UNIT 11: DOWN TO EARTH

research /rI’sE:tS/ noun [uncount] the detailed study of something in order to discover new facts, especially in a university or scientific institution: sự nghiên cứu research into: rese

UNIT 11: DOWN TO EARTH

3 LISTENING

1 garden /’go:(r)dn/ noun [count] an area of land next to or near a house that is used for growing flowers or vegetables:

vườn

garden verb [intransitive] to take care of a garden and its plants: làm vườn

She spends most weekends gardening

2 research /rI’sE:tS/ noun [uncount] the detailed study of something in order to discover new facts, especially in a university

or scientific institution: sự nghiên cứu

research into: research into the causes of schizophrenia

research on: There is clearly a need for further research on this topic.

research /rI’sE:tS/ verb [transitive] to make a detailed study of something in order to discover new facts: nghiên cứu

They have been researching the effects of the drug on mice

3 contact /’kOntAkt/ noun [count or uncount] communication between people, countries, or organizations either by talking

or writing: giao tiếp, liên lạc

contact between: There has been no direct contact between the two sides in the dispute.

contact with: Jury members must avoid contact with the defendants and their families.

lose contact: mất liên lạc: I have lost contact with most of my college friends.

get/keep/stay in contact: giữ liên lạc: Do you and Jo still keep in contact?

contact /’kOntAkt/ verb [transitive] to write to someone or talk to them on the telephone: liên lạc, tiếp xúc You can always contact me at my home number

4 benefit /’benIfIt/ noun

1 [count usually plural] extra money or other advantages that you get in addition to your salary from your employer as

part of your job: phúc lợi

The benefits include medical insurance and a company car

2 [count or uncount] an advantage you get from a situation: lợi ích

The new sports facility will bring lasting benefit to the community

benefit (present participle benefiting or benefitting; past tense and past participle benefited or benefitted) verb

[intransitive] to get help or an advantage from something: nhận được lợi ích

benefit from: Patients have benefited greatly from this treatment.

beneficial /,benI’fISl/ (adj) something that is beneficial has a good effect or influence on someone or something:

có lợi, hữu ích

beneficial to: a discovery that should prove beneficial to many AIDS patients

— opposite HARMFUL

beneficially adverb

5 prevent /prI’vent/ verb [transitive] to stop someone / something from doing something / happening: ngăn chặn

prevent something (from) happening: Rubber seals are fitted to prevent the gas from escaping.

prevent someone (from) doing something: The owner is prevented by law from making any major changes prevention /prI’ventSn/ noun [uncount] the act of preventing something or things that people do in order to prevent something: sự ngăn chặn

prevention of: The study is working toward the prevention of cancer.

preventable /prI’ventCbl/ (adj) capable of being prevented: có thể ngăn chặn

preventable accidents

6 instinctive /In’stINktIv/ (adj) done without thinking, because of a natural tendency or ability: theo bản năng

His reaction was purely instinctive

instinctively adverb

instinct /’InstINkt/ noun [count or uncount] a natural tendency to behave in a particular way that people and animals are born with and that they obey without knowing why: bản năng

the instinct of ducklings to follow their mother

7 solid /’sOlId/ (adj) that you can rely on, having a strong basis: có thể tin cậy được, có cơ sở

Would the evidence be solid enough to convince a jury?

solidly adverb

solidity /sC’lIdCtI/ noun [uncount] the quality of being reliable: sự vững chắc, đáng tin

8 effect /I’fekt/ noun [count or uncount] a change that is produced in one person or thing by another: tác động, ảnh hưởng

effect on/upon: Scientists are studying the chemical’s effect on the environment.

effect /I’fekt/ verb [transitive] FORMAL to make something happen: CARRY OUT: thực hiện

If correctly administered, such drugs can effect radical cures

9 mention /’mentSn/ verb [transitive] to say something during a conversation, but not discuss it much or give many details:

nói đến, đề cập đến

mention something to someone: I’ll mention it to her when I see her tomorrow.

mention that: Did I mention that I’ve got a new job?

mention /’mentSn/ noun [singular or uncount] the act of referring to someone or something in speech or writing:

sự đề cập đến

There’s no mention of any such costs in the contract

10 view /vju:/ noun [count or uncount] the ability to see something from a particular place: tầm nhìn

view of: We had a fantastic view of the mountains from our room.

come into view (=become able to be seen): The castle came into view as we turned the corner.

view verb [transitive] to look at or watch something: nhìn, quan sát

More than 20,000 people viewed her casket at the convention center

11 focus /’fCUkCs/ noun [singular or uncount] particular attention paid to something: mối quan tâm, sự tập trung

focus on: I’d like to see more focus on economic policy.

focus (present participle focusing or focussing; past tense and past participle focused or focussed) verb

[intransitive or transitive] to concentrate on something and pay particular attention to it: tập trung (vào cái gì)

focus on/upon: We will focus upon three main topics.

