TỪ TƯỢNG THANH ONOMATOPOEIA Onomatopoeic words are those which seem to sound like their meaning... gr- at the beginning of a word can suggest something unpleasant or miserable không v
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I NGUỒN GỐC CỦA TỪ (WORDS’ ORIGINS)
From people and places
From other languages
1 From people:
- biro: [bút bi] named after Laszlo Biro, its Hungarian inventor
- mentor: [cố vấn thông thái] from Mentor, friend to Odysseus
- chauvinist: [chủ nghĩa dân tộc cực đoan] after the Frenchman, Nicolas Chauvin, who was
fanatically devoted to Napoleon
- hooligan: [du côn, lưu manh] from the Irish family name, Hooligan
- saxophone: [kèn sắc-xô-phôn] invented by the Belgian, Adolphe Sax
- tawdry: [loè loẹt, rẻ tiền] from St Audrey, at whose annual fair in the town of Ely, near
Cambridge, cheap gaudy scarves were sold
- watt: [đơn vị đo công suất điện] from the 18th century Scottish inventor, James Watt
2 From places:
- bedlam: [cảnh hỗn loạn] from the name of a famous London mental hospital once situated where
Liverpool Street Station now stands
- spartan: [khổ hạnh] from the ancient Greek city of Sparta, famed for its austerity
- canter: [bước đi thong thả của ngựa] a shortening of Canterbury, a town in south-east England
- gypsy: [người gypsy] These people were once thought to have come from Egypt, hence the name
3 From other languages:
- From Japanese, tycoon, karate, origami, judo, futon and bonsai
- From Arabic, mattress, cipher, alcove, carafe, algebra, harem, mufti and yashmak
- From Turkish, yoghurt, jackal, kiosk, bosh [nonsense (colloquial)], tulip and caftan;
- From Farsi, caravan, shawl, taffeta, bazaar and sherbet
- From Eskimo, kayak, igloo and anorak
- From French, fiancé, fiancée
II TỪ TƯỢNG THANH (ONOMATOPOEIA)
Onomatopoeic words are those which seem to sound like their meaning
The most obvious examples are verbs relating to the noises which animals make
Examples:
- cows: moo
- cats: mew or meow
CẤU TẠO TỪ 4 – CÁC PHƯƠNG THỨC KHÁC (EV3004)
ID: 64581
Trang 21 gr- at the beginning of a word can suggest something unpleasant or miserable (không vui/ khổ sở)
groan [make a deep sound forced out by pain or despair] (rên rỉ)
grumble [complain in a bad- tempered way] (càu nhàu)
grunt [make a low, rough sound like pigs do, or people expressing disagreement or boredom]
(ủn ỉn/ càu nhàu)
growl [make a low, threatening sound] (gầm gừ)
2 cl- at the beginning of a word can suggest something sharp and/ or metallic
click (lách cách)
clang (lanh lảnh – tiếng chuông)
clank [make a dull metallic noise, not as loud as a clang] (lách cách)
clash [make a loud, broken, confused noise of metal objects striking together] (loảng xoảng)
clink [make the sound of small bits of metal or glass knocking together] (leng keng)
horses go clip-clop (lộc cộc) on the road
3 ash- at the end of a word can suggest something fast and violent
smash [break violently into small pieces] (loảng xoảng)
dash [move or be moved violently] (chạy vào/ vỗ mạnh)
crash [strike suddenly violently and noisily] (vỡ loảng xoảng)
bash [strike heavily so as to break or injure] (đạp mạnh, làm vỡ, bị thương)
gash [a long deep cut or wound] (vếch rạch dài và sâu)
4 wh- at the beginning of a word often suggests the movement of air
whistle [a high pitched noise made by forcing air or steam through a small opening] (huýt sáo)
whirr [sound like a bird’s wings moving rapidly] (kêu vù vù, vo vo)
whizz [make the sound of something rushing through air] (rít, vèo)
wheeze [breathe noisily especially with a whistling sound in the chest] (thở khò khè)
whip [one of these or to hit with one of these] (kêu vun vút)
5 _ckle, _ggle, or _zzle at the end of a word => light and repeated things
trickle [to flow in a thin stream] (róc rách)
crackle [make a series of short cracking sounds] (nổ lép bép)
tinkle [make a succession of light ringing sounds] (kêu leng keng)
giggle [laugh lightly in a nervous or silly way] (cười khúc khích)
wriggle [move with quick short twistings] (bò, vặn vẹo)
Trang 3 sizzle [make a hissing sound like something cooking in fat] (kêu xèo xèo)
drizzle [small, fine rain] (mưa lất phất)
III TỪ ĐỒNG ÂM KHÁC NGHĨA (HOMONYMS)
Homonyms: homographs and homophones
Homographs are words which are written in the same way but have different meanings
e.g: bow in: “He took a bow /baʊ / at the end of the concert.”
“He was wearing a bow /bəʊ / tie.”
Homophones are words which are pronounced in the same way but are spelt differently
e.g: bow as in “He took a bow.” AND bough, “the bough of a tree”
1 Homograph:
- I live in the north of England /liv/
Your favorite pop star is singing live on TV tonight /laiv/
- I read in bed each night /ri:d/
I read War and Peace last year /red/
- The lead singer in the group is great /li:d/
Lead pipes are dangerous /led/
- The wind blew the tree down /wind/
Don’t forget to wind your watch /waind/ (lên dây đồng hồ) -> wound
- I wound my watch last night /waʊ nd /
He suffered a terrible wound in the war /wu:nd/
- This book is called English Vocabulary in Use /ju:s/
You must know how to use words as well as their meaning /ju:z/
- They lived in a large old house /haʊ s/
The buildings house a library and two concert halls as well as a theatre
/haʊ z/
- I bathed the baby this morning /bɑ ːθt/
We bathed in the sea every day when we were on holiday /beɪ ðd/
2 Homophone:
- Pray vs prey - Right vs write
- Tire vs tyre - Weather vs whether
- Aloud vs allowed - Flu vs flew
- Our vs hour - Sale vs sail
- Scene vs seen - Know vs no
- Wait vs weight - Through vs threw
V TỪ PHA TRỘN (BLENDING)
Process of blending involves joining two words together by taking parts of both words and
combining the parts into a new whole
The result of this process known as blend
Example:
- Breakfast + lunch = BRUNCH
Trang 4- Motor + hotel = MOTEL
- Smoke + fog = SMOG
- Urine + analysis = URINALYSIS
VI TỪ RÚT GỌN (CLIPPING)
Process of clipping involves cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part
to stand as a whole
The result of this process called clipped words
Example:
- Professor => PROF
- Influenza => FLU
- Mathematics => MATHS
- Laboratory => LAB
- Cafeteria => CAFÉ
VII HÌNH THỨC VIẾT TẮT CỦA TỪ (ACRONYM)
Acronym is the process whereby a word is formed from the initial segments of words, or by
combining initial letters or parts of series of words, that are pronounced as the spelling indicates
The result of this process known as acronym
Example:
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization => UNESCO
- United Nations International Children Emergency Fund => UNICEF
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome => AIDS