When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to: Define null and alternative hypothesis and hypothesis testing, define Type I and Type II errors, describe the five-step hypothesis testing procedure, distinguish between a one-tailed and a two-tailed test of hypothesis,...
Trang 110 1
Trang 2Define null and alternative hypothesis
and hypothesis testing Define Type I and Type II errors
Describe the fivestep hypothesis testing procedure
Distinguish between a onetailed and
a twotailed test of hypothesis
When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to:
Trang 4T erminology
Hypothesis
…is a statement about a population distribution such that:
ExamplesExamples …the mean monthly income for all
it is possible to identify, with certainty, whether it is true or false
Trang 5T erminology
…is the complement of the alternative hypothesis.
We accept the null hypothesis as the default hypothesis. It is not rejected unless there is
Trang 7When a decision is based on analysis of sample data and not the entire population data, it is not possible
to make a correct decision all the time.
Our objective is to try to keep the probability
of making a wrong decision
as small as possible !
Trang 9“guilty”
Correct Decision
Correct Decision
Trang 10T erminology
Level of Significance
…is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis
when it is actually true, i.e. Type I Error
…accepting the null hypothesis when it is
actually false
Type II Error
Trang 12Tests Tests
Trang 130 Critical z
=
rejection
region
1
= acceptance
Trang 140
=
rejection
region
1
= acceptance
Trang 19n /
X
z
Trang 20Large Sample, Population Standard Deviation Known
Testing for the Population Mean:
Large Sample, Population Standard Deviation Known
The processors of eye drop medication indicate on the
label that the bottle contains 16 ml of medication.
The standard deviation of the process is 0.5 ml.
A sample of 36 bottles from the last hour’s
production revealed a mean weight of 16.12 ml per bottle.
Trang 21Compute the test statistic and make a decision
Reject H0 if z > 1.96 or z < 1.96
44 1
36 5
0
00 16 12
Trang 22Testing for the Population Mean:
Large Sample, Population Standard Deviation Unknown
Testing for the Population Mean:
Large Sample, Population Standard Deviation Unknown
Rock’s Discount Store chain issues its own credit card. Lisa, the credit manager, wants to find out if the mean monthly unpaid balance is
more than $400.
Should Lisa conclude that the population mean is greater than $400, or is it reasonable to assume that the difference of $7 ($407
$400) is due to chance?
A random check of 172 unpaid balances revealed the sample mean to be $407 and the sample standard deviation
to be $38.TheThe level of significance is set at .05. level of significance is set at .05.
Trang 23When the sample is large , i.e. over 30, you can use the z distribution as your test statistic.
Remember, use the best that you have!
(Just replace the s ample s tandard d eviation for the
p opulation s tandard d eviation)
Trang 24Compute the test statistic and make a decision
n
X
z
Reject the hypothesis H0 . Lisa can conclude that the mean unpaid balance is greater than
172 38
$
400
$ 407
$
Trang 25Test Statistic to be used:
Testing for the Population Mean:
Small Sample, Population Standard Deviation Unknown
Testing for the Population Mean:
Small Sample, Population Standard Deviation Unknown
n s
X
t
/
Trang 26Small Sample, Population Standard Deviation Unknown
A new machine has been purchased and installed that, according
to the supplier, will increase the production rate!
A sample of 10 randomly selected hours from last month revealed the mean hourly production on the new machine was 256 units,
with a sample standard deviation of 6 per hour.
Trang 27Compute the test statistic and make a decision
250 256
… 10 1 = 9 degrees of freedom
Trang 28H0 is not rejected
Trang 29Since Pvalue is smaller than
of 0.05, reject H0. The
population mean is greater
Since Pvalue is smaller than
of 0.05, reject H0. The
42
2
n s
X z
Trang 30PValue = p(z |computed value|)
P Value =
p(z |computed value|) 2p(z |computed value|) 2p(z |computed value|)PValue = P Value =
| | means absolute value of… | | means absolute value of…
Trang 31n X
z
Trang 32Interpreting the Weight of Evidence against Ho
I nterpreting the
W eight of E vidence against Ho
If the Pvalue is less than … If the Pvalue is less than …
10 we have some evidence that
Trang 33If the Pvalue is less than… If the Pvalue is less than…
.10 we have some evidence
.05 we have strong evidence
.01 we have very strong evidence
.001 we have extremely strong evidence
that Ho is not true
Since Pvalue is .0078Since Pvalue is .0078
… we have very strong
evidence
to conclude that the population mean
Trang 34… is the fraction or
percentage that indicates the part of the population or sample having a particular trait of interest
… is the fraction or
percentage that indicates the
part of the population or sample having a
sample
in the
successes
of Number
p
Trang 35Testing a Single Population Proportion:
Testing a Single Population Proportion:
p
p
z
) 1
(
ˆ
00
0
Trang 36In the past, 15% of the mail order
solicitations for a certain charity
resulted in a financial contribution
At the .05 significance level
can it be concluded that the
new letter is more effective ? A new solicitation letter that has been drafted is sent to a sample of 200 people and
45 responded with a contribution.
Trang 37Compute the test statistic and make a decision
Step 5
= 0.05
We will use the z test
Reject the hypothesis More than 15% are responding with a pledge, therefore, the new letter is
H1: p > .15
H0: p = .15
Reject H0 if z > 1.645
p p
45 .15
97
2
Trang 38Relationship Between H ypothesis T esting
P rocedure and C onfidence I nterval
Trang 390
=
rejection
region
1
= Confidence Interval
region
Do not reject Ho when z falls
in the confidence interval estimate
Trang 40Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing Procedure and Confidence Interval Estimation
Relationship Between
H ypothesis T esting P rocedure and
C onfidence I nterval E stimation
Case 2: Case 2: Lowertailed test
Trang 410
=
rejection
region
1 =
confidence level region
Do not reject
Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing Procedure and Confidence Interval Estimation
Relationship Between
H ypothesis T esting P rocedure and
C onfidence I nterval E stimation
Trang 42Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing Procedure and Confidence Interval Estimation
Relationship Between
H ypothesis T esting P rocedure and
C onfidence I nterval E stimation
Case 3: Case 3: Uppertailed test
Our decision rule can be restated as:
Do not reject H0 if
0 is greater than or equal to the (1 ) lower confidence bound for ,
computed from the sample data.
Trang 430
=
Trang 47Suppose H0 is false and H1 is true.
i.e. the true value of µ is 2400, then x bar is approximately
normally distributed with a mean of
2400 and a standard deviation of / n
= 300/ n
Suppose H0 is false and H1 is true.
i.e. the true value of µ is 2400, then x bar is approximately
The probability of a Type II Error
Xu
X
Trang 48A1 = 0.2611, giving us a left tail area
of 0.24
70666
04
300
2400
2294
n X
z
Trang 49The probability of a Type II error is 0.24 The probability of a Type II error is 0.24 i.e i.e =0.24 =0.24
Trang 50※ If we decrease the value of (alpha), the value z
increases and the critical value xu moves to the right, and therefore the value of (beta) increases
Conversely, if we increase the value
of (alpha), xu moves to the left, thereby
decreasing the value of (beta)
For a given value of (alpha), the value of (beta)
can be decreased by increasing the sample size
Trang 5110 51Power of a Test Power of a Test
Trang 52extra content data sets
searchable glossary access to Statistics Canada’s EStat data
…and much more!
Trang 53This completes Chapter 10