Success with maps 4

47 Contents Grade 4 BY LINDA WARD BEECH orth South East West North South East West North South ast West North South East West North South East West Scholastic Success With Maps Workbook:

North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South East West North South

What Is a Map? 2

Globes and Hemispheres 4

Map Projections 6

Using a Map Grid and Index 8

Understanding Latitude 10

Understanding Longitude 12

Using a Map Scale 14

Comparing Maps and Scales 16

A Vegetation Map 18

Looking at Landforms 20

A Profile and Contour Map 22

A Physical Map 24

A Product Map 26

A History Map 28

A Road Map 30

A Weather Map 32

A Climate Map 34

A News Map 36

Planning With a Map 38

Maps and Charts 40

Map Review 1 42

Map Review 2 43

Thinking About Maps 44

Glossary 45

Answers 47

Contents

Grade 4

BY LINDA WARD BEECH

orth South East West North South East West North South ast West North South East West North South East West

Scholastic Success With Maps Workbook: Grade 4 © Linda Ward Beech, Scholastic Teaching Resources

A map is a flat

drawing of a part or

all of Earth A map

shows a place from

above much as a

picture taken high in

the sky or from

space does In fact,

mapmakers study

aerial photographs

to help them make

more accurate maps

mapmakers use symbols to stand for buildings,

roads, cities, and other things A symbol is a drawing or color that represents something else You can

find out what each symbol means by checking the map

key or legend

Study the map key for the map on page

3 Then answer the questions.

Tip

map reader’s

Another word formapmaker is cartographer Thisword comes from the

Latin word carta,

which means

“paper” and the

Greek word graphia,

which means “towrite.”

Name

What Is a Map?

What Is a Map?

Amap also has a symbol called a compass rose that shows directions The four

main directions are north, south, east, and west These are called the cardinal

directions A compass rose might show intermediate directions too They

are northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest Often, abbreviations are used to

show the directions on a compass rose

Use the compass rose to answer these questions.

8. Colorado is of Idaho

would go in a direction Draw its route on the map

Compass Rose

Mountain States

Aglobe shows Earth’s four oceans and

seven continents A globe also shows how Earth turns on an imaginary

center line called an axis At the ends of

this line are the North and South poles

Pole means “end.” These poles help you find

directions on Earth North is toward the North

Pole, and south is toward the South Pole

equator The equator runs around the center of

Earth and divides it into two halves called

hemispheres The northern half is called the Northern

Hemisphere, and the southern half is called theSouthern Hemisphere

into the Eastern and Western hemispheres

This line is called the Prime Meridian.

This line runs from the North Pole to the South Pole

As you know, Earth is a large, round planet To see all of Earth, you would have to orbit it in a spacecraft! An easier way to see Earth is to look at a small model called a globe

Name

Globes and Hemispheres

Globes and Hemispheres

Here are four views of a globe showing the four hemispheres.

Use the pictures on these pages to answer these questions.

Tip

map reader’s

Earth turns, orrotates, on its axisfrom west to east

That is why thesun rises in theeast and sets inthe west

Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere

map

reader’s

Other types of projections on world maps include

Mollweide, Polar, and Interrupted projections

in your pocket and carry around Also, you cannot see all of a globe atone time So mapmakers have developed flat maps that show all ofEarth The different ways of drawing the round Earth on flat maps are called

projections You can see two different projections on these pages.

No flat map can show Earth perfectly Look at the Mercator projection It

was developed in 1569 by Gerardus Mercator A Mercator map shows the

true shapes of Earth’s land, but it distorts sizes, especially near the poles On

a Mercator map, Greenland looks as big as South America In fact, South

America is eight times bigger than Greenland!

Mercator Projection

Name

Map Projections

Projections

There are five types of map projections named in this lesson Can you unscramble them?

LAROP RATROMEC PETDURNITRE ILEMDEWLO BOSNIRON

word

scramble

Robinson Projection

today The land sizes are more accurate on this map, but the shapes get

distorted near the outer edges Compare the shape of Alaska on the two maps

Use the maps to answer the questions

Greenland to Antarctica look greater?

Why do you think this is so?

