Chapter 5: Bipolar Junction Transistor''s Goals is Explore the physical structure of bipolar transistor, Study terminal characteristics of BJT, Explore differences between npn and pnp transistors, Develop the Transport Model for bipolar devices.
Trang 1Chapter 5 Bipolar Junction Transistors
Trang 3• The BJT consists of 3 alternating layers
of n and ptype semiconductor called emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C).
• The majority of current enters collector, crosses the base region and exits through the emitter. A small current also enters the base terminal, crosses the base
emitter junction and exits through the emitter
• Carrier transport in the active base region directly beneath the heavily
doped (n + ) emitter dominates the iv
characteristics of the BJT
Trang 5I F
i
C
i
A 9 10 A
S I F
F
i B i
S
I B
i C
i E i
0
1 1
95
0
F
F F
In this forward active operation region,
F B
i C
i
F E
i C i
Trang 6I E
S I R
S
I C
i
95
0 1
0
R
R R
is reverse current gain
Base current is given by
Base currents in forward and reverse modes are different due to asymmetric doping
levels in the emitter and collector regions
Trang 7Model Equations for Any Bias
1 exp
S
I T
V BC
v T
V BE
v S
I
C
i
1 exp
S
I T
V BC
v T
V BE
v S
I
E
i
1 exp
S
I T
V BE
v F
Symmetry exists between baseemitter and basecollector voltages in establishing the dominant current in the bipolar transistor
Trang 8• The voltages vEB and vCB are positive when they forward bias
their respective pn junctions.
• Collector current and base current exit the transistor terminals and emitter current enters the device.
Trang 9I F
S I F
F
i B i
Emitter current is given by:
1 exp
1 1
T
V EB
v F
S
I B
i C
i E i
Trang 10I E
S I R
F
i B i
Emitter current is given by:
1 exp
1 1
T
V CB
v R
S
I C
i
Trang 11Model Equations for Any Bias
1 exp
S
I T
V CB
v T
V EB
v S
I
C
i
1 exp
S
I T
V CB
v T
V EB
v S
I
E
i
1 exp
S
I T
V EB
v F
S
I
B
i
Trang 12V BE
v S
I R
i F
i T
1 exp
S
I T
V BE
v F
S
I B i
Diode currents correspond directly to the 2 components of base current
Trang 13Transistor
Baseemitter junction Basecollector junction
Forward Bias Forward active region
(Normal active region) (Good Amplifier)
Saturation region (Not same as FET saturation region) (Closed switch) Reverse Bias Cutoff region
(Open switch)
Reverse-active region (Inverse active region) (Poor amplifier)
Trang 15CommonEmitter Transfer Characteristic
This characteristic defines the relation between collector current and baseemitter voltage of the transistor
It is almost identical to the transfer
characteristic of a pn junction diode.
Setting v BC =0 in the collectorcurrent expression:
I C i
Trang 16• If reverse voltage across either of the two pn junctions in the transistor
is too large, the corresponding diode will break down
• The emitter is the most heavily doped region, and the collector is the most lightly doped region
• Due to these doping differences, the baseemitter diode has a relatively low breakdown voltage (3 to 10 V). The collectorbase diode is
typically designed to break down at much larger voltages
• Transistors must therefore be selected in accordance with the possible reverse voltages in circuit
Trang 17q
kT BE
q
kT BC
v
i
C I Sexp
v BE V T
I S R
I
Sexp
v BE V T
I S F
I S F
V T
I S F
I S R
I S F
i F C
i
) 1 (
The BJT is often considered a currentcontrolled current source, although fundamental forward active behavior suggests a voltagecontrolled current source
Trang 18• The baseemitter diode is often replaced by a constant voltage drop model
(V BE = 0.7 V), since it is forwardbiased in the forwardactive region
Trang 198.3 V
I B
I E
CE 9 9 8.3 9.7V
Note: V
R I E R here.
Trang 20• The goal of biasing is to establish a known Qpoint, which
in turn establishes the initial operating region of transistor.
