Chapter 18 provides knowledge of time series. When you finish this chapter, you should be able to: Define the four components of a time series, determine a linear trend equation, compute a moving average, compute the trend equation for a nonlinear trend,...
Trang 2Define the four components of a time series
Compute and evaluate forecasts 9.
Trang 3…is the long run direction of the Time Series
…is the fluctuation above and below
the trend line
…is the pattern in a time series ; these patterns tend to repeat themselves from year to year
Trang 5Text Chart 181… Excel
Secular Trend
Secular Trend
Trang 6Secular Trend … almost constant
Secular Trend … almost constant Text Chart 182 Excel
Trang 7Secular Trend …Increasing Trend
Trang 8Text Chart 184 Excel
Secular Trend …Declining Trend
Trang 9Cyclical Variation
Trang 10Figure 18-6
Text Chart 186 Excel
Seasonal Variation
Trang 124.3 5.6 7.8 9.2 9.7
Trang 13Year Sales t Sales*t t 2
Trang 14= 1.44 = 1.44
5 / ) 15 ( 55
5 / ) 15 ( 6 36 2
y
ty b
= 3.0 = 3.0
5
15 44
.
1 5
6
36
n
t b
n
y a
Develop a trend equation using the least
squares method by letting 1997 be the t ime period 1
Trang 16See See
Using
Click on Tools
Click on DATA ANALYSIS
Click on DATA ANALYSIS
See…
Trang 17Highlight Regression … Click OK
Trang 19If the trend is not linear but rather the increases tend to be a constant percent , the y values are
converted to logarithms, and a least squares
equation is determined using the lns:
Non-Linear Trend
ln( ) [ ln( )] [ ln( )] y a b t
Trang 20Text Figure 1811 Excel
Trang 22Using
Text Chart 189 Excel
Trang 23typical seasonal pattern is called the
RatiotoMovingAverage Method
…it eliminates the trend , cyclical , and irregular
components from the original data (y)
…the numbers that result are called
the typical seasonal indexes
Trang 24Year Winter Spring Summer Fall
Determine a quarterly seasonal index using the ratio
tomoving average method
Note
… that the fall
quarter sales are
the largest and
the spring sales are
the smallest
each year
Trang 251. …determine the moving total for the time series
6 … apply the correction factor
2. …determine the moving average for the time series
3. …the moving averages are then centered
4 …the specific seasonal for each period is then computed
by dividing the y values
with the centered moving averages
5. … organize the specific seasonals in a table
Trang 26Text Chart 186
1. …determine the moving total for the time series
Trang 27Text Chart 1813 Excel
Trang 28Text Chart 1814 Excel
Trang 29The MovingAverage Method
Trang 30A set of typical indexes is very useful in adjusting a series, sales, for example
Trang 31Text Chart 1817 Excel
Trang 32searchable glossary access to Statistics Canada’s EStat data
…and much more!
Trang 33This completes Chapter 18