Ứng dụng của tranh ảnh trong dạy nói tiếng anh tại một trung tâm anh ngữ

However, as the nature of an English center, students go to class in the evening and often feel unmotivated or too tired to learn; this raises questions of theusefulness and the applicat

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF

POST – GRADUATE STUDIES

DƯƠNG TRÀMI

THE USE OF PICTURES IN TEACHING ENGLISH

SPEAKING IN AN ENGLISH CENTER

(Ứng dụng của tranh ảnh trong dạy nói tiếng Anh tại một

trung tâm Anh ngữ) MINOR PROGRAM THESIS

FIELD: ENGLISH TEACHING METHODOLOGY CODE: 601410

HANOI–2011

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF

POST – GRADUATE STUDIES

DƯƠNG TRÀMI

THE USE OF PICTURES IN TEACHING ENGLISH

SPEAKING IN AN ENGLISH CENTER

(Ứng dụng của tranh ảnh trong dạy nói tiếng Anh tại một

trung tâm Anh ngữ) MINOR PROGRAM THESIS

FIELD: ENGLISH TEACHING METHODOLOGY CODE: 601410

SUPERVISOR: VŨ MAI TRANG, M.A.

HANOI –2011

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter I: Introduction

1 Rationale for the study

2 Research aims and objectives

3 Research questions

4 Research site and subjects

5 Research methodology

6 Significance of the study

Chapter II: Literature review

1 Background of the study

2 Teaching English speaking

2.1 The notion of speaking 2.2 The notion of teaching speaking 2.3 The components of speaking skill 2.4 The activities to promote speaking skill

3 Definition of action research

4 Picture processing and memory models

Chapter III: Research methodology

2 Method of research

3 Analysis of the research

3.1 The questionnaire 3.2 Class observations

Chapter IV: Conclusion

2 Limitations and suggestions for future research

Chapter V: References

Appendix

Chapter I Introduction

1 Rationale for the study

The support of pictures in teaching English is pervasive owning to their proliferation ininstructional materials They penetrate into every way of our life and are even included intextbooks Thus, it would be a big mistake if teachers do not find ways to investigate theireffects on student learning However, the question arises as to the contribution of picturesmake in assisting learning, which seems to be taken for granted by those who produce theresources and triggers studies implemented with increasing frequency in recent years aboutthis issue

Students in the investigated English center enjoy many benefits regarding the learningenvironment, which profits this study a lot First, class size is small with only 10-15students Manageable class size saves teachers a lot of time in organizing extra educationalactivities to discover the lessons in depth Second, students are not randomly put in a class

or grouped according to age but they have to do a placement test before their enrollment.Students in a class are always of the same level, depriving teachers of pains and exhaustionwhen scouring the Internet and other sources for various materials fitting various levels orfor the best ones among thousands Another advantage is that classes are well-equippedwith computers and projectors that teachers, who have certain computer techniques, canorganize any kind of activities using pictures as they wish This benefit also erases theproblems pertaining picture sizes and colors, as teachers manage to make them clear andlarge enough for students to look at, and teachers‟ effort in searching and cutting tasksfrom old newspapers and magazines Pictures, when used, are included in PowerPointslideshow

Among four practical English skills, speaking makes use of pictures the most They areboth found in textbooks and other resources Teachers also use additional pictures tocomplement their teaching This reliance on pictures reflects an implicit assumption bypractitioners that these visual representations are intrinsically effective in supportinglearning English speaking However, as the nature of an English center, students go to class

in the evening and often feel unmotivated or too tired to learn; this raises questions of theusefulness and the applications of pictures in teaching English speaking

2 Research aims and objectives

As pictures are considered as something indispensable in teaching speaking by mostinstructors, how to use them effectively is a worth answering question whose answer is ofgreat importance to teachers The major purpose of the study is to find out ways to usepictures in teaching English speaking It also seeks to discover their impacts on speakinglessons and consider factors that can influence their effectiveness

3 Research questions

The study revolves around the following guide questions:

3.1 What are the functions of pictures in teaching English speaking?

3.2 Which activities using pictures can be organized in teaching students of the center?3.3 Pictures with or without text materials, which is more facilitative?

