After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish between a standard and a budget, identify the advantages of standard costs, describe how standards are set, state the formulas for determining direct materials and direct labor variances, state the formulas for determining manufacturing overhead variances, discuss the reporting of variances, enumerate the features of a standard cost accounting system.
Trang 2CHAPTER 25
Standard Costs and Balanced Scorecard
Accounting Principles, Eighth Edition
Trang 4The Need for
Setting Standard Costs
Analyzing and Reporting Variances from Standards
Analyzing and Reporting Variances from Standards
Balanced Scorecard
Balanced Scorecard
Financial perspective Customer perspective Internal process perspective Learning and growth
perspective
Direct materials variances Direct labor variances Manufacturing overhead
variances Reporting variances
Ideal vs.
normal Case study
Standard Costs and Balanced Scorecard
Standard Costs and Balanced Scorecard
Trang 6Facilitate management planning Useful in setting selling prices
Illustration 251
Promote greater economy by making employees more “cost
Trang 8Normal standards represent efficient levels of performance that are attainable under expected operating conditions.
Properly set, normal standards should be rigorous but attainable.
Trang 10Setting Standard Costs—a Difficult Task
A Case Study
To establish the standard cost of producing a product, it is necessary to establish standards for each manufacturing cost element—
Trang 13The direct materials price standard should include an amount for all of the following except:
Trang 16Setting Standard Costs—a Difficult Task
Manufacturing Overhead
For manufacturing overhead, companies use a standard predetermined overhead rate in setting the standard.
This overhead rate is determined by dividing budgeted overhead costs by
an expected standard activity index, such as standard direct labor hours
or standard machine hours.
Trang 18Setting Standard Costs—a Difficult Task
The total standard cost per unit is the sum of the standard costs of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead.
Illustration 257
Total Standard Cost Per Unit
The total standard cost per gallon is $42.
Trang 23T o t al s t and ar d c o s t pe r unit $ 5 2 0 0
Trang 24the month. The master budget showed total variable costs of $1,080,000 ($6.00 per hour) and total fixed overhead costs of $540,000 ($3.00 per hour). Actual costs for November in producing 7,600 units were as follows.
Analyzing and Reporting Variances
Analyzing and Reporting Variances
The purchasing department buys the quantities of raw materials that are expected
to be used in production each month. Raw materials inventories, therefore, can be ignored.
Trang 25In producing 7,600 units, the company used 15,000 pounds of direct materials. These were purchased at a cost of $4.90 per unit ($73,500/15,000 pounds) The
standard quantity of materials is 15,200 pounds (7,600 x 2) The total materials variance is computed from the following formula.
Analyzing and Reporting Variances
Analyzing and Reporting Variances
Total Materials Variance (TMV)
Actual Quantity x
Actual Price (AQ) x
(AP)
Standard Quantity x Standard Price (SQ) x
Trang 27Standard Price (AQ) x
(SP)
Standard Quantity x Standard Price (SQ) x
Trang 28Actual Quantity
× Standard Price (AQ) × (SP) 15,000 x $5.00 = $75,000
Trang 30In producing 7,600 units, the company incurred 14,900 direct labor hours at an average hourly rate of $12.20 ($181,780 / 14,900 hours) The standard hours
allowed for the units produced were 15,200 hours (7,600 units x 2 hours) The
standard labor rate was $12 per hour. The total labor variance is computed
as follows.
Analyzing and Reporting Variances
Analyzing and Reporting Variances
Total Labor Variance (TLV)
Actual Hours x
Actual Rate (AH) x
(AR)
Standard Hours x Standard Rate (SH) x
Trang 31Actual Rate (AH) x
(AR)
Actual Hours x Standard Rate (AH) x
Trang 32Standard Rate (AH) x
(SR)
Standard Hours x Standard Rate (SH) x
Trang 33Actual Hours
× Standard Rate (AH) × (SR) 14,900 x $12.00 = $178,800
Trang 34Labor price variance – usually results from two factors: (1) paying
workers higher wages than expected, and (2) misallocation of workers. The manager who authorized the wage increase is responsible for the higher
Trang 36*
Trang 38Compare actual overhead costs incurred with budgeted costs for the standard hours allowed.
Trang 41Controllable variance variance rests with the production department. Cause of an unfavorable variance may be:
Trang 42All variances should be reported to appropriate levels of management as soon as possible.
The form, content, and frequency of variance reports vary considerably among companies.
Facilitate the principle of “management by exception.”
Top management normally looks for significant variances.
Analyzing and Reporting Variances
Analyzing and Reporting Variances
Trang 45The balanced scorecard incorporates financial and nonfinancial measures in an integrated system that links performance measurement and a company’s strategic goals.
The balanced scorecard evaluates company performance from a series of
“perspectives.” The four most commonly employed perspectives are as follows.
Balanced Scorecard
Balanced Scorecard
Trang 46Which of the following would not be an objective used in the customer perspective of the balanced scorecard approach?
Trang 474 Integrates all of the company’s goals into a single performance measurement
system, so that an inappropriate amount of weight will not be placed on any single goal.
Balanced Scorecard
Balanced Scorecard
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