditions to remote parts of the world in search of medicinal plants, just

© compare herbalism with standard

medical practice

© argue that herbalism is superior to

orthodox medicine

© praise the contributions of Hippocrates

© aesoribe the philosophy of early

physicians

Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [

“The question asks about the author's purpose in mentioning a specific detail, orthodox medicine The correct answer is to compare herbalism with standard medical practice Some clues in paragraph | are:

use of plants for medicinal purposes is the concern of herbalism

- no less the concern of orthodox medicine, which puts equal faith i

The earliest physicians were all herbalists

Why are the other three answers incorrect? Argue that herbalism is superior to orthodox medicine

is inaccurate; praise the contributions of Hippocrates and describe the philosophy of early physicians are too general

Why does the author use the word

duplicates in discussing synthetic drugs?

(© To show that herbalists have copied the

work of scientists

© To explain why herbalists need know!-

edge of chemistry

© Te point out that synthetic drugs can be

dangerous

© To emphasize the value of herbalism to

modern medicine

‘one of these, Hippoorates, left us a valuable description of the herbs in use throughout the classical world

For thousands of years, the practice of medicine depended almost exclusively on flowers, barks, and leaves Only recently have synthetic drugs come into use, and in many

‘cases these are duplicates of chemicals identified in plants Even today pharmaceutical firms sponsor expeditions to remote parts of the world in search of medicinal plants, just

as in 1500 B.C Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt sent court botanists on missions of this sort

Modern science has confirmed the instinctive confidence that the ancients placed in herbs

In herbalism, a plant is simply eaten raw

or infused in water In orthodox medicine,

on the other hand, the same plant may be subjected to numerous chemical processes before its active ingredient is extracted, refined, and made ready for consumption,

The question asks about the author’s purpose in using a specific word, duplicates, in discussing

synthetic drugs Duplicates means to copy exactly The correct answer is To emphasize the value

of herbalism to modern medicine Some clues in the passage are:

.the practice of medicine depended almost exclusively on

-these are duplicates of chemicals identified in plants

Modern science has confirmed the instinctive confidence that the ancients placed in herbs Why are the other three answers incorrect? To show that herbalists have copied the work of

s jentists and to explain why herbalists need knowledge of chemistry are inaccurate To point out

that synthetic drugs can be dangerous is not mentioned in the passage

Detta’s Key 10 THE Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test

Ye PRACTICE

Exercise 1.6.A

Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question

Questions 1-2

In economics and finance, nothing can be measured with the precision possible in

the physical sciences However, approximate measurement is often sufficient as long as

the method of measurement remains the same over time It is important for anyone who

is considering buying stock in a company to know that the usual methods of accounting

have been followed

Unfortunately, even when auditors certify that a company has prepared its financial

reports properly, they cannot always be certain that all figures are 100 percent accurate

Because a company’s books are not open to public scrutiny, it is possible for a company

to distort its financial status Accounting scandals occur because of dishonesty,

questionable accounting practices, or outright criminal behavior Although the accounting profession and government agencies have attempted to reform some of these abuses,

the principle of caveat emptor—tet the buyer beware—must still guide one’s financial

transactions

1 Why does the author mention the

physical sciences in paragraph 1?

@® To point out that financial measurements

are not always precise

@® To compare the physical sciences

unfavorably with other sciences

© To explain why methods of measurement

are important in different fields

©® To argue that economics and finance

should be considered physical sciences

2 Why does the author mention the principle

in of caveat emptor paragraph 2?

@) To recommend that the government

review all stock purchases

To criticize inadequate efforts to stop bad accounting practices

© To argue that buying stock is the best

way to make money fast

©@ To war potential buyers of the possibility

of accounting abuses

QUESTIONS 3-4

just outside the town of Mariposa, is one of Canada’s most popular 1g fictional places The lake and town are the setting of Stephen Leacock’s

masterpiece, Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town, a collection of comic sketches and

witty observations originally published in 1912 Leacock, one of the founders of Canadian

literature, worked for most of his life as a professor of economics His reputation as a

political economist was worldwide, but it is Lake Wissanotti and Mariposa for which he

is most remembered today

Sunshine Sketches is a portrait of small-town Canadian life in the early twentieth

century Mariposa represents a past to be cherished, a pastoral and idyllic town that allows

for human folly If there is any satire, it is immediately bathed in warm sunshine Although

Sunshine Sketches has the complexity of a novel, it is more properly defined as a short

story cycle A vital force is the book’s narrator, who is at times intimately close to the

comings and goings of Mariposa life, but distant enough to sustain the focus on human folly

© To point out a relationship between

literature and economics

@® To identify the narrator of a book of

stories about a town

DELrA'e KEv 10 THE Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test 109

QUESTIONS 5-7

5

no

Everyone in a particular society recognizes social roles: father, mother, child, teacher,

student, police officer, store clerk, doctor, judge, political leader, and so on Every culture

expects certain types of behavior from people who play certain social roles Anyone

‘occupying a given position is expected to adopt a specific attitude A store clerk is expected

to take care of customers patiently and politely, and a judge is expected to make wise and

fair decisions about laws

Informal social roles are not always easy to recognize, but can be identified with careful research, They are key indicators of a group’s health and happiness Within the family, one

informal role is the family hero, the person who defines integrity and upholds family

morality Others are the family arbitrator, the person who keeps the peace, and the family

historian, often a grandparent, who relays valuable cultural information that maintains both the family and the larger society And finally, there is the family friend, the person who

provides comfort and companionship to the family members with emotional needs

7 Which informal social role supports the family

by preserving the family’s culture?

