After completing this chapter you should be able to: Explain the nature, economic substance, and advantages of lease transactions, describe the accounting criteria and procedures for capitalizing leases by the lessee, contrast the operating and capitalization methods of recording leases...and other contents.
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Trang 4Accounting by Lessor
Special Accounting Problems
Capitalization criteria
Accounting differencesCapital lease method
Operating methodComparison
Residual valuesSales-type leases
Bargain purchase optionInitial direct costsCurrent versus noncurrentDisclosureUnsolved problems
Economics of leasing
ClassificationDirect-financing method
Operating method
Accounting for Leases Accounting for Leases
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Largest group of leased equipment involves:
Information technology, Transportation (trucks, aircraft, rail), Construction and
Agriculture.
LO 1 Explain the nature, economic substance, and
gives the lessee the right to use specific property, owned by the lessor , for a specified period of time.
The Leasing Environment The Leasing Environment
Trang 7Advantages of Leasing
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21-8
Capitalize a lease that transfers substantially all of the benefits and risks of property ownership, provided the lease is
noncancelable.
Leases that do not transfer substantially all the
benefits and risks of ownership are operating leases.
The Leasing Environment The Leasing Environment
LO 1 Explain the nature, economic substance, and
advantages of lease transactions.
Conceptual Nature of a Lease
Trang 9The issue of how to report leases is the case of substance versus form. Although technically legal title may not pass, the benefits from the use of the property do.
A lease that transfers substantially all of the benefits and risks of property ownership
should be capitalized (only noncancellable leases may be capitalized).
The Leasing Environment The Leasing Environment
LO 1 Explain the nature, economic substance, and
Trang 10capitalizing leases by the lessee.
Typical Journal Entries for Capitalized Lease Illustration 212
Trang 11Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
LO 2 Describe the accounting criteria and procedures for
Trang 12Illustration 214
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Capitalization Criteria
LO 2 Describe the accounting criteria and procedures for
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
Transfer of Ownership Test
Not controversial and easily implemented.
BargainPurchase Option Test
At the inception of the lease, the difference between the option price and the expected fair market value must be large enough to make exercise of the option reasonably assured.
Trang 14Lease term is generally considered to be the fixed, noncancelable term of the lease.
Bargain renewal option can extend this period.
At the inception of the lease, the difference between the renewal rental and the expected fair rental must be great enough to make exercise of the option to renew reasonably assured.
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Recovery of Investment Test (90% Test)
LO 2
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
Calculation
Capitalization Criteria
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21-16
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
Discount Rate
Lessee computes the present value of the minimum lease payments using its incremental borrowing rate , with one exception.
If the lessee knows the implicit interest rate computed by the lessor and it is less than the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate, then lessee
must use the lessor’s rate.
Recovery of Investment Test (90% Test)
Capitalization Criteria
LO 2
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capitalizing leases by the lessee.
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
Depreciation Period
If lease transfers ownership, depreciate asset over the economic life of the asset.
If lease does not transfer ownership, depreciate over the term
of the lease.
Asset and Liability Accounted for Differently
Trang 19Chapter LO 2 Describe the accounting criteria and procedures for
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
EffectiveInterest Method
The effectiveinterest method is used to allocate each lease payment between principal and interest.
Asset and Liability Accounted for Differently
Depreciation Concept
Depreciation and the discharge of the obligation are independent accounting processes.
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21-20
E211 (Capital Lease with Unguaranteed Residual Value): On January 1, 2011, Adams Corporation signed a 5year noncancelable lease for a machine. The terms of the lease called for Adams to make annual payments of $9,968 at the beginning of each year, starting January 1, 2011. The machine has an estimated useful life of 6 years and a
$5,000 unguaranteed residual value Adams uses the straightline method of depreciation for all of its plant assets. Adams’s incremental borrowing rate is 10%, and the Lessor’s implicit rate is unknown.
LO 2
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
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LO 2 Describe the accounting criteria and procedures for
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
NO NO
Trang 221/1/11 Journal Entries:
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LO 2 Describe the accounting criteria and procedures for
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
10 %
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LO 2 Describe the accounting criteria and procedures for
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
Lease Liability 6,808
Interest Payable 3,160
1/1/12
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21-26 LO 3 Contrast the operating and capitalization methods of recording leases.
