Tài liệu Delta''''s key to the next generation toefl test part 6 pptx

The word it in the passage refers to CO digestion Onniilk sugar © the enzyme © [lactase deficiency... Logic tells you that it refers to lactase deficiency, which is the correct answer

1.3 REFERENTS

Three common herbs are effective remedies for a sore throat: angelica, sage, and

vervain; all are available in health food stores

Electromagnetism is the relationship between electricity and magnetism; either

can be used to produce the other

Most daisies are perennials, but some bloom for only one or two seasons

Only two elements are liquids at normal temperature:

5 The referent questions most commonly seen on the TOEFL ask you to locate the referent of a pronoun However, sometimes you must identify the referent of a specified term or phrase Look

at the highlighted phrase in the following passage:

Like the gray and fox squirrels, the Eastern chipmunk often feeds on acorns and hickory nuts Essentially a ground species, this pert rodent does not hesitate to climb large oak trees when the acorns are ripe

This pert rodent refers to the Eastern chipmunk, which is the subject of the previous sentence

6 The meaning of the sentence can help you answer referent questions The function of the pronoun

or referring word—for example, whether it is a subject or object—can help you find the correct referent Grammatical structures are often clues that point to the identity of referents Sentence structure, logic, and common sense can help you locate referents

You can check your answer by putting it in the sentence in place of the pronoun or referring word

If the sentence still makes sense according to the passage, your answer is correct

7 Here are some examples:

‘Some foods require very specific enzymes for digestion Milk sugar, which is called lactose, needs an enzyme called lactase to convert it to glucose and galactose, carbohydrates needed by the body for energy

‘Some people do not produce lactase or have

a deficient amount of the enzyme Lactase deficiency may be inherited, and in infants it occurs in severe form, persisting throughout life Some people develop the condition later

in life, many when they are in their forties

People of Asian or African heritage develop the condition more frequently Around 90 percent of the former and 75 percent of the latter have varying severity of lactase deficiency People with the disorder, also called lactose intolerance, have difficulty digesting cow's milk The condition is currently considered incurable; however, symptoms can be controlled and relieved with

a diet free of milk and milk products

The word it in the passage refers to

CO digestion

Onniilk sugar

© the enzyme

© [lactase deficiency

The referent of it is something that occurs in severe form in infants The subject of the sentence is Lactase deficiency Logic tells you that it refers to lactase deficiency, which is the correct answer

‘You can check the answer by reading the sentence with lactase deficiency in place of it: Lactase

deficiency may be inherited, and in infants lactase deficiency occurs in severe form, persisting

throughout life

‘Some foods require very specific enzymes for digestion Milk sugar, which is called lactose, needs an enzyme called lactase to convert it to glucose and galactose, carbohydrates needed by the body for energy Some people do not produce lactase

or have a deficient amount of the enzyme

Lactase deficiency may be inherited, and in infants it occurs in severe form, persisting throughout life Some people develop the condition later in life, many when they are

in their forties People of Asian or African heritage develop the condition more frequently Around 90 percent of the former and 75 percent of the latter have varying severity of lactase deficiency People with the disorder, also called lactose intolerance, have difficulty digesting cow’s milk The condition

is currently considered incurable; however, symptoms can be controlled and relieved with a diet free of milk and milk products

The phrase the former in the passage refers

to

© people in their forties

© people of Asian heritage

© people of African heritage

© people with the disorder

What is the referent of the former? In all cases where two things are mentioned, the former refers to

the first thing, and rhe latter refers to the second thing In this passage, the former refers to people

of Asian heritage because this phrase is mentioned first in the previous sentence The latter refers to people of African heritage because this phrase is mentioned second

The correct answer is people of Asian heritage You can check this by reading the sentence with

people of Asian heritage in place of the former and people of African heritage in place of the latter The passage will read: People of Asian or African heritage develop the condition more frequently Around 90 percent of people of Asian heritage and 75 percent of people of African heritage have

varying severity of lactase deficiency

Detta’s Key 10 THe Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test 47

1.5 REFERENTS

Pfr

% PRACTICE

Exercise 1.3.4

Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question

QUESTION 1

Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite

imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon In Asia and Europe,

it is commonly a hare, while North Americans see the “man in the moon” or the “lady

in the moon.”