@® friend Ce) hero Ce) historian Co) arbitrator

DeLrA'o Key to THE Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test

QUESTIONS 8-10

The many parts of the earth’s atmosphere are linked with the various parts of the

earth’s surface to produce a whole—the climate system Different parts of the earth’s

surface react to the energy of the sun in different ways For example, ice and snow reflect

much of it, Land surfaces absorb solar energy and heat up rapidly Oceans store the energy

\out experiencing a significant temperature rise Thus, the different types of surfaces

transfer heat into the atmosphere at different rates

We can view climate as existing in three domains: space, time, and human perception

In the domain of space, we can study local, regional, and global climates In time, we can

look at the climate for a year, a decade, a millennium, and so forth Finally, we depend on

our perceptions of the data, so we must include our own human perception into our model

Human perception ranges from our personal observations to our public predictions about

climate Human perception must be included if our understanding of climatic processes is

to be translated into societal actions As a society, we make informed choices about how

to use the beneficial effects of climate, such as deciding when and where to plant crops

We also make choices about how to minimize the harmful effects of climate—storms,

blizzards, anid droughts

9 According to the author, why must we include

human perception in our study of climate?

@® We must interpret data and take actions

related to climate

@® We must create an interesting model of

the climate system

© We must develop an understanding of

our environment,

@® We must change our traditional ways of

studying climate

Exercise 1.6.B

Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question

Questions 1-3

+

M2

Several men have been responsible for promoting forestry as a profession

Foremost was Gifford Pinchot, the father of professional forestry in America He was

chief of the Forest Service from 1898 until 1910, working with President Theodore

Roosevelt to instigate sound conservation practices in forests Later he was professor

of forestry and founder of the Pinchot School of Forestry at Yale University Another

great forester was Dr, Bernard E, Fernow, the first head of the U.S Forest Service He

organized the first American school of professional forestry at Cornell University

The foresters of today, like Pinchot and Fernow in the past, plan and supervise

the growth, protection, and utilization of trees They make maps of forest areas, estimate

the amount of standing timber and future growth, and manage timber sales They also

protect the trees from fire, harmful insects, and disease Some foresters may be

responsible for other duties, ranging from wildlife protection and watershed management

to the development and supervision of camps, parks, and grazing lands Others do

research, provide information to forest owners and to the general public, and teach in

colleges and universities

Why does the author call Gifford Pinchot 3 All of the following are mentioned in the the father of professional forestry in America? passage EXCEPT

G) To emphasize his contributions to the field G] what foresters do besides protecting trees Ce) To describe his family background CB) how to select a good school of forestry CE) To praise his management skills CE) people who promoted forestry as a career CD) To illustrate his influence on the president CoS management of timber and timber sales Why does the author compare Pinchot and

Fernow to the foresters of today?

@® To describe different philosophies of

forestry management

To show how the field of forestry has

changed in 100 years

© To argue for the expansion of university

forestry programs

©® To introduce the types of work done by

professional foresters

DettA’s Key To THE Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test

QUESTIONS 4-6

4

One's style of dress reveals the human obsession with both novelty and tradition,

People use clothing to declare their membership in a particular social group; however,

the rules for what is acceptable dress for that group may change In affluent societies,

this changing of the rules is the driving force behind fashions By keeping up with

fashions, that is, by changing their clothing style frequently but simultaneously, members

of a group both satisfy their desire for novelty and obey the rules, thus demonstrating

their membership in the group

There are some interesting variations regarding individual status Some people,

particularly in the West, consider themselves of such high status that they do not need

to display it with their clothing For example, many wealthy people in the entertainment

industry appear in very casual clothes, such as the worn jeans and work boots of a

expensive wristwatch, will prevail over the message of the casual dress Such an inverted

status display is most likely to occur where the person’s high status is conveyed in ways

other than with clothing, such as having a famous face

© Toexplain why it is not necessary to dress

fashion accessory

@® To state that individual status is not

important in the West

To argue that individuals need not obey

every fashion rule

© To contrast the status of entertainers with

that of manual laborers

©® To explain how high status may involve

an inverted status display

DeLTA’s Key To THE Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test

NS

Questions 7-10

The war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict

‘The New England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies

in the South were also hard hit The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war

was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies’ supply of

manufactured goods The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose

existence depended on commercial activity Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and

Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops Even when the troops had

left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade

American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining

the entire economy of the urban areas The decline in trade brought a fall in the American

standard of living Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to

find work on farms and in small villages Some of them joined the Continental army, or

if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces The population of New

York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later

in 1783

The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets

for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment

all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years

7 Why does the author mention the fishing industry 9 Why does the author mention the population

© Shortages of money and manufactured goods

Answers to Exercises 1.6.4 through 1.6.B are on page 566,

seo

1 Outside of class, look in a magazine or a university textbook Select a short passage of two to three paragraphs Type or photocopy the paragraphs Make three copies to bring to class In class, form groups of three students each In your group, give each classmate a copy of your passage

Individually, read all of your group's passages For each one, write an answer to these questions:

a Why did the author write this?

b, What is the author's attitude toward the topic?

c What is the purpose of each paragraph?

4 What details in the passage support the author’s purpose?

e What words does the author use to emphasize points?

When everyone in your group has finished reading and answering the questions for all passages,

compare your answers with your classmates’ answers Are the answers similar or different? Work

as a team to agree on the best answer to each question

Detta’s Key To THe Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test 115