12 stay /steI/ noun [count] [usually singular] a limited period of time that you live somewhere: thời gian ở lại

I hope you enjoyed your stay with us

stay verb [intransitive] to remain in a particular place: ở lại, lưu lại

Stay right here, please

13 complain /kCm’pleIn/ verb [intransitive or transitive] to say that you are not satisfied with something: than phiền

complain (that): She complained that she never had any time to herself.

complain about: What are you complaining about?

complaint /kCm’pleInt/ noun [count or uncount] a written or spoken statement in which someone says they are not satisfied with something: sự than phiền

complaint about: Customers lodged a formal complaint about the way they were treated.

complaint that: The county has received complaints that the building is not safe.

5 READING

14 oceanographer /,CUSC’nOgrCfC(r)/ noun [count] someone who does the scientific study of the oceans: nhà hải

dương học

oceanography /,CUSC’nOgrCfI/ noun [uncount] the scientific study of the oceans: hải dương học

oceanographic /,CUSCnC’grAfIk/ adj

15 athletic /AT’letIk/ (adj) relating to ATHLETES or ATHLETICS: (thuộc) điền kinh, (thuộc) thể thao

athlete /AT’li:t/ noun [count] someone who is good at sports, and takes part in sports competitions: vận động viên (điền kinh, thể dục thể thao)

16 bathtub /’bATtVb/ noun [count] a long deep container that you fill with water and wash yourself in British usually bath:

bồn tắm

17 beachcomber /’bi:tS,kCUmC(r)/ noun [count] someone who searches a beach looking for shells and valuable or

interesting things: người không có nghề thường xuyên, sinh sống bằng cách bán bất cứ thứ gì kiếm được trên bờ biền

18 current /’kVrCnt/ noun [count] the movement of water in the sea or a river; the movement of air in a particular

direction: dòng nước, luồng không khí

Strong currents and winds swept their boat out to sea

current /’kVrCnt/(adj) [usually before noun] happening or existing now: hiện hành, đang lưu hành

Production is likely to remain at current levels.

19 study * /’stVdI/ verb [transitive] to read or look at something very carefully: nghiên cứu

I have studied various maps of the area

20 intense /In’tents/ (adj) very great or extreme: mạnh, dữ dội

The pain was intense

intensely adverb

He seemed to dislike me intensely

intensify /In’tensIfaI/ verb [intransitive or transitive] if something intensifies, or you intensify it, it becomes greater, stronger, or more extreme: mạnh hơn, tăng cường

More weapons arrived in the area, and fighting intensified soon afterward

intensification /In,tensIfI’keISn/ noun [singular or uncount]

21 satellite /’sAtlaIt/ noun [count] an object that is sent into space to travel around the Earth in order to receive and send

information: vệ tinh

a communications satellite: vệ tinh liên lạc

22 old-fashioned /,CUld’fASnd/ (adj) no longer modern or fashionable: cũ, không hợp thời trang

Blake was carrying an old-fashioned leather briefcase

23 random /’rAndCm/ (adj) chosen or happening without any particular method, pattern, or purpose: ngẫu nhiên, tùy tiện

The computer will generate apparently random numbers

at random: open a book at random: mở đại ra một trang sách

randomly adverb

randomly selected

randomness noun [uncount]

24 junk /dXZVNk/ noun [uncount] old or broken things: đồ tạp nhạp bỏ đi

You should get rid of all that junk in your garage

25 wash up phrasal verb [intransitive or transitive] if the ocean washes something up somewhere, it carries it and leaves it

there: cuốn, đưa vào bờ, dạt vào bờ

Some of the oil has washed up on a neighboring island

26 swap /swOp/ verb [intransitive or transitive] to give something to someone in exchange for something else: TRADE: trao

đổi, đổi chác

swap something for something: She has a job she wouldn’t want to swap for a million dollars.

swap /swOp/ noun [singular] INFORMAL the process of giving one thing in exchange for another: sự trao đổi, sự đổi chác

The hostages were released as part of a swap for two spies

swap meet noun [count] AMERICAN INFORMAL an informal event at which people can exchange or sell things: họp

chợ

There’s a swap meet in the parking lot downtown every Saturday afternoon

27 investigate /In’vestIgeIt/ verb [intransitive or transitive] to try to find out the facts about something in order to learn

the truth about it: điều tra

All complaints from our customers are investigated quickly and efficiently

investigation /In,vestI’geISn/ noun [count or uncount] the process of trying to find out all the details or facts about something in order to learn who or what caused it or how it happened: sự điều tra

investigation of/into: The investigation into the crash of Flight 003 is now in its second month.