1 The word it in the passage refers to

G) word of mouth

©) society

Ce) favorite imagined figure

©) full moon

QUESTION 2

Energy is the real currency of the world We depend on energy to grow our food, to keep us alive, and to warm and cool our bodies and the buildings where we live and work

We also use it to move people and other objects as well as to change matter from one

physical or chemical form to another

2 The word another in the passage refers to

CA currency

CB) energy

Ce) matter

Co) form

QUESTION 3

Young potential leaders should gain exceptional command, in both writing and

speaking, of their own language In addition, they should have workable knowledge of

a second language Leadership requires strong public speaking skills Courses in public speaking do not enjoy high status in the academic world today; however, many bright young people are poor speakers, and they must develop their ability in this area

3 The phrase this area in the passage refers to

G) a second language

CB) leadership

Ce) public speaking

(0) the academic world

Detta’s Key To THE Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test

Question 4

At least one central quality of music—rhythmic organization—can exist apart from

the ability of people to hear it Some composers, such as Scriabin, have emphasized the

importance of the rhythmic aspect of music by translating their works into rhythmic series

of colored forms Others, such as Stravinsky, have stressed the significance of seeing

music performed by an orchestra or a dance troupe Thus, certain aspects of the musical

experience are accessible even to deaf individuals who cannot appreciate its auditory qualities

4, The word Others in the passage refers to

@ people

CB) composers

CoS works

CS forms

Questions 5-6

Stratified societies are marked by differences among people that identify them as being

“higher” or “lower.” The simplest forms of inequality are based on age and sex For example,

old people may have a high or a low position; women may be ranked below men But in every

society there is another form of inequality that ranks families rather than individuals If a

large number of families are similar to each other in education, income, and values, they

constitute a social class

5 The word them in the passage refers to 6 The word they in the passage refers to

Detta’s Key 10 THE Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test 49

1.3 REFERENTS

Questions 7-8

Most Americans still get married at some point in their lives, but even that group

is shrinking Among current generations of adults—starting with those born in the

1920s—more than 90 percent have married or will marry at some point in their lives

However, based on recent patterns of marriage and mortality, demographers calculate that a growing share of the younger generation is postponing marriage for so long that

an unprecedented number will never marry at all Data on cohabitation and unmarried

childbearing suggests that marriage is becoming less relevant to Americans 2.8 million

of the nation’s households are unmarried couples, and one-third of them are caring

for children, according to the Census Bureau

7 The word those in the passage refers to 8 The word them in the passage refers to

Questions 9-10

Pesticides temporarily increase the productivity of crops, until insects develop

genetic resistance to them Traces of chemical pesticides appear in many foods grown

on pesticide-treated soils, in the groundwater that many people drink, and in the air

we breathe

The effects of pesticides occur mostly at the cellular level Certain chemicals

selectively inhibit the action of specific enzymes in plant and animal cells Some are

absorbed from an organism's environment and act as metabolic poisons For example, the agricultural insecticides DDT and parathion are inhibitors of key enzymes in the

nervous system of animals

9 The word them in paragraph 1 refers to 10 The word Some in paragraph 2 refers to

Exercise 1.3.B

Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question

Questions 1-2

In the final decades of the nineteenth century, the guiding principles for the applied

arts were sensitive handcrafting, simplicity, and respect for indigenous designs These were

promoted in books, magazines, newspapers, and art schools of the period The philosophy

encouraged the development of an artistic setting for home life and a substantial role for

women in fostering that environment More women began to study drawing, painting and

the creation of art objects—pottery, jewelry, and textiles—and to exhibit their works more

often in public In cultivating the home, women also began to associate more with one

another, founding art societies and social-reform clubs that empowered them Many of the

great art museums can trace their origins to that period and those women

1 The word These in the passage refers to 2 The word them in the passage refers to

QUESTIONS 3-4

The great tulip grower E.H Krelage of Holland changed forever the way we look at

tulips in our gardens At the world trade fair in Paris in 1889, he introduced his new Darwin

tulips, which were planted in brilliant bands of color under the Eiffel Tower and alongside

the Seine In that one brilliant marketing ploy, Krelage changed the tulip from a flower that

was carefully and individually displayed to one that was planted in mass beddings of

beautiful color

Gardeners all over the world fell in love with Krelage’s tulips, which were tall, strong,

and weatherproof In New York, the public parks of the Bronx blazed with red tulips, as did

Golden Gate Park in San Francisco and the St Louis Botanic Garden Although the wildly

differing climatic zones of North America did not always suit them, tulips have proved to

be forgiving plants and have thus remained garden favorites

3 The word one in paragraph 1 refers to 4, The word them in paragraph 2 refers to

DeLTA’s KEY To THE Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test 51

1.5 REFERENTS

Questions 5-6

The philosophy of existentialism is based on the belief that individual human beings face a meaningless, absurd, and science-oriented world Individuals must therefore find or construct meaning for their existence and answer their own questions about self-identity and truth The philosophy of phenomenology is the study of human experience and the interpretation of experience Phenomenology is a close cousin to existentialism Both echo many of the themes of earlier philosophies, particularly realism and transcendentalism, and in turn had an effect on other ways of thinking Existentialism and phenomenology influenced theological and humanist thinkers, such as Martin Buber and Abraham Maslow The former focused on the I-Thou and teacher-student relationships, while the latter

theorized about the hierarchy of human needs and the ultimate need for self-actualization

5 The word Both in the passage refers to 6 The phrase the lattet in the passage refers to

CB) phenomenology and existentialism CB) phenomenology

Co) human experience and the interpretation È&O Martin Buber

© realism and transcendentalism

QUESTIONS 7-10

Vitamin D increases the efficiency of the intestine to absorb calcium and phosphorus from food in order to mineralize the bones in the body It also increases the activity of bone cells that make and lay down bone matrix The bone matrix is like the frame of a building

