Sau sự cố tràn dầu, nguồn nước xung quanh hòn đảo gây độc hại đến cuộc sống của các loài động vật.. Perfect gerunds Danh động từ hoàn thành • Hình thức having + pp chủ động; having been
Trang 1A VOCABULARY
UNIT 6: GLOBAL WARMING (SỰ NÓNG LÊN TOÀN CẦU)
absorb
/əbˈzɔːb/ (v)
as they absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen.
Chúng ta nên trồng thêm cây xanh vì chúng hấp thụ khí các-bon đi-ô-xít và thải ra khí ô-xi.
atmosphere
/ˈætməsfɪə(r)/ (n)
khí quyển
A large amount of gas emissions are released into the atmosphere.
Một lượng lớn khí thải đã bị xả vào khí quyển.
awareness
/əˈweənəs/ (n)
sự nhận thức, hiểu biết, quan tâm awareness of protecting the We should raise public
environment.
Chúng ta nên nâng cao nhận thức cộng đồng về bảo vệ môi trường.
ban
/bæn/ (v)
cấm
Some chemicals were banned because of their damaging effect on the environment.
Một số chất hóa học đã bị cấm
do ảnh hưởng của chúng gây thiệt hại tới môi trường.
capture
/ˈkæptʃə(r)/ (v)
CO2 from the atmosphere.
Rừng hấp thụ và giữ lại khí
Trang 2CO2 từ khí quyển.
carbon footprint
/ˌkɑːbənˈfʊtprɪnt/
(n)
lượng khí CO2 thải
ra hằng ngày của một cá nhân hoặc
We should take some measures to reduce our carbon footprint.
biện pháp nhằm giảm thiểu lượng khí CO2 thải ra hàng ngày.
catastrophic
/ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk/ (n)
patterns such as floods or droughts, which can have an impact on human lives.
Sự nóng lên toàn cầu gây ra các kiểu thời tiết khắc nghiệt như lủ lụt hay hạn hán, có thể ảnh hưởng đến cuộc sống con người.
clean-up
/ˈkliːn ʌp/ (n)
sự dọn dẹp, làm
clean-up by creating and selling paintings of birds.
Họ đã quyên góp tiền cho cuộc tổng vệ sinh bằng cách vẽ và bán tranh về các loài chim.
climate change biến đổi khí hậu
Sự nóng lên toàn cầu có thể dẫn đến biến đổi khí hậu.
Trang 3diversity sự đa dạng
species diversity on Earth.
Chúng ta không thể tồn tại mà không có sự đa dạng loài trên Trái Đất.
/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
(adj)
biggest environmental threats to the ecological balance in the world.
Nạn phá rừng là một trong số những mối đe dọa môi trường lớn nhất đối với sự cân bằng sinh thái trên thế giới.
ecosystem
/ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ (n)
hệ sinh thái
Pollution can have negative impacts on the ecosystem.
Sự ô nhiễm có thể gây ảnh hưởng tiêu cực lên hệ sinh thái.
emission
/ɪˈmɪʃn/ (n)
sự phát (sáng), tỏa (nhiệt), xả (khí)
The governments make efforts to reduce the emission
of greenhouse.
Chính phủ các nước nỗ lực giảm thiểu khí thải nhờ kính.
/ˈfæmɪn/ (n)
Crop failure could result in famine in this area.
Sự mất mùa có thể gây ra nạn đói tại khu vực này.
the farm, they have to drink polluted water.
Trang 4Do nông dân sử dụng quá nhiều phân bón hóa học trên đồng ruộng, họ phải uống nguồn nước ô nhiễm.
greenhouse gas
/ˌɡriːnhaʊs ˈɡæs/
(n)
chất khí gây hiệu ứng nhà kính
There should be more feasible solutions to reduce greenhouse gases.
Cần các giải pháp khả thi hơn nhằm giảm thiểu khí nhà kính.
heat-related
/hiːt - rɪˈleɪtɪd/
(adj)
có liên quan tới
contribute to heat- related illnesses.
Sự nóng lên toàn câu có thể góp phần gây ra các bệnh liên quan đến nhiệt.
lawmaker
/ˈlɔːmeɪkə(r)/ (n)
người làm luật, nhà
over the new healthcare reform bill.
Các nhà lập pháp này đang tranh luận về dự luật cải cách
y tế mới.
around the island was toxic
to animal life.
Sau sự cố tràn dầu, nguồn nước xung quanh hòn đảo gây độc hại đến cuộc sống của các loài động vật.
