This chapter’s objectives are to: Explain how stochastic difference equations can be used for forecasting and illustrate how such equations can arise from familiar economic models, explain what it means to solve a difference equation, demonstrate how to find the solution to a stochastic difference equation using the iterative method,...
Trang 1Chapter 1: Difference Equations
Applied Econometric Time Series
Fourth Edition
Trang 2Section 1
Trang 3The traditional use of time series models was for forecasting
Trang 4• With the advent of modern dynamic economic models, the newer uses of time series models involve
Trang 6hypothesis
Given the UFR hypothesis, the forward/spot exchange rate relationship is:
st+1 = ft + εt+1 (1.6) where εt+1 has a mean value of zero from the perspective of time period t.
Consider the regression
st+1 = a0 + a1ft + t+1
The hypothesis requires a0 = 0, a1 = 1, and that the regression residuals t+1 have a mean value of zero from the perspective of time period t.
Trang 9Figure 3.1 Real GDP, Consumption and Investment
GDP Potential Consumption Investment
Trang 13Figure 3.5: Daily Exchange Rates (Jan 3, 2000 - April 4, 2013)
Trang 14DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
Section 2
Trang 16A solution to a difference equation expresses the value
of yt as a function of the elements of the {xt} sequence and t (and possibly some given values of the {yt}
sequence called initial conditions)
The key property of a solution is that it satisfies the
difference equation for all permissible values of t and {xt}.
Trang 20= a / a +
Trang 22AN ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION METHODOLOGY
Section 4
• The Solution Methodology
• Generalizing the Method
Trang 24n
i t i t
y
Trang 25=
Trang 26homogeneous solutions;
STEP 2: find a particular solution;
STEP 3: obtain the general solution as the sum of the particular solution and a linear combination of all homogeneous solutions;
STEP 4: eliminate the arbitrary constant(s) by imposing the initial condition(s) on the general solution.
The Solution Methodology
Trang 27Section 5
• Stability Conditions
Trang 30SOLVING HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
Section 6
• Stability Conditions
Trang 37THE METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS
Section 8
Trang 38i
t i t
i
a
a y
=
= +
−
Trang 39where b0, b1, b2, and the ai are the undetermined
coefficients. Substituting the challenge solution into (1.68) yields
[b0+b1t+b2t2] + a0εt + a1εt–1 + a2εt–2+ = a0 + a1[b0 + b1(t – 1) + b2(t – 1)2
+ a0εt–1 + a1εt–2 + a2εt–3 + ] + a2[b0 + b1(t – 2) + b2(t – 2)2
+ a0εt–2 + a1εt–3 + a2εt4 + ] + εt
Trang 40Section 9
• Lag Operators in HigherOrder Systems
Trang 43APPENDIX 1.1: IMAGINARY ROOTS AND DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM