In this chapter, the learning objectives are: Describe the concept of budgetary control, evaluate the usefulness of static budget reports, explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.
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BUDGETARY CONTROL AND RESPONSIBILITY
ACCOUNTING
Accounting Principles, Eighth Edition
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Budgetary Control and Responsibility Accounting
Budgetary Control and Responsibility Accounting
Static Budget Reports
Types of Responsibility Centers
Types of Responsibility Centers
Cost centers Profit centers Investment centers Performance evaluation
The Concept of Responsibility Accounting
The Concept of Responsibility Accounting
Controllable vs noncontrollable Reporting system
Flexible Budgets
Flexible Budgets
Why flexible budgets?
Development Case study
Reports Managemen
t by exception
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The Concept of Budgetary Control
The Concept of Budgetary Control
A major function of management is to control operations Takes place by means of
Takes place by means of budget reports budget reports which compare actual which compare actual
results with
results with planned planned objectives
Provides management with feedback on operations Budget reports can be prepared as frequently as needed Analyze
Analyze differences differences between actual and planned results and
determines causes
LO 1: Describe the concept of budgetary control.
Trang 9States the frequency of the report (such as weekly or monthly)
Specifies the purpose of the report Indicates recipient of the report
Trang 10LO 1: Describe the concept of budgetary control.
Trang 12LO 2: Evaluate the usefulness of static budget reports.
Trang 14LO 2: Evaluate the usefulness of static budget reports.
Trang 16Actual level of activity closely approximates the master budget activity level
Behavior of the costs is fixed in response to changes
in activity Appropriate for fixed costs
Not appropriate for variable costs
LO 2: Evaluate the usefulness of static budget reports.
Trang 18Projects budget data for various levels various levels
of activity Essentially, a series of static budgets at different activity levels
Can be prepared for each type of budget in the master budget
LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness
of flexible budget reports.
Trang 21Meaningless to compare actual variable costs for 12,000 units with budgeted variable costs for 10,000 units
Variable cost increase with production
Budgeted variable amounts should increase
proportionately with production
LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the
Trang 25LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness
Trang 26 Identify the variable costs and determine the budgeted variable cost per unit of
activity for each cost
LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness
of flexible budget reports.
Trang 27 Prepare the budget for selected increments of activity within
the relevant range
Prepared in increments of 1,000 direct labor hours
LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness
Trang 30of flexible budget reports.
Trang 31Cost data for variable and fixed costs Widely used in production and service departments to
Widely used in production and service departments to evaluate a evaluate a
manager’s performance in production control and cost control
LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness
Trang 33Controllability relates to those items controllable by the manager
LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness
Trang 35Chapter
The Concept of Responsibility Accounting
The Concept of Responsibility Accounting
Involves accumulating and reporting costs on the basis of the manager who has on the basis of the manager who has the authority to make the daytoday
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The Concept of Responsibility Accounting
The Concept of Responsibility Accounting
Levels of responsibility for controlling costs
Trang 38of management Responsibility accounting is especially valuable in a
Responsibility accounting is especially valuable in a decentralized decentralized
company
LO 4: Describe the concept of responsibility accounting.
control of operations delegated to many managers throughout the
organization
organization segment – area of responsibility for which reports are prepared
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The Concept of Responsibility Accounting
The Concept of Responsibility Accounting
Two
Two differences differences from budgeting in reporting costs and revenues:
Distinguishes between controllable Distinguishes between controllable and noncontrollable and noncontrollable
costs
Emphasizes or includes only items controllable by the Emphasizes or includes only items controllable by the
individual manager in performance reports Applies to
Applies to both both profit and notforprofit entities
Profit entities: maximize net income Notforprofit: minimize cost of providing services
Trang 40Can control all costs and revenues at some level of responsibility
within the company Critical issue under responsibility accounting:
LO 4: Describe the concept of responsibility accounting.
Whether the cost or revenue is controllable
at the level of responsibility with which
it is associated
Trang 41Fewer costs controllable as one moves down to lower levels of management
Controllable costs costs incurred directly by a level of responsibility that are controllable at that level
Noncontrollable costs – – costs incurred indirectly which are
allocated to a responsibility level
LO 4: Describe the concept of responsibility accounting.