A VOCABULARY
1 Perfect gerunds (Danh động từ hoàn thành)
• Hình thức having + pp (chủ động); having been + pp (bị động)
Trang 5• Chức năng:
Dùng thay cho hình thức hiện tại của danh động từ khi nhấn mạnh một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ trước hành động của động từ chính trong câu
E.g: She denied having stolen the bike (Cô ấy phủ nhận đã lấy trộm xe đạp.) nhấn mạnh hành động
"having stolen the bike - lấy trộm xe đạp" xảy ra trước hành động "she denied- cô ấy phủ nhận"
Danh động từ hoàn thành có thể được dùng trong các cấu trúc sau:
a V + O + Prep + Perfect Gerund
Các động từ thường gặp là accuse sb of (buộc tội ai); apologize sb for (xin lỗi ai), admire sb for (ngưỡng mộ ai), blame sb for (đổ lỗi cho ai), congratulate sb on (chúc mừng ai), criticize sb for (chỉ trích ai), praise sb for (khen ngợi ai), thank sb for (cảm ơn ai), suspect sb of (nghi ngờ ai),
E.g: The police blamed him for having cut down the oldest tree in the park.
b V + Perfect Gerund
Các động từ thường gặp là admit (thừa nhận), deny (phủ nhận), forget (quên), mention (đề cập), remember (nhớ), regret (hối tiếc, hối hận),
E.g: I admit having stolen his money.
Lưu ý: Tùy vào ngữ cảnh chúng ta có thể sử dụng danh động từ đơn (gerunds) hay danh động từ hoàn thành (perfect gerunds) Trong một số trường hợp chúng ta có thể thấy rõ hành động nào xảy ra trước và
do đó chúng ta chỉ cần sử dụng danh động từ đơn mà không cần dùng danh động từ hoàn thành để nhấn mạnh
E.g: She denied stealing the bag.
2 Perfect participles in clauses of time and reason (Phân từ hoàn thành trong các mệnh đề chỉ thời gian và lý do)
a Hình thức: having + PP (chủ động); having been + pp (bị động)
E.g: Having finished his homework, he went out with his friends (Sau khi làm xong bài tập về nhà, cậu
ấy đã đi chơi với bạn.)
b Chức năng
Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành để:
- Rút gọn mệnh đề khi hành động trong mệnh đề đó xảy ra trước hành động khác
E.g: He finished his homework and then he went out with his friends.
Having finished his homework, he went out with his friends
- Rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian
E.g: After he had got up, he brushed his teeth.
After having getting up/ Having getting up, he brushed his teeth
- Giải thích lý do cho hành động trong mệnh đề chính
E.g: Having lost the game, they cried a lot.
Lưu ý: Mệnh đề rút gọn được gọi là mệnh đề phân từ (participle clauses); hai hành động có cùng chủ
ngữ
■ BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN
Bài 1: Complete the sentences with the perfect participle.
1 (park) the car, we searched for the ticket machine.
Trang 62 (drink) one liter of water, she really needed to go to the toilet.
3 (leave) the party too early, we couldn't see the fireworks anymore.
4 (finish) her phone call, she went back to work.
5 (lose) ten kilograms, Daisy finally fit into her favorite dress again.
Bài 2: Complete the sentences with the perfect participle Decide whether to use active or passive voice.
1 (stop) the car, the police officer wanted to see the documents.
2 (write) the test, we felt relieved
3 (work) all day, we were quite exhausted in the evening.
4 (send) to counter 20,1 had to return to counter 3.
5 (confess), he was accused of even more criminal offences.
6 (arrive) at the station, we called a taxi.
7 (type) by the secretary, the letter was signed by the boss.
8 (interrupt) several times, she was rather annoyed.
9 (live) in Oxford for two years, she spoke English like a native speaker.
10 (rescue), the injured man was taken to hospital.
Bài 3: Rewrite the sentences replacing the underlined part with a perfect participle.
1 We switched off the lights before we went to bed.
we went to bed
2 The boy asked his mother's permission and then went out to play.
the boy went out to play
3 As he had drunk too much, he didn't drive home himself.
he didn't drive home himself
4 We have written two tests today, so we are very exhausted.
we are very exhausted
5 She filled the washing machine and switched it on.
she switched it on
6 She had been to the disco the night before and overslept in the morning.
she overslept in the morning
7 We had worked in the garden all day and were sunburned in the evening.
we were sunburned in the evening
8 She had not slept for two days and therefore wasn't able to concentrate.
she wasn't able to concentrate
9 Since I had not seen him for ages, I didn't recognize him.
I didn't recognize him
10 I had not ridden a horse for a long time and found it very difficult to keep in the saddle
I found it very difficult to keep in the saddle
Trang 7Bài 4: Change the underlined part of the sentence into a participle clause.
