Chapter 8 provides knowledge of sampling methods and central limit theorem. When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to: Explain under what conditions sampling is the proper way to learn something about a population, describe methods for selecting a sample, define and construct a sampling distribution of the sample mean,...
Trang 1m a
Trang 2When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to:
Describe methods for selecting a sample.
Define and construct a sampling distribution
Explain the central limit theorem
Trang 3to make decisions or inferences about the population.
We use sample information
to make decisions or inferences about the population
Two Two KEY KEY steps: steps:
1 Choice of a proper method for selecting sample data &
2. Proper analysis of the sample data (more later)
KEY 1 KEY 1.
Trang 5KEY 1 KEY 1.
If the proper method for selecting the sample is
NOT MADE … the SAMPLE
will not be truly
representative of the
TOTAL Population!
… and wrong conclusions can be drawn!
Trang 6 …of the physical impossibility of checking
all items in the population, and, also, it would be too timeconsuming
Trang 7with Replacement with Replacement
no more than once
Each data unit in the population is allowed to appear in the sample
NonProbability Sampling NonProbability Sampling
Does not involve
PProbability robability SSampling ampling
without Replacement without Replacement
Trang 8sample
…a population is first divided into subgroups, called strata, and a sample is selected from each
strata
…a population is first divided into primary units, and samples are
Trang 9a sample statistic and its corresponding population
parameter
… is the difference between
a sample statistic and its corresponding population
parameter
… is a probability distribution
consisting of all possible sample means
Trang 10At their weekly partners meeting each reported the number of hours they billed their clients last week:
ExampleExample PartnerDunn Hours22
Trang 13Partners Samples of 2 Mean
1&2 1&3 1&4 1&5 2&3 2&4 2&5 3&4 3&5 4&5
(22+26)/2 =(22+30)/2 =(22+26)/2 =
242624(22+22)/2 =
(26+30)/2 =(26+26)/2 =(26+22)/2 =(30+26)/2 =(30+22)/2 =(26+22)/2 =
22282624282624
Trang 14Sample Mean Frequency Relative frequency
Probability
Organize the sample means into a Sampling Distribution
Organize the sample means into a Sampling Distribution
1432
1/10 4/10 3/10 2/10
10 Sam
ples
10 Sam
ples
Trang 151 4 3 2
Trang 1630 26
Trang 17Mean (µ Mean (µ x x ) )
/ n
Standard Deviation (standard error of the mean)(standard error of the mean)Standard Deviation
X
Trang 19P P oint oint E E stimates stimates
n X
s
Trang 20C C entral entral L L imit imit T T heorem heorem
Chart 8 – 6 Results for Several PopulationsChart 8 – 6 Results for Several Populations
Trang 22See See
Click on Tools
Click on DATA ANALYSIS
Click on DATA ANALYSIS
See…
Trang 23…Click OK
See See
See…
Trang 25See See If you want whole numbers, use the
Trang 26Round
Trang 27See… Highlight, and click OK
Trang 28Click on OK
INPUT REQUIRED VALUES INPUT REQUIRED VALUES
A1 0
Trang 29See See
66
CLICK on B1 and DRAG to Fill COLUMN B
CLICK on B1 and DRAG to Fill COLUMN B See See
Trang 33Since this is random number generation, you will get different
numbers each time you do
this…
Since this is random number generation, you will get different
numbers each time you do
this…
Trang 34average of 330 minutes
for taxpayers to prepare, copy, and
needed is 80 minutes
A consumer watchdog agency selects a random
and finds the standard deviation of the time needed is 80 minutes What is the standard error of the mean?
Data…
/ n
/ n
FormulaFormula = 80 /= 80 / 40
Trang 35Data…
nswer…
Trang 36n s
X
z
Formula
40 80
Trang 37320
a1
Trang 38The normal distribution
(a continuous
distribution) yields a good approximation of
the binomial distribution
(a discrete distribution)
for large values of n
Use when np and n(1 p ) are both greater than 5!Use when np and n (1 p ) are both greater than 5!
Trang 39n p
) 1
Trang 40employees are bilingual. To verify this claim, a statistician selected a sample of 60 employees of the
company using simple random sampling and
found 48% to be bilingual.
np = = 60(.55)33
n (1 p ) = 60(.45)
= 27
The sample size is big enough to use the normal approximation with a mean
of .55 and a standard deviation of (.55)(.45)/60 =
The sample size is big enough to use the normal approximation with a mean
of .55 and a standard deviation of (.55)(.45)/60 =
0.064
Based on this information,
what can we say about the
company’s claim?
Trang 42There is approximately
a 14% chance
that the company’s claim
is true, based on this sample.
There is approximately
a 14% chance
that the company’s claim
is true, based on this sample.
Conclusion …continued …continued
Formula
Trang 43Suppose the mean selling price of a
litre of gasoline in Canada is $.659
Further, assume the distribution is positively skewed, with a standard deviation of $0.08
What is the probability of selecting a
finding the sample mean within $.03 of the population mean ?
Trang 44n s
2
n s
Trang 45We would expect about 97%
of the sample means to be within $0.03 of the population mean.
We would expect about 97%
of the sample means to be within $0.03 of the population mean.
a1 = .4868
a2 = .4868
mean selling price is $.659 SD of $0.08
Sample of 35 gasoline stations Probability of sample mean within $.03?
Trang 46searchable glossary access to Statistics Canada’s EStat data
…and much more!
Trang 47This completes Chapter 8