Trang 42Begins with the lowest lowest level of responsibility and level of responsibility and moves moves
upward to higher levels Permits management by exception at each level of responsibility
Each higher level can obtain the detailed report for each lower level
LO 4: Describe the concept of responsibility accounting.
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Responsibility Reporting System Example
Responsibility Reporting System Example
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LO 4: Describe the concept of responsibility accounting.
Trang 45Comparative rankings provide incentive for a manager to control costs
LO 4: Describe the concept of responsibility accounting.
Trang 46Type indicates degree of responsibility that managers have for the performance of the center
LO 4: Describe the concept of responsibility accounting.
Trang 48on funds Often a subsidiary company or a product line
Manager able to control or significantly influence investment decisions such as plant expansion
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Types of Responsibility Centers
Types of Responsibility Centers
LO 4: Describe the concept of responsibility accounting.
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Responsibility Accounting for Cost Centers Responsibility Accounting for Cost Centers
Based on a manager’s ability to meet budgeted goals for controllable costs
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Responsibility Accounting for Cost Centers
Responsibility Accounting for Cost CentersExample – Fox Manufacturing Company
Assumes department manager can control all manufacturing overhead costs except depreciation, property taxes, and his own monthly salary of $4,000
LO 5: Indicate the features of responsibility reports for cost centers.
Trang 54Indirect fixed costs
Pertain to a company's overall operating activities Incurred for the benefit of more than one profit center Called common costs common costs since they apply to more than one center Most are not controllable not controllable by the profit center manager
LO 6: Identify the content of responsibility reports for profit centers.
Trang 55best measure of manager’s performance in controlling revenues and costs
Do
Do not not report noncontrollable fixed costs
LO 6: Identify the content of responsibility reports for profit centers.
Trang 59LO 7: Explain the basis and formula used in evaluating performance in
Trang 60All fixed costs controllable by center manager Shows budgeted and actual ROI below controllable margin
LO 7: Explain the basis and formula used in evaluating performance in
investment centers.
Trang 62as it is consistently applied between periods
Margin (income) measure
May be controllable margin, income from operations, or net income Only controllable margin is a valid basis for evaluating performance of investment center manager
LO 7: Explain the basis and formula used in evaluating performance
in investment centers.
Trang 63Thus, controllable margin increases to $690,000 ($600,000 + $90,000) New ROI is 13.8%
LO 7: Explain the basis and formula used in evaluating performance in
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Improving ROI – Reducing Average Operating Assets
Improving ROI – Reducing Average Operating Assets
Reduce average operating assets by 10% or $500,000
Average operating assets become $4,500,000 [$5,000,000 ($5,000,000 X 10%)]
Controllable margin remains unchanged at $600,000 New ROI becomes 13.3%
LO 7: Explain the basis and formula used in evaluating performance in
investment centers.
Trang 67 The evaluation should be based entirely on matters that are The evaluation should be based entirely on matters that are
controllable by the manager
Criticism of noncontrollable matters reduces effectiveness of evaluation May lead to negative reactions by manager and doubts about fairness
Trang 68Top management should support the evaluation process support the evaluation process
Managers lose faith in process when top management ignores, overrules, or bypasses established procedures
The evaluation process must allow managers to
The evaluation process must allow managers to respond to their respond to their
evaluations
Evaluation is not a oneway street Managers must be able to defend their performance Evaluation without feedback is impersonal and ineffective
The evaluation should
The evaluation should identify both good and poor performance identify both good and poor performance
Praise is a powerful motivator Manager compensation should include rewards for meeting goals
Trang 69Provide accurate and reliable budget data accurate and reliable budget data to measure
performance Highlight significant differences between actual results and budget goals
Are
Are tailormade tailormade for the intended evaluation
Are Are prepared at reasonable intervals prepared at reasonable intervals
Trang 70beginning with contribution margin.
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Chapter Review Brief Exercise 248
Chapter Review Brief Exercise 248
Kaspar Company Responsibility Report For Year Ending December 31, 2008
Budget Actual Difference Contribution Margin $700,000 $715,000 $15,000 $715,000 $15,000 F F
Controllable Fixed Costs 300,000 309,000 9,000 9,000 U
Controllable Margin $400,000 $406,000 $ 6,000 $ 6,000 F F
Favorable – F
Unfavorable U
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