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
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E211: Comparison of Capital Lease with Operating Lease
LO 3 Contrast the operating and capitalization methods of recording leases.
Accounting by the Lessee Accounting by the Lessee
E2 1 1 Capital Le ase O pe r ating
Trang 28LO 4 Identify the classifications of leases for the lessor.
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A lessor determines the amount of the rental, based on the rate of return needed to justify leasing the asset.
If a residual value is involved (whether guaranteed or not), the company would not have to recover as much from the lease payments
Economics of Leasing
Accounting by the Lessor Accounting by the Lessor
LO 4 Identify the classifications of leases for the lessor.
Trang 30LO 4 Identify the classifications of leases for the lessor.
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Accounting by the Lessor Accounting by the Lessor
LO 4 Identify the classifications of leases for the lessor.
Amo unt to b e r e c o ve r e d thr o ug h le as e payme nt 3 0 8 ,5 2 7
E2110 (Computation of Rental): Assuming the lessor desires a 10% rate of return on its investment, calculate the amount of the annual rental payment required.
÷
x
Trang 32LO 4 Identify the classifications of leases for the lessor.
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Classification of Leases by the Lessor
Accounting by the Lessor Accounting by the Lessor
LO 4 Identify the classifications of leases for the lessor.
A salestype lease involves a manufacturer’s or dealer’s profit, and a directfinancing lease does not.
Illustration 2110
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21-34
Classification of Leases by the Lessor
Accounting by the Lessor Accounting by the Lessor
LO 4 Identify the classifications of leases for the lessor.
A lessor may classify a lease as an operating lease but the lessee may classify the same
lease as a capital lease.
Illustration 2111
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In substance the financing of an asset purchase by the lessee.
DirectFinancing Method (Lessor)
Accounting by the Lessor Accounting by the Lessor
LO 5 Describe the lessor’s accounting for directfinancing leases.
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21-36
Accounting by the Lessor
Accounting by the Lessor E2110: Prepare an amortization schedule that would be suitable for the lessor.
LO 5 Describe the lessor’s accounting for directfinancing leases.
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Accounting by the Lessor
Accounting by the Lessor E2110: Prepare all of the journal entries for the lessor for 2010 and 2011.
Interest Revenue 27,860
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21-38
Accounting by the Lessor
Accounting by the Lessor E2110: Prepare all of the journal entries for the lessor for 2010 and 2011.
LO 5 Describe the lessor’s accounting for directfinancing leases.
1/1/11 Cash 64,400
Lease Receivable 36,540 Interest Receivable 27,860 12/31/11 Interest Receivable 24,206
Interest Revenue 24,206
Trang 39LO 5 Describe the lessor’s accounting for directfinancing leases.
Trang 40Rental Revenue 64,400 Depreciation is recorded as follows:
Depreciation Expense 57,167
Accumulated Depreciation 57,167
$343,000 / 6 years = 57,167
Trang 41LO 6 Identify special features of lease arrangements that cause
Trang 42Residual Values
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 7 Describe the effect of residual values, guaranteed and
unguaranteed, on lease accounting.
Trang 43Chapter
Lessee Accounting for Residual Value The accounting consequence is that the minimum lease payments , include the guaranteed residual value but excludes the unguaranteed residual value.
Residual Values
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 7 Describe the effect of residual values, guaranteed and
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21-44
Illustration (Guaranteed Residual Value – Lessee Accounting): Caterpillar
Financial Services Corp. (a subsidiary of Caterpillar) and Sterling Construction Corp. sign a lease agreement dated January 1, 2011, that calls for Caterpillar to lease a frontend loader to Sterling beginning January 1, 2011. The terms and provisions of the lease agreement, and other pertinent data, are as follows.
The term of the lease is five years. The lease agreement is noncancelable, requiring equal rental payments at the beginning of each year (annuity due basis).
The loader has a fair value at the inception of the lease of $100,000, an estimated economic life of five years, and no residual value.
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 7 Describe the effect of residual values, guaranteed and
unguaranteed, on lease accounting.
Trang 45Sterling depreciates on a straightline basis.
Caterpillar sets the annual rental to earn a rate of return on its investment of 10 percent per year; Sterling knows this fact.
Caterpillar estimates a residual value of $5,000 a the end of the lease.