3.4 Which issues need to be addressed in using pictures in the center?

4 Research site and subjects

The research was conducted in an English center in Hanoi, Vietnam The subjects weredrawn from beginning to proficient levels of learners as well as EFL teachers with at least

1 year's teaching experience, specifically 5 classes consisting of totally 68 students and 20teachers Among these 20 teachers, 3 of them are highly experienced with more than 5years teaching English speaking (See Chapter III for more details.)

5 Research methodology

This research was carried out in qualitative way, which involved a teacher surveyquestionnaire designed to get both quantitative and qualitative information and classobservation sessions accompanied by records of students‟ responses It also made use oflesson plans for various lessons of different English levels that were provided by theteachers participating in this study

6 Significance of the study

This study will be of considerable interest to teachers and students in this languagecenter and others because it opens the door to initiatives as well as to students' attitude andperceptions of language learning This investigation of the influential factors that concernpicture uses while learning to speak will hopefully broaden the insight into the issue andwill help language teachers avoid problems and make classroom environment less stressful

Chapter II

Literature Review

1 Background of the study

There has been a lot of research on the use of the pictures in language teaching,specially speaking skill It is proven that the use of picture enhances the quality oflanguage lesson, and the interaction among students, as well as between students andteachers

As Hill (1990) points out, the conventional classroom may not be the best or suitableenvironment for language teaching That is why teachers search for various aids andstimuli to improve this situation Pictures are one of the most valuable aids for a teacher.They bring “images of reality into the unnatural world of the language classroom.” (Hill1990) Pictures bring not only images of reality, but can also function as a fun element inthe class Even if only employed in additional exercises or just to create the atmosphere,sometimes it is surprising how pictures can change a lesson

Wright (1990), through examples, shows that pictures have great effect in teachingstructure, vocabulary and all four basic skills Several advantages of pictures includeavailability (one can access to pictures through any magazine, internet an etc), they arecheap, often free; they are personal (teacher selects them), they come in different formatsand styles, and they can raise learners‟ curiosity

2 Teaching Speaking

2.1 The notion of speaking

According to Nunan (1991), speaking is the most important aspect of learning a second

or foreign language, which involves the process of producing, receiving, and processinginformation English speaking classes are used to provide students with chances of learningEnglish speaking through interaction with other students or native speaking

2.2 The notion of teaching speaking

The main objective of a language course is to enable students to communicate in foreignlanguage; speaking, therefore, needs a special attention This is due to the fact that in dailylife, most of us communicate by speaking more than writing

Many language learners and teachers regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing

a language To them, fluency is the ability to communicate with others much more than theability to read and write Speaking is the most important skill that a student can acquire,

a Mechanics: Using the right words with correct pronunciation in the right order

b Functions: Knowing when the clarity of messages is essential, and when exactunderstanding is not required

c Social and cultural norms: Understanding how to take into account who is speaking

to whom, in what circumstances, about what, and for what reason

In language teaching, the teachers help to develop students‟ knowledge by providinggenuine or authentic practices and prepare them for realistic communication circumstances

In other words, they help students acquire the ability to produce logically connectedsentences which are relevant to specific contexts, and use accurate pronunciation andgrammar

2.3 The components of speaking skill

Speaking is very complex, and it is the language art that is most frequently used bypeople in the world It often requires the simultaneous use of number ofabilities/components developed at different rates and level Syakur (1987) established 5components of speaking skill, consists of comprehension, grammar, vocabulary,pronunciation and fluency In short, mastering these components will allow speaker toperform effectively and comfortably in actual communication

c Vocabulary

Without grammar very little information can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothingcan be conveyed (Wilkins, 1974) If one does not have sufficient vocabulary, he/she cannot communicative effectively or express their ideas both oral and written form Hence,vocabulary means the appropriate diction which is used in communication

Usually, although a student has good knowledge of grammar, he/she will not be able tocommunicate effectively with limited vocabulary The lack of vocabulary might hinder thespeaker's ability to understand a conversation, which in turn leads to a misunderstandingand does not allow he/she to respond correctly

d Pronunciation

Pronunciation is more important than it may seem, but students often neglect this part,and some of them even underestimate it Your pronunciation is the first and most importantthing native speakers notice during a conversation

It deals with the phonological process that refers to the component of a grammar made

up of the elements and principles that determine how sound vary and pattern in a language

A speaker who constantly mispronounces a range of phonemes can be extremely difficultfor a speaker from another language community to understand

e Fluency

Fluency is the ability of speaker to speak fluently and accurately Fluency in speaking isthe aim of language learners Fluency can be measured by the extent to which speaker usethe target language quickly and confidently with few hesitations or unnatural pauses, falsestarts These signs indicate that the speaker does not have to stop to search for words oritems during his/her speech