• In BJT circuits, the Qpoint is represented by (VCE, IC) for
the npn transistor or (VEC, IC) for the pnp transistor.
Trang 212 1
1
R R
R CC
V EQ
V
21
2
1
R R
R
R EQ
R
E
I E
R BE
V B
I EQ
R EQ V
4 12,000I
I B
4V0.7V1.23 106
Trang 22The two points needed to plot the load line are (0, 12 V) and (314 A, 0). The resulting load line is plotted on the
commonemitter output characteristics
for I B= 2.7 A.
The intersection of the corresponding characteristic with the load line
determines the Qpoint
Trang 242 I C I
Trang 25Design Guidelines
• Choose I 2 = I C /5. This means that (R 1 +R 2 ) = 5V CC /I C
• Let I C R C =I E R E = (V CC V CE )/2. Then R C = (V CC V CE )/2I C ; R E = F R C
Trang 26Problem 5.87 4R Bias Circuit Design
Trang 30PNP Transistor Switch Circuit Design
Trang 31Emitter Current for PNP Switch Design
Trang 32• Besides the capacitances which are associated with the physical structure, additional model components are: diode
current i S , capacitance C JS, related to the
large area pn junction that isolates the
collector from the substrate and one transistor from the next
• R B is the resistance between external base contact and intrinsic base region
• Collector current must pass through R C
on its way to the active region of the collectorbase junction
• R E models any extrinsic emitter resistance in the device
Trang 33Saturation Current = 3 e17 AForward current gain = 100Reverse current gain = 0.5Forward Early voltage = 75 VBase resistance = 250
Collector Resistance = 50 Emitter Resistance = 1 Forward transit time = 0.15 nsReverse transit time = 15 ns
Trang 34Region
• With a narrow base region, minority carrier density decreases linearly across the base, and the Saturation Current (NPN) is:
and applied voltages
B
W AB
n n qAD B
W bo
n n
qAD S
B
W DB
n p qAD B
W bo
p p
qAD S
Trang 35F T
V T
I T
V BE
v B
W bo qAn T
V po
Q BE dv
dQ D
2
1 int
F T
V C
I D C
Trang 36• As reversebias across the collectorbase junction increases, the width of the collectorbase depletion layer increases and the effective width of base decreases. This is called “basewidth modulation”
1
v CE V A
F I B
A
V CE
v FO
T
V BE
v FO
S
I B
Trang 37• The collector terminal of a BJT in the forwardactive region mimics the
1 I B I B C
I
R BE
V BB
V REF
I
Trang 38With an infinite FO and V A (ideal device), the mirror ratio is unity. Finite current gain and Early voltage introduce a mismatch between the output and reference currents of the mirror
T
V BE
V FO
S I A
V CE
V T
V BE
V S
I REF
FO A
V BE
V CE V REF
I A
V CE V T
V BE
V S
I C
I
2 1
2 1
2 1
exp 2
I REF
1
V CE2 V A
1
V BE V A
2
FO
is the "Mirror Ratio".
Trang 39BB V BE R
Trang 416.7333e01 IC2 =
5.3317e04 IC21 =
5.3317e04
Trang 42The Mirror Ratio of a BJT current mirror can be changed by simply changing the relative sizes of the emitters in the transistors. For the
“ideal” case, the Mirror Ratio is determined only by the ratio of the two emitter areas
A E
A SO
I S
I where I SO is the saturation current of a BJT
with one unit of emitter area: A E =1(A). The actual dimensions of A are technology
dependent
FO A
V BE
V CE V REF
I n O
I
2 1
2 1
Trang 43• A current source using BJTs doesn’t have an output current that is completely independent of the terminal voltage across it, due to the finite value of Early voltage. The current source seems to have a resistive component in series with it
• R o is defined as the “small signal” output resistance of the current mirror
A V CE
1
V A I O
i
O i C2 I REF
V A
1
V BE V A
2
FO
I REF
V A
1
V BE V A
2
FO