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 7 Describe the effect of residual values, guaranteed and
Trang 47Solution on notes page
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Illustration (Guaranteed Residual Value – Lessee Accounting):
At the end of the lease term, before the lessee transfers the asset to Caterpillar, the lease asset and liability accounts have the following balances.
Illustration 2119
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 7 Describe the effect of residual values, guaranteed and
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21-50
Illustration (Guaranteed Residual Value – Lessee Accounting):
Assume that Sterling depreciated the leased asset down to its residual value of $5,000 but that the fair market value of the residual value at December 31, 2015, was $3,000. Sterling would make the following journal entry.
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
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Illustration (Unguaranteed Residual Value – Lessee Accounting):
Assume the same facts as those above except that the $5,000 residual value is
unguaranteed instead of guaranteed. Caterpillar would compute the amount of the lease payments as follows:
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 7 Describe the effect of residual values, guaranteed and
Illustration 2120
Solution on notes page
Trang 52unguaranteed, on lease accounting.
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Illustration (Unguaranteed Residual Value – Lessee Accounting):
At the end of the lease term, before Sterling transfers the asset to Caterpillar, the lease asset and liability accounts have the following balances.
Illustration 2122
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 7 Describe the effect of residual values, guaranteed and
Trang 55Chapter
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
Illustration 2124
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21-56
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
Lessor Accounting for Residual Value
Illustration: Lease Amortization Schedule, for Lessor—Guaranteed or Unguaranteed Residual Value
Illustration 2125
Trang 57Chapter LO 7 Describe the effect of residual values, guaranteed and
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
Trang 58Difference in accounting for guaranteed and unguaranteed residual values.
SalesType Leases (Lessor)
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 8 Describe the lessor’s accounting for salestype leases.
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SalesType Leases (Lessor)
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 8 Describe the lessor’s accounting for salestype leases.
Illustration: To illustrate a salestype lease with a guaranteed residual value
and with an unguaranteed residual value, assume the same facts as in the
preceding directfinancing lease situation. The estimated residual value is $5,000 (the present value of which is $3,104.60), and the leased equipment has an
$85,000 cost to the dealer, Caterpillar. Assume that the fair market value of the
residual value is $3,000 at the end of the lease term.
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21-60
SalesType Leases (Lessor)
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 8 Describe the lessor’s accounting for salestype leases.
Illustration: Computation of Lease Amounts by Caterpillar Financial—Sales Type Lease Illustration 2128
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SalesType Leases (Lessor)
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
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21-62
SalesType Leases (Lessor)
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
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SalesType Leases (Lessor)
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
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21-64
Present value of the minimum lease payments must include the present value of the option.
Only difference between the accounting treatment for a bargain purchase option and a guaranteed residual value of identical amounts is in the computation of the annual
depreciation.
Bargain Purchase Option (Lessee)
Special Accounting Problems Special Accounting Problems
LO 8 Describe the lessor’s accounting for salestype leases.
Trang 65LO 8 Describe the lessor’s accounting for salestype leases.
Trang 66LO 8 Describe the lessor’s accounting for salestype leases.
Trang 67LO 9 List the disclosure requirements for leases.
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21-68
Leasing was on the FASB’s initial agenda in 1973 and SFAS No. 13 was issued in 1976
(before the conceptual framework was developed). SFAS No. 13 has been the subject of more than 30 interpretations since its issuance.
The iGAAP leasing standard is IAS 17, first issued in 1982. This standard is the subject of
only three interpretations. One reason for this small number of interpretations is that iGAAP does not specifically address a number of leasing transactions that are covered by U.S. GAAP. Examples include lease agreements for natural resources, saleleasebacks, real estate leases, and leveraged leases.
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Both U.S. GAAP and iGAAP share the same objective of recording leases by lessees and
lessors according to their economic substance—that is, according to the definitions of assets and liabilities.
U.S. GAAP for leases in much more “rulebased” with specific brightline criteria to
determine if a lease arrangement transfers the risks and rewards of ownership; iGAAP is more general in its provisions.
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21-70 LO 10
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Solution on notes page
Illustration 21A2
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21-72
Solution on notes page
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Illustration 21A3
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21-74 LO 10 Understand and apply lease accounting concepts to various lease arrangements.