28 total /’tCUtl/ noun [count] the amount you get when you add several numbers or things together: tổng số, toàn bộ

total of: A total of 17 students signed up for the course.

in total counting everyone or everything: tổng cộng

In total over 100 people attended

total (adj) [only before noun] with all the numbers or things added together: toàn bộ

The total number of votes was over one million

29 experiment /Ik’sperImCnt/ noun [count] an occasion when you test a new idea, method, or activity to find out what

the result will be: sự thử nghiệm

Let’s try an experiment – we’ll only use the Internet on the weekend.

experiment /Ik’sperIment/ verb [intransitive] to try new ideas, methods, or activities in order to find out what results they will have: thử nghiệm

a designer who is not afraid to experiment

experimental /Ik,perI’mentl/ (adj) using new ideas or methods that are not yet proved to be successful every time: thử nghiệm

experimental teaching materials

experimentally adverb

The treatment has been used experimentally, but it is too early to tell whether it works

30 track /træk/ verb [transitive] to follow or find someone or something by looking for evidence that shows where they have

gone: theo vết, theo dõi

I tracked him as far as the factory

track noun

1 [count] a path or road with a rough surface: đường đi

I walked along a track to the mountain hotel

2 [count usually plural] a mark that a person, animal, or vehicle leaves on the ground: dấu vết

a bear track

31 pattern /’pAtCn/ noun [count] a series of actions or events that together show how things normally happen or are done:

kiểu, kiểu mẫu

pattern of: Patterns of employment in urban areas are different from those in the countryside.

32 converge /kCn’vE:dZ/ verb [intransitive] to come from different directions to reach the same point: cùng đổ về, cùng

kéo về (một nơi)

converge on: Top diplomats were converging on Washington from all over the world.

33 information /,InfC’meISn/ noun [uncount] knowledge or facts about someone or something: thông tin

information that: The police have information that he may now be living in Spain.

information about/on/regarding: We’re not allowed to give you any information about our client’s medical

records

informative /In’fc:mCtIv/ (adj) giving a great deal of information in a helpful way: cung cấp nhiều tin tức

an entertaining and informative documentary

inform /In’fc:(r)m/ verb [transitive] to officially tell someone something or give them information about something: thông báo

inform someone of/about something: Please inform us of any changes in your circumstances.

inform someone (that): Parents were informed that the school was closing early.

34 data /’deItC/ noun [uncount] facts or information used for making calculations or decisions: số liệu, dữ kiện

The analysis was based on data collected in the field

35 refine /rI’faIn/ verb [transitive] to make some changes to something in order to improve it: cải tiến

We’ve refined the system since it was first launched

refinement /rI’faInmCnt/ noun [count or uncount] a small change that is made to something in order to improve it: cải tiến

The oven has an automatic timer and others refinements

36 model /’mOdl/ verb[transitive] (present participle modeling or modelling; past tense and past participle modeled or

modelled) to produce a simple technical description to show how something such as a process, system, or theory works: mô phỏng

Scientists have used computers to model environmental changes

model /’mOdl/ noun [count]

1 a small copy of something such as a building, vehicle, or machine: mô hình, mẫu

model of: The exhibit included a model of the Golden Gate Bridge made from matchsticks.

2 a person whose job is to appear in magazines or fashion shows wearing clothes or makeup (=colors for the lips and

face) for sale, so that people will want to buy them: người mẫu

Ella wants to be a fashion model

37 ship /SIp/ verb [transitive often passive] to send goods or people somewhere by ship: vẩn chuyển bằng đường biển

Toxic waste is shipped from Western Europe to other countries

shipment /’SIpmCnt/ noun

1 [count] an amount of goods carried on a ship, airplane, train, or truck: hàng gửi

shipment of: The spider was found in a shipment of bananas.

2 [uncount] the process of taking goods from one place to another: việc gửi hàng

Some of the equipment was lost during shipment

38 accurate /’AkjUrCt/ (adj) correct or true in every detail: chính xác

We need to get some more accurate information

accurately adverb

accuracy /’AkjUrCsI/ noun [uncount] the quality of being accurate: sự chính xác

The accuracy of the reports cannot be checked

39 result /rI’zVlt/ noun [count or uncount] something that is caused directly by something else that has happened

previously: kết quả

result of: He said the incident was the result of a misunderstanding.

as a result (of something) = because of something: Colby died as the result of a heart attack.

result /rI’zVlt/ verb

result from [intransitive]: to be caused directly by something that has happened previously: xảy ra bởi

The arrests resulted from an anonymous telephone call

result in [transitive] to cause or produce something: gây ra

A sudden change in temperature will inevitably result in rain

40 amount /C’maUnt/ noun [count] a quantity of something: số lượng

amount of: A computer can store a vast amount of information.