2.4 The activities to promote speaking skill

In traditional classrooms, speaking practice normally involves one person asking thequestion and another giving answer The process of question and answer are oftenpredictable and there is only one correct answer In contrary, in real communicationspeakers normally have to deal with uncertainty of what the other person will say Theobjective of communication is to complete a task, such as expressing one‟s opinion,obtaining information; and in order to do so, speakers may have to clarify their meaning orclarify confirmation by different ways

Therefore, to develop communicative competences, teachers need to incorporateclassrooms activities with a purpose and an information gap, and at the same time allowmultiple forms of expressions (Burkart, 1998)

a Structured output activities

The two most common types of structured output activities are information gap andjigsaw activities

* Information gap activities

According to Rapton (2001), in information gap activities students usually work in pairs

or groups, whereby one person has information that must be shared with the others in order

to solve a problem, gather information and make decision The activity could be filling thegaps in a schedule or timetable For example person A holds a timetable of deliveryschedule of a restaurant with some of arrival and departure times missing, while person Bhas the same timetable but with different blank spaces The two persons are not allowed tosee each other‟s timetables and must fill in the blanks by asking each other relevantquestions Completing a picture is another common practice of this type of activity, wheretwo students have similar pictures with different missing details and coordinate to find theall the blanks

This type of activity gives every student the opportunity to speak in the target languagefor an extended period of time and they normally produce more speech Furthermore,speaking with peers is less intimidating than presenting in front of the entire class

In teaching speaking with pictures, information gap activities are of great help and arecommonly used One example is teachers give two students two different handouts Onehas the picture of a place with many people; however, some of them do not have theirnames included The other student has the same picture but the people who do not havenames are different while this handout contains information that the previous handout doesnot have Then students will have to take turn to ask and answer questions of describing thepeople in the pictures to fill all the missing names

* Jigsaw activities

Jigsaw activities are more sophisticated than the common information gap activities thatcan be done with several partners in different groups In a group, each member has one orfew pieces of one whole puzzle and must cooperate with each other to fit all the pieces into

a whole picture These puzzle pieces might take different form such as photos from a set

b Communicative output activities

This type of activity allows students to practice using the target language in situationsthat resembles real setting Students must work together to solve a problem, complete atask or develop a plan, the most common communicative output activities are discussionand role play

* Discussion

According to Kayi (2006), in a discussion students may aim to arrive at a conclusion,share ideas about an event or find solutions in their discussion groups There are somecriteria to group discussions:

- It is essential that the purpose of discussion is set by the teacher This is to ensure students do not spend their time discussing about irrelevant topics

- The chosen topic is not necessarily a serious one in order to create a more open and interesting environment for students to interact

- Each group then works on their topic in a given period of time and presents it to the class

- At the end, the class decides on the winning group who defended the idea in the best way

This kind of activity encourages students to learn how to express themselves as well as how to justify their ideas

* Role Play

In role plays, students pretend they are in various social situations that they mayencounter in real life Teachers will assign the students‟ role in different contexts, so thatthe range of language functions might be extended considerably Students need to uselanguage that is appropriate to the situation and characters they are pretending to be

Prior to role play, teacher should allow students to discuss and brainstorm of ideas andsentences that they should use Also, it is imperative that teacher stays in a communicativemode rather than monitoring the situation, and answer students‟ questions Students mightnot be familiar with the given situation or role

Communicative output activities allow students to be innovative and creative in theirlanguages usage And at the same time, these activities create supportive atmosphere inwhich students can experiment and make mistakes without the fear of embarrassment Thiskind of activity also makes the lessons more interesting and fun compared to traditionalclassroom

3 Definition of action research

Action research is known by many other names including collaborative research,participatory research, contextual research and etc Typically, action research is “learning

by doing”, which is a reflective process that allows for inquiry and discussion ascomponents of the research (Ferrance, 2000) Put simply, action research involves a group

of people in real setting to identify the problem, and try to resolve it, observe the progressand come to conclusion of whether the problem is successfully resolved If not, the wholeprocess is repeated again

According to O‟Brien (1998) a simple process of action research involves continuouscycles Each cycle has four steps: plan, action, observe, reflect, then the next cycle repeatsagain from revised plan to action, observe and reflect