1 We are lying in the sun and we are enjoying life.
, we are enjoying life
2 The boy had brushed his teeth He was allowed to watch a few more minutes of television.
, the boy was allowed to watch a few more minutes of television
3 The children sat on their beds and watched the thunderstorm.
the children watched the thunderstorm
4 They were surprised by a sudden storm and had to seek shelter under a tree.
, they had to seek shelter under a tree
5 When they had found the secret island, they started searching for the treasure.
, they started searching for the treasure
Bài 5: Rewrite the sentences with participle clauses.
1 Mary left school early because he felt sick.
2 The teacher was impressed by Michael's work, so she gave him the highest score.
3 Because he hadn't studied hard enough for his exam, Tom couldn't pass it.
4 As I haven't received all the applications yet, I am not eager to hire anyone.
5 The golden ring, which was stolen weeks ago, was found.
6 As I have an assignment to finish, I cannot come with you.
7 When my sister heard the good news, she wanted to cry.
8 Because I didn't want to lose my passport, I gave it to my father.
9 After he had been told to wash the dishes, David entered the kitchen with a frown.
10 As I had been to New York before, I knew where to find a good hotel.
■ BÀI TẬP TỔNG HỢP NÂNG CAO
Bài 6: Rewrite the sentences beginning with an appropriate participle (present, past or perfect).
1 When she saw the dog coming towards her, she quickly crossed the road.
2 If it is looked after carefully, the plant can live through the winter.
3 As I don't have a credit card, I found it difficult to book an airline ticket over the phone.
Trang 84 Jim spent a lot of time filling in job application forms because he was unemployed.
5 Because I was walking quickly, I soon caught up with her.
6 The house was built of wood, so it was clearly a fire risk.
7 I was eager to catch the bus in good time because I had been told off the day before for arriving late.
8 She didn't know where the theater was, so she asked for directions at the hotel reception.
9 As she was a nurse, she knew what to do after the accident.
10 He had spent his childhood in Hue City so he knew the city well.
11 The fruit was expensive because it was imported.
12 We had spent nearly all our money so we couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.
13 As we didn't want to offend him, we said nothing about his paintings.
14 Although James is known mainly as a writer of novel, he has now written a successful biography.
15 Although it had been hunted close to extinction, the rhino is once again common in this area.
Bài 7: Choose the best answer.
1 He thought that such a trifle was not worth
2 I'm surprised at your this book so quickly How did you manage to do it?
3 I thought of Tim for help, but then I decided to ask Linda.
4 The fear for what he had done made him run away.
5 This work should be no problem for him He is used to it.
6 She was tired She didn't feel capable anything.
7 He apologized in advance for to see us during our visit.
8 It is no use it He is not listening to you.
9 We have no objection him.
10 I was reading a book when she burst into my room without
Trang 9Bài 8: Rewrite the sentences using participle clauses.
1 Susan was lying in the sun She got sunburned.
2 Tim has just retired He is now able to spend more time gardening.
3 They bought their tickets and went to find a seat.
4 The student sat in front of the computer and wrote his essay.
5 Some people argue against school uniforms They feel children should wear what they want to.
6 Some students are disappointed in their progress at school These students often do not go into further
education
7 Children do not have the maturity to make every choice themselves They need a parent or guardian to
make decisions on their behalf
8 I didn't want to break the law I called the police instead.
9 John travelled overseas a lot as a teenager He learns different cultures and customs.
Bài 9: Choose the best answer.
1 for twelve hours, I felt marvelous.
2 By the time their baby arrives, the Smiths hope painting and decorating the new nursery.
3 She's angry about to the farewell party last night
4 We decided not to travel,
5 I'd love to the party, but it was impossible.
6 I don't recall him at the conference.
Trang 10A having seen B to have seen
7 in dark colors, the room needed some bright lights.
8 The stockbroker denied of the secret business deal.
9 They now regret their son by providing too many material possessions.
10 to the party, we could hardly refuse to go.
11 Tom made a bad mistake at work, but his boss didn't fire him He's lucky a second
chance
12 Are you sure you told me? I don't recall about it.
Bài 10: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1 The missing children were last seen (play) near the river.
2 (complete) the book, he had a holiday.
3 (find) only in the Andes, the plant is used by local people to treat skin diseases.
4 The accident seems (happen) at around 1.00 p.m yesterday.
5 The shoes (make) in China is cheap.
6 Last year I studied abroad I appreciate (have) the opportunity to live and study in a
foreign country
7 (look) down from the hill, the town spread out before us towards the coast.
8 Alex doesn't like to have her picture (take) She avoids (photograph).
9 I don't agree with (smack) children if they do something wrong.
10 The book (publish) last month is her first novel.
11.
12 I found a coin
(photocopy) all the papers, Sally put them back in the file
(lie) on the sidewalk
13 Our mechanic said that he expects (fix) the brake on the car before we pick it up.
14 It is unpleasant for us (live) near busy airports.
15 (park) the car about a kilometre from the stadium, I walked the rest of the way.