41 float /flCUt/ verb [intransitive] to stay on or near the surface of a liquid and not sink: nổi, trôi lềnh bềnh

A plastic bag was floating in the water

42 association /C,sCUsI’eISn/ noun

1 [count] a group of people who have joined together because they have similar interests or goals: hội

a professional association of engineers

2 [count] a connection between two things: sự liên kết

association with: Smoking has a close association with lung cancer.

associate /C’sCUsIeIt/ verb [transitive] to form a connection in your mind between different people or things: gắn, kết hợp

associate something with someone/something: The study found that many people associate science with

masculinity

43 subscriber /sCb’skraIbC(r)/ noun [count] a person who gives money regularly to help the work of an organization

such as a charity: người góp tiền

subscribe /sCb’skraIb/ verb [intransitive] to pay money regularly to be a member of an organization or to support

a charity: quyên vào, góp vào

44 trail /treIl/ noun [count] a path through the countryside, especially one designed for walking for pleasure: đường mòn

The trail led down to the lake

45 turn /tE:n/ noun [count] a place where a road bends to the right or left: cua quẹo

There’s a very sharp turn at the end of the road

46 hike /haIk/ verb [intransitive] to go for a long walk in the countryside: đi bộ đường dài

Soldiers had to hike nearly 20 miles through the swamps

hike noun [count] a long walk in the countryside: cuộc đi bộ đường dài

take a hike: Let’s take a hike tomorrow.

hiker noun

47 come up (to…) (from…) to come from one place to another, especially from the south of a country to the north or from a

smaller place to a larger one: đi đến

Why don’t you come up to Scotland for a few days?

8 LISTENING

48 chimpanzee /,tSImpAn’zi:/ noun [count] an African animal with black or brown fur that lives and hunts in groups It

belongs to the ape family, which is the most similar to humans: con tinh tinh

49 parrot /’pArCt/ noun [count] a brightly colored tropical bird that is often kept as a pet and can be taught to say a few

words: con vẹt

50 veterinarian /,vetCrI’nArICn/ noun [count] AMERICAN a doctor for animals: VET: bác sĩ thú y

veterinary /’vetCrInerI/ (adj) relating to the care of sick or injured animals: (thuộc) thú y

a veterinary school/hospital/practice

51 rescue /’reskju:/ verb [transitive] to save someone from a dangerous or unpleasant situation: cứu thoát, cứu nguy

rescue someone from something: He had been trying to rescue a young woman from an arranged marriage to an

elderly relative

rescue noun [count or uncount] an act of saving someone or something from danger, failure, or an unpleasant

situation: sự giải thoát, sự cứu nguy

the dramatic rescue of 24 hostages

rescuer noun [count]

11 FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

52 check off phrasal verb [transitive] to mark things on a list to show that you have dealt with them or that they are correct:

đánh dấu (các mục trong danh sách) là đúng hoặc đã được giải quyết

Check the names off as the guests arrive

53 tag /tAg/ noun [count] a small piece of paper or other material that is fixed to something to give information about it, or

fixed to someone to show who they are: thẻ

the price tag: thẻ ghi giá tiền

the name tag: thẻ ghi tên và địa chỉ (buộc vào va li)

tag verb [transitive] to attach a small piece of paper or other material to something to give information about it: buộc

thẻ vào cái gì

Every item is tagged with a number that identifies it

54 feed /fi:d/ (past tense and past participle fed / /) verb [transitive] to give food to a person or an animal: cho ăn

feed something to someone/something: The leftover food is fed to the pigs.

feed noun [count or uncount] food given to animals: thức ăn cho động vật

Hay is used as winter feed for the cows

55 instruct /In’strVkt/ verb [transitive] FORMAL to tell someone to do something, especially officially or as their employer:

chỉ dẫn

He instructed his men to collect information about troop movements

instruction /In’strVkSn/ noun [count usually plural] a statement or explanation of something that must be done, often given by someone in authority: chỉ dẫn

A detailed list of instructions was issued on what to do in an emergency

instructional /In’strVkSnCl/ (adj) intended or used for teaching people about something: có tính chỉ dẫn instructional videos/programs

13 SPEAKING

56 adult /’AdVlt/ noun [count]

1 someone who is no longer a child and is legally responsible for their actions: người lớn, người đã trưởng thành

Tickets are $2.50 for adults and $1.50 for children

2 a fully grown animal: con vật đã lớn

adult (adj): fully grown or developed: trưởng thành

preparing young people for adult life

adult monkeys

57 kitten /’kItCn/ noun [count] a young cat: mèo con

Our cats had a litter of six kittens