4 Picture processing and memory models

Pictures are inevitably remembered better than words on tasks of recall and recognition(Park and Gabrieli, 1995:1593) This finding is referred to as the “picture superiorityeffect” in which “memory for pictorial stimuli is extremely accurate, durable, andextensive compared to that for verbal stimuli” (Noldy, Stelmack, and Campbell, 1990:417).Scholars point out three significant theoretical perspectives that have been used toexplain the “picture superiority effect,” including (1) the dual-code model, (2) the single-code model, (3) the sensory-semantic model

According to Paivio (1971, 1978, 1990, 1991), the dual-coding theory argue that thereare two interdependent types of memory codes, verbal and nonverbal, for processing andstoring information The verbal code takes charge of processing and storing verbalinformation such as words and sentences The other system consists of memory for allnonverbal phenomenon, which is mostly thought as a code for images and other pictorialrepresentations Pavio assumes that the dual coding of pictures in verbal and nonverbalmemory is more likely to occur for pictures than words, then the “picture superiorityeffect” could be explained using dual-coding theory

Single-code model argues that visual information is transformed into abstractpropositions stored in semantic memory Pictures trigger a single semantic memory systemdifferently than words Individuals provided with pictures spend more times looking atpictures before naming them, so they remember the pictures better Pictures are also moredistinctive and more unique than the words that label them, which further make picturesmore memorable

Picture superiority can also be explained using a sensory-semantic model (Nelson,1979) There may be a more distinctive sensory code for pictures, or the probability thatpictures will be processed semantically is greater than that for words

Verbal

Concept Graphemic analysis

Nonverbal

memory Concept

PictureanalysisFigure 1: Dual-Code Model

Semantic memory

Abstractproposition

PICTUREFigure 2: Single-Code Model

WORD

PICTURE

Meaningfeatures

Phonemicfeatures

Visual features

Figure 3: Sensory-Semantic ModelAccording to Walter Klinger (2009), we learn from experience what things belongtogether in categories In picture and word experiments, this effect of being able to quicklyspot the relationships between pieces of information is known as the context effect, or the

“expectancy mechanism” (Borowsky&Besner, 1993:813) Words, as well as pictures, areread or understood faster when preceded by a related context Long-term memory storesinformation in “schema,” which is a “cognitive construct that permits one to treat multipleelements of information as a single element categorized according to the manner in which

it will be used (Marcus, Cooper, & Sweller, 1996:49) For instance, learners can develop aschema for cats, and recognize a single instance of a cat as belonging to the category of

“cats” although each cat is different from one another in many ways Saunders, Wise, andGolden (1995:42) says knowledge is more memorable when presented in webs ofschemata; the more information is interconnected, the more it is readily recalled

A multimodal theory of learning, like the Dual Coding theory, says learning is moreeffective when the learner uses more than one sense modality, for instance, verbal andvisual processing, and when connections are clearly made between the informationcontained in each modality (Mayer & Sims, 1994:390)

Chapter III Research methodology

1 Participants

This study was carried out in a well-respected English center in Hanoi forapproximately 3 months, where data was collected from teachers and students 20 teacherswith at least one year's experience participated in the study on voluntary basis, three out ofwhom are highly experienced, with more than 5 years teaching English speaking

68 students, from 14 to 30 years old, of 5 classes were involved in this study These fiveclasses are chosen also on a voluntary procedure To enroll in a class, they are required totake a placement test, which includes direct speaking assessment; therefore, classes areclassified according to students‟ levels Students belong to four levels of proficiency: low(beginner and elementary), mid (pre-intermediate and intermediate), high (upperintermediate and advanced), and super (proficient) The low and mid students are assigned

in communicative classes; while students of the high and super levels mostly study in exampreparation classes like TOEFL iBT, IETLS, SAT, GRE and GMAT 46 students are from 3communicative classes, and 22 from 2 exam preparation classes

3 Analysis of the research

3.1 The questionnaire

3.1.1 The first six questions

The first 6 questions of the questionnaire were to get professional information ofteachers and the present of pictures in speaking lesson The results are presented in thefollowing table which shows teachers mostly teach beginning to intermediate levels Eventhough 3 of them, who teach proficient level, do not have speaking lessons but they didteach speaking before All of them have used pictures in teaching this skill The only reasonfor not using pictures in teaching speaking is the unavailability of speaking lessons in theseproficient classes This proves the popularity of pictures in teaching English speaking andthey seem to be an indispensable tool in speaking lessons