If the body has adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus, they are incorporated into the bone matrix, and the result is a strong, healthy skeleton Our skin can make vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight However, most people living in North America do not get enough sunlight in the winter to make adequate amounts of the vitamin

‘Young children who do not get enough calcium and vitamin D are unable to properly mineralize the bone matrix Consequently, when gravity pushes on the skeleton, it causes the typical bowing of the legs seen in a child with the disease called rickets

In adults, a deficiency in both calcium and vitamin D will increase the risk of bone fracture, Vitamin D is necessary to increase the body % ability to absorb calcium If the body does not have enough vitamin D, it can absorb only 10 to 15 percent of the calcium it receives

If the bloodstream does not have enough calcium, it will draw it out of the bones, which causes osteoporosis With osteoporosis, the bones break down as bone cells called osteoclasts, dissolve the matrix and release calcium from the bones A vitamin D deficiency will increase the severity of the disease because it increases the number of holes in the bones

7 The word they in paragraph 1 refers to 8 The word it in paragraph 1 refers to

9 The word it in paragraph 2 refers to 10 The phrase the disease in paragraph 3 refers to

Answers to Exercises 1.3.A through 1.3.B are on page 561

Gì seo

Outside of class, look in a newspaper, a magazine, or a university textbook Select a short passage

of one to three paragraphs Make a photocopy and bring it to class In class, work with a partner, Read the passage and circle all pronouns that refer to other words or ideas in the passage Then

identify the referent of each pronoun Draw a line between each pronoun and its noun referent

Check your answers by reading the sentence aloud, putting the noun in place of each pronoun

Does the sentence make sense? With your partner, discuss why the writer probably chose to use the pronouns

In reading done outside class, select a short passage of no more than 100 words In the passage, locate pronouns/teferring words and their noun referents Write the passage on an overhead

projector transparency, but omit the pronouns and referents Leave a blank space where each

pronoun and referent should be Below the passage, write the missing words in mixed-up order Your class must fill in the blanks correctly Is there only one correct answer for each space?

Here is an example:

burn uncontrolled in a forested, wooded, or scrubby area

Forest fires occur chiefly in old growth or second-growth forest Brush fires

are _ that occur in scrub areas Fires inject tremendous amounts of

microscopic into the atmosphere may be considered

pollutants by people living downwind from a fire, but are essential

to the generation of clouds and precipitation

Detta’s Key To THE Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test 55

@uz 2

Feat PROGRESS — 1.1 through 1.3

Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question Answer all questions about a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM

The Cabinet of Dr Caligari, directed by Robert Wiene in 1919, remains the supreme example of expressionistic filmmaking The film is narrated by a young man who suspects

Dr Caligari, a mountebank who is part of a traveling fair, of being responsible for a series

of violent crimes Caligari’ instrument of crime is Cesare, a sleepwalker who is under the control of the evil doctor Cesare captures a young woman, but she escapes, and in the

subsequent search for the doctor we learn that he is really the director of a local insane

asylum, in which the narrator is a patient The film’s expressionistic sets and lighting reflect the narrator’s madness Walls are slanted and windows triangular Surreal effects of light and shadow are painted directly on the sets Furniture is distorted and oversized, evoking a nightmare world of insanity Dr: Caligari is a unique film with a secure place in film history The so-called expressionistic “street films” dealing with the lives of common people had a great influence on the popular imagination Director Fritz Lang’s Metropolis (1926) presents a chilling vision of life in the twenty-first century in which the rich live luxuriously

in skyscrapers while the workers toil as slaves below the ground Metropolis is another

spectacular exercise in German expressionism, and the screen is filled with stylized shadows, sloping camera angles, and nightmarish underground chambers

Glossary:

‘mountebank: a seller of false medicines who attracts customers with lies or tricks

insane asylum: mental hospital

1, According to the passage, the plot of The 3 How do the walls, windows, and furniture Cabinet of Dr Caligari is mainly about in The Cabinet of Dr Caligari contribute to

the film?

@® a young man who is responsible for

several violent acts G) They reveal the doctor’s lies and tricks

an evil doctor who uses another man CB) They portray the popular styles of the

©) young woman who looks for a doctor ©) They display the director’s artistic vision

@ the terrible conditions in a hospital for

the insane

2 The word he in paragraph I refers to

G® Robert Wiene

CB) Dr Caligari

Ce) Cesare

Cb) the narrator

4, How does the author characterize Metropolis?

@® A street film about the lives of common

people

A documentary about life in the twenty—

first century

© Actiticism of unfair working conditions

CB) An imperfect example of German

expressionism

5 All of the following are characteristics of expressionistic film EXCEPT

@® surreal effects of light and shadow CB) nightmarish imagery

CE) luxurious sets and furniture Cb) slanting and distortion

Deuta’s Key To THE Next GENERATION TOEFL® Test