Upon completion of this chapter you should understand: Reasons for economic success and a brief history of the U.S. economic system, legal forms of the organization and their respective sources of capital, the money cycle, contemporary financial techniques including total financial management and the team triangle approach to financial decision making, financial responsibilities as they relate to the constituents of an organization.
Trang 1IET 35000 Engineering Economics
Chapter 1 – Unit 1
Introduction to U.S. Financial
System
Learning Objectives – Chapter 1
Upon completion of this chapter you should understand:
Reasons for economic success and a brief history of the U.S.
economic system
Legal forms of the organization and their respective sources
of capital
The Money Cycle
Contemporary financial techniques including total financial
management and the team triangle approach to financial
decision making
Financial responsibilities as they relate to the constituents
of an organization
2
Learning Objectives – Unit 1
Upon completion of this unit you should understand:
Reasons for economic success and a brief history of the U.S.
economic system
Legal forms of the organization and their respective sources
of capital
The Money Cycle
Contemporary financial techniques including total financial
management and the team triangle approach to financial
decision making
Financial responsibilities as they relate to the constituents
of an organization
3
Trang 2 Essentially no decision in made in an organization without
considering the financial implications
The success or failure of an organization is directly linked to
financial and economic decisions.
The high standard of living in the U.S. is due to capitalism
which comes from the economic framework established by
the founding fathers and constitution
To effectively manage the financial aspects of an
organization, an understanding of economic concepts,
analysis methods, record‐keeping requirements is essential.
4
Introduction
Contemporary management includes the empowerment of
employees to take an active role in decision‐making,
therefore, an understanding of economic decision tools is
essential
A key concept within financial decision‐making is the value of
money
Organizations must never be satisfied – application of
continuous improvement is essential to survival. This includes
continuous improvement of financial and economic
management
5
America’s Economic Success
Factors:
Economic Freedom – freedom to choose
Competitive System – multiple producers
Political Stability – stable government
Natural Resources – mining and agriculture
Management Science – innovation of management
techniques
Education System – public education
Legal System – constitution and common‐law based
Trang 3Factors: (continued)
Private Property – key component of capitalism
Technology and Science – creativity, inventions and
innova on → “Yankee Ingenuity”
Comprehensive Monetary System – banking, financial
markets and government money system
Strong Military – protection of property and economic
system
Melting Pot – heterogeneous population with variety of
skills and abilities
7
Brief U.S. Economic History
Agricultural and Crafts Manufacturing Period:
Dates: Founding of country into 1800’s
Basis of economy was agriculture – 90% of population on
family farms. Most product produced was for survival. Cash
crops included tobacco and cotton
Craft‐based manufacturing – one‐person operations. Shop,
manufacturing area and living quarters typically in one
building. Examples include: blacksmiths, candle makers,
silversmiths, tinsmiths, etc.
8
Brief U.S. Economic History
Agricultural and Crafts Manufacturing Period:
Characteristics:
One‐person businesses and family farms
Little mechanization – hand or animal powered tools
Little or no external financing of business or farm
Barter and exchange rather than cash
No financial systems or record keeping
Owners in direct contact with customers
9
Trang 4Factory System Period:
Dates: 1800 – 1940. Typically referred to as the 1st
Industrial Revolution
Mechanization of manufacturing occurred using water
power and the steam engine
Manufacturing moved from craft‐based to factories.
Factories hired and paid employees causing a migration
from the farm to urban areas
Immigrants were hired to work in the factories.