15

25

intermediate and advanced Pre-intermediate and

Upper-intermediate Beginning and elementary Proficient

Table 1: Teachers’ English teaching levels

100 90 80

70 60

50

40 30 20 10 0

Table 2: Percentage of teachers involved in teaching English speaking and using

pictures in English speaking lessons

3.1.2 Questions 7 and 8

Questions number 7 and 8 asked teachers to verify the purposes of using pictures andactivities with pictures in teaching English speaking They had to tick the squares thatindicated their common purposes of picture uses, as well as activities applied, and thenillustrated them with parts of their lesson plans It is necessary to note that these purposesconcern teaching targets solely The questions also provided teachers with the option

“Others” and blank for them to contribute their experience apart from the ideas suggested.Here is what the answers look like and how they are demonstrated in specific lessons Ineach of the lesson plans below, three pictorial items are taken as examples The following

table shows common purposes of pictures and their popularity (how many teachers usethem as the main purposes; teachers may choose more than one purpose).

80 60 40 20

0Teach vocabulary

Table 3: The main purposes of using pictures in English speaking lessons in the center

As can be seen from this table, vocabulary is the most common target that pictureactivities aim at Pictures are also frequently used to open the topic of speaking lessons, tobrainstorm ideas and to serve as speaking tasks On the other hand, pictures do not seem to

be favored in teaching grammar and making abstract words concrete

a Teaching purposes

* Pictures are used to teach vocabulary.

Pictures are always the first tools teachers think of when they need to provide studentswith vocabulary input because pictures are direct and eye-catching Rather than giving longoral or textual definition, teachers just need to find a picture that best explains the word.This also prevents the problem of misunderstanding as students may comprehend oral andtextual information in a different way if they do not have enough vocabulary or theirreading and listening skills are not sufficient to understand the definition Students areoften asked to look at the pictures and say what they think of when seeing them Then theteachers give the new words that need to be learned The lesson plan for Unit 2 with the

topic of Illnesses from a foundation academic English class is given as an example for thistool.

In this lesson plan, teachers show pictures of different illnesses and students guess thenames As most of the illnesses are quite common, students can generate ideas veryquickly For example, when they see a boy having a sad face while his hands put on hisback, they think of the word “backache;” likewise, they utter the word “broken arm” whenseeing a girl with an bandaged arm Even if they do not know how to call the diseases inEnglish, they still have some ideas about it, explain what they understand in their own way,

or use their mother tongue Like in the case of “fever” word, students do understand what

is indicated; however, because of vocabulary limit, they respond to the teacher by givingthe Vietnamese word Learning vocabulary through pictures encourages students‟ visualthinking Rather than forming verbal or textual memory, the students imagine the wordsthrough images Therefore, regardless of spelling, the students still understand wordmeanings In class, this showcase of pictures is accompanied with spelling, pronunciation

of words, and even further explanation from teachers either in spoken or written form toreinforce memory

* Pictures are used to make abstract words concrete.

This kind of purpose is quite similar to teaching vocabulary through pictures However,

it deals with more abstract things that are hard to comprehend through verbal explanation

It saves time as well since students may not get anything from the words unless they knowthem, but they can understand what the illustrating pictures say immediately Though thistechnique is effective, in my opinion and I use it quite often as well, it is not really madeused of by most teachers I surveyed However, as can be seen from the following lessonplan, pictures work better than words in verifying the meanings of some abstract concepts.They may still understand what the words mean without reading the definition

The lesson plan for Unit 3 from a Pre-TOEFL iBT class shows that meanings of abstractwords like “secure, suspicious, miserable” are made concrete with the images of a carefullylocked house, a crafty-eyed person, and a sad-looking man Specific images will helplearners to find their own definition and understanding of abstract words or learners specifyabstract words in their own ways Meanwhile, words like “suspicious” are not easy tounderstand from textual definition at all and may cause misunderstanding from students.Actually, students, when given written definition of a word, even easy with no newvocabulary items, they have the tendency to read and translate word by word to understand

it If asked what the word means, they read the definition or just repeat it However, whenshown pictures, they can call out the words; and if the student unfamiliar with them, theyuse their mother tongue to name the pictures

One reason that makes this application less popular than the others is the need forfurther explanation As abstract words are hard to describe in nature, pictures just help alittle in forming the visual image in students‟ minds, but again, still a little bit vague insome cases That‟s why teachers often accompany these pictures with further oral orwritten definition to specify the words

* Pictures are used to teach grammar.