S ometimes mapmakers place a pattern of lines called a grid over a map The

squares formed by the grid are marked with letters and numbers On this mapthe letters run across the top; the numbers run down the side The first square

in the top left corner of the map is A1 Can you find it? What is the name of the

square immediately to the right of A1?

Use the map to answer these questions.

Washington, D.C.

Name

Using a Map Grid and Index

Grid and Index

Suppose you are visiting Washington, D.C., and want to see some of its

sights A map index can help you locate different places A map index is

an alphabetical listing of place names on a map This index gives the grid

square or squares for each place

Use the index to answer these questions.

What is your grid location?

Where can you find it on the map?

The D.C in the city’sname stands forDistrict of Columbia

Washington, D.C., is not part of a state, but rather a “federal district.” A mayor andcity council make laws,but the U.S Congresshas final authority overWashington, D.C.’sgovernment

Arlington Memorial Bridge A3The Ellipse D2Kennedy Center A2Lincoln Memorial B3Museum of American History E2Reflecting Pool B3, C3State Department B2Vietnam Veterans Memorial B2Washington Monument D3White House D1

Tip

map reader’s

Lines of latitude are measured in degrees, shown by the symbol ° For example,

the equator is 0° Parallels north of the equator are marked in degrees north (N),and parallels south of the equator are marked in degrees south (S) The NorthPole is at 90º north and the South Pole is at 90º south Use the map to answer thesequestions

What is another name for this line of latitude?

You know that the

equator

is an imaginary line that

runs around the middle

of Earth Mapmakers

create other imaginary

lines on globes and

maps as well Look at

the lines on this globe.

These lines run

parallel to the equator

and are called parallels

or lines of latitude You

can use lines of latitude

to measure places north

and south of the

equa-tor.

Name

Understanding Latitude

Latitude

M ost maps do not show every line of latitude Look at the globe on page 1

again It shows the lines of latitude for every 15 degrees How manydegrees apart are the lines of latitude on this map of Africa?

What city is located near this parallel?

degrees north of Pretoria is it?

9. Most of Africa is between and lines of latitude

10. All in all, Africa covers about degrees of latitude

The distancebetween two parallels that areone degree apart isabout 69 miles or

111 kilometers

This distance variesslightly because the Earth is not aperfect sphere

Africa

Tip

map reader’s

0

These lines are also called

meridians You read thatthe Prime Meridian dividesEarth into the Eastern and

Western hemispheres The Prime

Meridian is 0° From the Prime

Meridian to 180° longitude is

exactly halfway around Earth

What is another name for this line of longitude?

You know that lines of latitude

measure the distance north and

south on a globe Lines of

degrees from east to west

Name

Understanding Longitude

Longitude

Most maps do not show every line of

longitude The globe on page 12shows the lines of longitude for every

15 degrees How many degrees apart are the

lines of longitude on this map of Spain?

Write True or False before each

Unlike latitude,lines of longitudeare not all thesame distanceapart from eachother They arefarthest apart atthe equator At theNorth and Southpoles, they allcome together

Find the following words

from this lesson: meridian,

longitude, north, south, east, west, earth.

When you are traveling,

it is useful to knowhow far you have to

go To show distances accurately

on a map, mapmakers use a

scale A map scale helps you

measure distance on a map

Look at the scale on this map

It shows that one inch equals

twenty miles That means that

one inch on the map stands for

twenty miles on Earth

Use a ruler to measure distances on the map.

Circle the correct answers

Name

Using a Map Scale

Scale

Amap scale usually shows distance in both miles and kilometers A kilometer

is a measurement in the metric system A mile is a longer distance than a

kilometer On this map scale you can see that 300 miles is a longer distance

than 400 kilometers Notice that the abbreviation for miles is MI and the abbreviation

for kilometers is KM Use the map to answer these questions

About how many kilometers is this?

Minneapolis and Des Moines?

Indianapolis to Washington, D.C.?

The Northeast

Not all maps have the same scale The maps on this page show the same place, but they have different scales.

Use the map to answer these questions.

How long is it on Map B?

Jeb’s house?

Name

Comparing Maps and Scales

Maps and Scales

Map A Map B

The maps on this page are the same size, but they show areas

of different sizes One map shows the whole state of Texas

The other map shows just the eastern part of the state.

Use the maps to answer the questions.

inch stand for on each map?

that are not shown on Map A

between El Paso and Lubbock?

all the way across the state of Texas?

map

reader’s

The cacao tree is one special kind of vegetation that grows in the West African

countries of Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria The seeds from these trees produce

most of the world’s chocolate

The different kinds of trees and plants that grow in an area

are called vegetation This map shows vegetation on the

continent of Africa.

Name

A Vegetation Map

Vegetation

Use the map to answer these questions.

In what part of Africa do you find the largest desert?

or small? Why?

What is the symbol for this vegetation on the map?

4 5

6

Down

3. a country in the east that is almost all grassland

A canyon is a deep,

narrow valley with high,

steep sides

A mountain is high,

steep, rugged land that

rises sharply from the

surrounding area

land that is lower and

more rounded than a

mountain

A plain is a broad area

of open, flat land

A plateau is a large area

of high, flat land

A valley is the land that

lies between hills or

mountains

A volcano is a mountain

with a cone shape that is

formed by lava that

erupts from a crack in the

Earth’s surface

As you know, Earth’s surface has both

land and water The pictures on this

page show some of the landforms

found on Earth Read each of these

descriptions Then write the name of

the correct landform on each line

M any landforms are formed where

land and water come together Thepictures on this page show someexamples Read the description of each one

Then write the name of each landform under

the correct picture

that sticks out into a body of water

A peninsula is an area of land that is

surrounded by water on three sides

An isthmus is a narrow strip of land

that connects two large areas of land

and lakes, cover Earth The pictures showstill other bodies of water Read each descrip-tion and write the name under the correct picture

A strait is a narrow channel that

connects two larger bodies of water

that is partly enclosed by land

partly enclosed by land

T he key tells you the elevation of different parts of the mountains Elevation is

the height of any place on land above sea level Sea level is the average height

of the ocean’s surface It is zero elevation Land that rises 500 feet higher thansea level has an elevation of 500 feet

What is its elevation?

At what elevation will it be?

and are halfway to the top What is the elevation?

You know that mountains are high, but how high are they?

The drawing on this page shows the profile , or side view,

of two mountains

Profile Map

Name

A Profile and Contour Map

Profile and Contour

6. For expert hikers draw a dottedline up the steepest side ofCougar Ridge Mountain Writethe elevation at the top.

mountain with an X so the hikerscan take a rest

double line up the least steepside of Pine Mountain Write theelevation at the top

continuous line from the lowestpoint on the map to the highestpoint on the map

Tip

map reader’s

Some land on Earth is actually belowsea level For example, Death Valley inCalifornia is 282 feet below sea level It

is the lowest land in the WesternHemisphere

mountains as the profile on page , but it shows theview from above The lines on the contour map show theelevations of different parts of the mountains When the lines on

a contour map are close together, they show that the land is steep

When the lines are far apart, they show a more gradual slope

Imagine you are a mountain guide planning treks

up these mountains Draw the following routes

on the contour map.

Contour Map

22

Tip

map reader’s

The islands of Hawaii were formed

by volcanoes Most

of these volcanoesare no longer active,but Mauna Loa andKilauea on the island

of Hawaii still eruptsometimes

to see on the highest island?

What is the elevation of this city?

include lakes, rivers, and the elevation of the land The physical map on this page shows the main islands of Hawaii

Name

A Physical Map

Physical

Here is another physical map It shows the two countries on

the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea.

What landform would you expect to find there?

What is the elevation of this city?

What is the elevation for most of it?

In which direction are they flowing?

Hispaniola

North Dakota is a leading producer of flax, which is used to make paint.

Some maps give information about the

economy of a place The map on this page

shows the main crops and farm products

produced in North Dakota It is called a

product map

North Dakota: Products

Tip

map reader’s

The geographic center ofNorth America is locatednear the town of Rugby,North Dakota

Many farmers grow sunflowers

Name

A Product Map

Product