10
Brief U.S. Economic History
Factory System Period:
Characteristics:
Formal organizations patterned after the military
Outside investment in factories – partners,
shareholders and bank loans
Labor specialization and higher output
Expansion of banking and financial systems
Formation of unions and government regulation such
as anti‐trust legislation
11
Brief U.S. Economic History
Factory System Period:
Characteristics (continued):
Emergence of the science of management and
industrial engineering
Emergence of the corporation due to the ability to
raise capital through the sale of stock and bonds
Separation of owners, managers and workers from the
ultimate customer of the product
Financial management, record‐keeping, reporting and
economic analysis
12
Trang 5Contemporary Era:
Dates: 1940 – today. Typically referred to as the 2nd
Industrial Revolution and the Information Age
Key concepts affecting economics:
Rapid information growth and computer processing of
information
Rise of international competition
Organizational culture change as a result of Total
Quality Management (TQM)
13
Brief U.S. Economic History
Contemporary Era :
Characteristics:
Knowledge, information and services outsell
manufactured products
Over 50% of the economy is based on services
Computer and information technology substantially
changed how organizations operate
Globalization and international competition
substantially changed how organization operate and
where they locate
14
Brief U.S. Economic History
Contemporary Era :
Characteristics (continued):
Extensive financial analysis tools are employed
Manufacturing employs programmable automation
and computer control of processes.
Organizations have reconnected with the customer
Total Quality Management, Six Sigma and Lean
concepts have been widely adopted by both service
and manufacturing organizations
15
Trang 6 Total Quality Management (TQM) applications for financial
management will be covered in chapter 12.
Briefly, TQM characteristics include:
Go to Unit 2 Forms of Organization
End Unit 1 Material
17
IET 35000 Engineering Economics
Chapter 1 – Unit 2
Forms of Organizations
Trang 7Learning Objectives – Unit 2
Upon completion of this unit you should understand:
Reasons for economic success and a brief history of the U.S.
economic system
Legal forms of the organization and their respective sources
of capital
The Money Cycle
Contemporary financial techniques including total financial
management and the team triangle approach to financial
decision making
Financial responsibilities as they relate to the constituents
of an organization
19
Organization’s Legal Form
Legal form of an organization affects financial management,
taxes, profit‐sharing and financial decision‐making
Legal form of an organization also has a direct effect on how
capital is raised for expansion or investment in new assets
Primary legal forms for organizations in the U.S. are:
Proprietorship
Partnership
Corporation
Associated with the three primary forms are special forms
such as cooperatives, non‐profits, subchapter‐S corporations
Proprietorship
Characteristics include:
Single owner who has complete control and may make
quick decisions.
Easy to form but limited to the life of the single owner
Capital limited to owner’s resources, profits and ability to
borrow funds (loans)
Largest number of organizations in U.S. are the proprietor
form. There is no limit to potential size
Liability of the owner and organization overlap
Owner taxed for the profit/loss of the proprietorship
21
Trang 8Characteristics include:
Two or more owners resulting in diffusion of control.
Decisions affect all partners
Partnerships formed by a contract between the partners.
Life limited to the natural life of the partners
Capital based on partner’s resources, profits and ability to
borrow funds (loans)
Partnerships may be large in size
Profits and liabilities shared by all of the partners
Partners taxed as individuals for profit/loss of the
partnership
22
Corporation
Characteristics include:
Formed by a charter from the state. May conduct business
as an ‘individual’ such as owning property and entering into
contracts
Corporation is owned by the shareholders who vote to
elect directors who in turn appoint the managers
Corporations may sell securities including various classes of
stock and bonds
Potentially unlimited life. Ownership passed between
individuals through share of stock
23
Corporation
Characteristics include (continued):
Liability of owners (shareholders) limited to their
investment.
Profits generated may be shared with the owners in the
form of dividends or retained for future investment
Corporations have special tax requirements:
Corporations pay tax on their profits at a different tax
rate compared to individuals
Owners (shareholders) pay individual income tax on
only the dividends they receive from the corporation.
24
Trang 9Sources of funds to start and operate businesses include:
Personal funds (proprietorships and partnerships).
Profits generated from successful endeavors. Profits can be
reinvested in assets or distributed to the organization’s
owners (all forms)
Loans from external sources. Conditions and terms vary
with type of organization and risk. Loans require repayment
with interest (all forms)
25
Sources of Money
Bonds are issued by corporations and government agencies
and represent debt to the issuing group. They are a type of
security issued for a fixed term, usually 10 years or more,
and represent a loan to the bond issuer (corporation).
Bonds are used to raise funds for specific projects or
capital investments.
Bonds are typically sold in $1000 multiples with the
interest rate based on risk and market conditions
Interest only is paid to the owner of the bond until the
expiration date at which time the face value is repaid
Bonds can be traded on the securities market
26
Sources of Money
Common stock is issued by corporations and represents
ownership, not debt (corporation).
Stock typically is issued for initial start‐up funds or to
increase the capitalization of an firm
Dividends may be paid if the firm is profitable but are
not required
Firms may repurchased by the firm to reduce the
number of outstanding shares
Common stock can be traded on the securities market
27
Trang 10Preferred stock is issued by corporations and represents
ownership, not debt (corporation).
Preferred stock differs from common stock in that it
carries a fixed dividend rate, similar to bonds
Preferred stock can be traded on the securities market
If a firm ceases operation, assets of the firm including
retained earnings are used in the following order:
Repay debt including loans and bonds
Compensate owners of preferred stock
Go to Unit 3 The Money Cycle
End Unit 2 Material
29
IET 35000 Engineering Economics
Chapter 1 – Unit 3
The Money Cycle
Trang 11Learning Objectives – Unit 3
Upon completion of this unit you should understand:
Reasons for economic success and a brief history of the U.S.
economic system
Legal forms of the organization and their respective sources
of capital
The Money Cycle
Contemporary financial techniques including total financial
management and the team triangle approach to financial
decision making
Financial responsibilities as they relate to the constituents
of an organization
31
The Money Cycle
Financial analysis and financial decision‐making can be described
by the Money Cycle. Figure 1‐1 from the text illustrates the
continuous money cycle.
The accounting system
accumulates historical
accounting and financial
information.
Financial analysis methods including the time value of money is applied to the historical data.
Financial decision-making tools such as breakeven and minimum cost analysis are used to evaluate alternatives.
Decision results are
monitored and
improvements are made
on a continuous basis.
32
The Money Cycle
Historical Accounting and Financial Information:
Record keeping (bookkeeping) – accumulates the financial
data for an organization
Managerial Accounting – uses collected data for analysis of
manufacturing/service costs, inventory and assets. Used
internally by management for measuring performance. Not
shared with public other than sometimes lenders
Financial Accounting – uses collected data for external
reporting including annual statements and taxes.
33
Trang 12Financial Analysis and Time Value of Money:
Tools and techniques are applicable to individuals, small
firms and large organizations, and to service and
manufacturing organizations
Tools and techniques include:
The Money Cycle
Financial Tools and Decisions:
Decision making includes analysis of projects, investments,
equipment purchase or replacement and other allocation of
funds by an organization.
Decisions are a result of combining data from record‐keeping
with economic analysis techniques
Decision emphasis is on operating and tactical decisions that
are customer driven
Decision making in a modern organization is cross‐functional
team driven.
35
The Money Cycle
Continuous Financial Improvement:
Through monitoring and implementing changes to financial
decisions, an organization can improve its financial results
Requires equipping personnel of the organization with
financial knowledge and decision making skills
Techniques include:
Financial Measurement
Quality Economics
Continuous Improvement Methods
Total Quality Management
36
Trang 13End Unit 3 Material
37
IET 35000 Engineering Economics
Chapter 1 – Unit 4
Financial Decision Making
Learning Objectives – Unit 4
Upon completion of this unit you should understand:
Reasons for economic success and a brief history of the U.S.
economic system
Legal forms of the organization and their respective sources
of capital
The Money Cycle
Contemporary financial techniques including total financial
management and the team triangle approach to financial
decision making
Financial responsibilities as they relate to the constituents
of an organization
39
Trang 14Total Financial Management
Total Financial Management – team approach:
Team includes financially and technically knowledgeable
staff and supported by senior management
Team makes financial recommendations and decisions
based on customer needs and expectations
Team uses financial analysis tools make decisions
Team may be:
Work‐group teams – members from related work areas
Cross‐functional team – members from different
Money and Organizations
Organizations must make financial decisions to optimize the
benefit to the organization’s constituents.
Organization’s constituents may have competing goals
necessitating balancing the needs of the constituents
Constituents include: Customers
Shareholders/owners Employees Suppliers Lenders Community
42