Grammar is an indispensable part of teaching speaking in this English center Asrequired by the textbooks for in-house use, teachers have to teach vocabulary and grammarissues that later assist speaking topics in the lesson Pictorial illustrations are alsocommonly used to support learning involving larger verbal units which contain other parts

of speech in addition to nouns like verbs, adjectives, prepositions…

A common application of this type of depiction involves the presentation of a sentence

in which the preposition is blanked out and the student is required to produce or choose thecorrect preposition on the basis of information given in the illustration This type ofexercise relies on the fact that a number of prepositions could be used to complete thesentence on its own in a semantically and syntactically acceptable manner An extractlesson plan for unit 6, “describing a place,” for a foundation academic English class in theEnglish center can be used as an example In this lesson plan, the students learn concepts ofprepositions like “in, on, under” by looking at the positions between the ball and the box.They understand “in” which means the box contains the ball, “on” which means the ballsits on the upper horizontal surface of the box, and “under” means the box lies above theball In doing so, they can “transfer” the memory to positions of other things like “books,cat, dog” in the quiz and fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions

Another application of pictures is to teach verb tenses Students can understand thenature and differences among tenses and remember them quickly with pictures representingboth time and action The lesson plan for unit 3, “Events in life,” for a Pre-TOELF iBTclass may be used as a lead-in or a practice when teaching grammar The picturessymbolizing important events in a person‟s life remind students of time – past,

present, and future As a result, they have to think about time of verbs, or tenses Eventhough this lead-in do not teach students the structures but it is effective in conveying theideas of verb tenses and time When used as a practice, students are tested whether theyunderstand and remember how to use verbs in different time They have to remember that

“last year‟ has something to do with past tenses (like simple past, past continuous, and pastperfect), “present” with present tenses, “right now” with present continuous, and “in oneyear” with future tenses

Using pictures to teach grammar is quite limited as I think pictures have little function

in explaining structures but just have motivating effects and work well with the purpose ofpracticing rather than explaining new grammar items There are only 2 out of 20 teacherswho use pictures to teach grammar, which proves the unpopularity of this technique

* Pictures are used to introduce the topic of the lesson.

Many games and activities, or even simple questions, can be used with pictures to lead

to topics of speaking lessons Pictures of this use are connected with one another by someways Students will have to use their visual thinking and associations basing on pictures tofind out themes of lessons This technique both triggers the idea of curiosity in students‟minds that creates motivation to learn and provides some information about the topic at thesame time The lesson plan for unit 8 – Movies – is used as an illustration of thisapplication

In this lesson plan, students look at various pictures The first picture is of a man with afierce look holding a gun The second is about a very famous comedian all around thework, Mr Bean The last picture depicts a couple with blue skin in a famous film wonder,Avatar When viewing these pictures, the students have to answer questions of whetherthey know the films‟ names, who stars in the films, and what kinds of the films are

Experiences prove that students get excited with guessing topics of lessons throughpictures They form association basing on the pictures and generalize them to reveal thetheme This activity is also applied to a wide range of topics To make it successful,teachers should control the pictures so that they are known by the students Despitecommon or strange topics, the chosen pictures should be understandable and popular tomost students Otherwise, students both do not find out the topics of the lessons and are

discouraged to learn To motivate the students more, teachers may try pictures of stuffs thatare of great concern at the time of the lessons

* Pictures are used to provide input information for speaking topics.

With topics that students hardly or little know about, pictures are of great help thatprovide them with input knowledge When seeing the pictures, students can analyzeinformation presentable and transfer this into words to speak out Without pictures,teachers experience difficulty in exchanging information with students because in that case,teachers will have to talk a lot while students should be the ones to do so Also, this kind ofbrainstorming helps students better remember what to say One lesson plan for unit 12entitled “Environment” provided by a teacher who is teaching a foundation academic classhas given an insight into this issue

Required by the lesson plan, students have to work in groups of 3 or 4 and use thepictures to generate ideas for environmental problems and ways to protect theenvironment As students‟ background knowledge of this area may be limited, they find inthose pictures useful guides to bring out problems like smoke from factory, radioactivewaste, glacier thawing, rising sea level, drought, flood, fire, and others Also they willdiscuss solutions suggested by the pictures, which are using solar panels to turn solarenergy to electricity, growing trees, and using wind mills

Pictures are really facilitative with this function that most teachers make use of thisapplication It both helps students with ideas for unfamiliar topics when all they do is to try

to understand what the pictures say and save teachers‟ talking time It also creates a chancefor students to discuss in English with their group members and to find their own words toexpress what they get from those pictures

With the function of brainstorming ideas, pictures are often use in pre-speaking taskwith various activities like group discussion, or questions and answer between teachers andstudents

* Pictures are used to create tasks for speaking lessons.

In real speaking classes, some tasks cannot be implemented without pictures, especiallydescribing tasks Hereby, apart from assisting students with input vocabulary, grammar,and information, pictures are must-have parts of lessons Mostly these tasks fall todescribing pictures or information gap There are two lessons plan provided by the

teachers, one for unit 7 in foundation academic class with the topic of “Describing people”and the other for unit 8 of the same level whose topic is “Giving and showing directions.”The first lesson plan is carried out with pair discussion activity Two students worktogether, practicing describing the people included in the pictures They explore physicalappearance of the characters and describe those using words and structures suggested inadvanced In the latter which makes use of information gap activity, students A and B havedifferent information sheet and have to exchange questions and answers to find the correctpositions of shops When they finish, they should have two identical maps of an area.Description and information gap activities are mostly used in while-speaking stage asexercises

3.1.2 Questions 9 to 11

The next three questions are closed-ended and use Likert scale from “Strongly agree” to

“Strongly disagree” to judge teachers‟ opinion of pictures‟ impacts on learner‟s attitude

As shown in the table, most teachers (80% strongly agree and 20% agree) believe thatpictures have positive effects on students‟ attitude As pictures can intrigue learners‟ visualthinking, they carve information presented deeper in learners‟ memory because studentssimultaneously visually imagine the new item and listen to or read about its definition.Also, it is easily seen that pictures help motivate learners a lot during learning process Ifteachers keep talking and talking without showing anything fun or authentic to look at,learners may get bored quickly However, there are some teachers (10%) who believe thatpictures do not have any positive effects or even oppose to that idea This is true sometimeswhen pictures are not properly used or, even worse, abused For example, a teacher maywant to introduce the topic of illnesses but fall into a specific kind of disease, like diabetes;the students will surely wonder what is the relation between those issues and lose attentionbecause they do not understand anything about diabetes Another case is when a teacheralways uses pictures to teach vocabulary, to introduce topics, and to do other purposeswithout thinking of a different idea with something else, not pictures Students,consequently, will become fed up with pictures, loosing their motivation and cooperation

as well

3.1.3 Questions 12 to 22

These questions deal with different aspects of pictures to discover problems or

difficulties that may occur The results are presented in the following table

Question 12: Pictures with text content are more facilitative

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Question 13: Text content should appear together with pictures

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Question 14: The length and complication of text content depend on students‟ age and proficiency level

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Question 15: If text content is not to teach new vocabulary and structure, it should be short and simple rather than long and complex

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Question 16: Pictures do not need to relate to the lesson as long as they have motivatingeffect

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Question 18: Students feel more interested to learn with color pictures than

black-and-white pictures

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Question 19: Picture captions are important to students‟ understanding of pictures

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Question 20: Learner‟s acquisition relies on whether pictures are positive or negative

10%

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Question 21: Children prefer cartoon drawings to real-life photographs

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

Question 22: Adults prefer real-life photographs

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

The answers show that pictures should go along with text to assist learners‟understanding Text content is preferred by 12 teachers to appear alongside with picturesand expected to be short and simple However, text‟s length and complication also vary inaccordance with students‟ age groups and English proficiency levels Captions, anotherkind of text, but is not something that students must learn, have the function of namingpictures As a result, the numbers of teachers who support and those who oppose captionsare quite the same This issue is one of the main concerns of this study as sometimesteachers are not aware of the relationship between pictures and text, whether it is mutuallysupportive or preventive This will be figured out through class observations

While teachers mostly have an inclination to color and simple pictures that they believeare more facilitative, they do not show any preference towards positive or negativemeaning of pictures This can be understandable as pictures have to match the topics thatthey represent while topics are of a very wide range Despite the nuances that a picture