DE CUONG BOI DUONG ANH 8

Advise + S.O + to-infinitive Unit 6 Present simple with future meaning o We are be also able to use the present simple to express the future meaning.. Unit 8 Present progressive o Talk

o Present simple to talk about general truths

o Enough: (Not) adjective + enough + to-infinitive

o Be going to

o Adverbs of place

o Reflexive pronouns

o Modals: must, have to, ought to, should, may, can, could

o Past simple tense: used to

o Prepositions of time: in , on, at, after, before, between

o Adverbs of manner

o Reported speech with “ commands, requests & advice”

o Present simple with future meaning

o Gerunds

o Present perfect with “ for & since”

o Comparison with

“ like, (not) as ….as, (not) the same as, different from”

o Present progressive

 Talk about future

 Complaint with “ always”

o Comparative and superlative

o Purpose phrase: in order to, so as to, to

o Future simple

o Passive form

o Adjective followed by - an infinitive

- a noun clause

o Past participles and present participles

o Requests:

Would / Do you mind if …?

Would / Do you mind + V-ing ?

o Past progressive

o Past progressive with “When & While”

o Compound words

o Reported speech

o Reported speech : “ If & Whether ”

o Question words before to-infinitive

o Verbs + to-infinitive

o Present perfect: “ Yet & Already ”

o Comparison of present perfect and past simple

o Sequence markers

Unit 1

Present simple to talk about general truths.

o We use the present simple to express general truths

For example

 The earth moves around the sun

 The moon goes round the earth

 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west

 The bear sleeps during the winter

 Today is Monday; tomorrow is Tuesday

 Fish lives in the water

 Water consists of main elements: Hydrogen and Oxygen

Use of “enough”.

o Enough is put before noun and after adjective

For example

She hasn’t enough money to buy a new house

There is not enough time to finish the test

There wasn’t enough room for us to sleep

He has enough reasons to be angry

S + V + Enough + N + To-infinitive Enough + N + For + O + To-infinitive

The rope is not long enough

She isn’t old enough to drive a car

It is not old enough for her to drive a car

I am fool enough to trust her

S + Be + ADJ + Enough + To-infinitive

IT + Be + ADJ + Enough + For / Of + O + To-infinitive

-oOo -Unit 2

Be going to : dự định

o We use “be going to” to express plans or intentions in the near future, it is sure to happen

For example

We are going to practice piano for two hours this evening

She is going to travel abroad tomorrow

o We also use “ be going to ” to predict

For example

Oh, look ! it is going to rain Look out, she is going to faint

They are going to be married next May

S + Be (am/is/are) + going to + Bare infinitive

Adverbs of place.

o We use adverbs of place to show the direction or position of people or things

For example

He is not outside; Maybe he is inside.

They do not play football here; perhaps, they play there.

She is not upstairs; it is possible that she is downstairs.

Outside: bên ngoài Inside: bên trong Here: ở đây There : ở đó Upstairs: ở trên lầu Downstairs: ở dưới lầu

o We can also use prepositon phrases to show place: in, on, at, behind, in front

of, to the left of, to the right of, on the right, on the left.

For example

 We are sitting in the room.

 She stays at home

 The book is on the desk.

 She stands behind me

 Put the chairs in front of the board.

 Grow flowers to the left of the house.

 Keep standing on the right.

Unit 3

Reflexive pronouns

o We use reflexive pronouns to emphasize for Subject’s actions It can stand after main verb or object of main verb

For example

He himself answered the phone, not his secretary

He answered the phone himself

o Reflexive pronoun usually refer to the subject of a sentence

He looked at himself in the mirror

o If we put reflexive pronoun after “ by ”, it means “ alone ”.

She lives by herself

You must sleep by yourself tonight

o The summary of reflexive pronouns

I myself ( tự tôi ) You yourself ( tự bạn )

He himself ( tự anh ấy ) She herself (tự cô ấy )

It itself ( tự nó ) You yourselves ( tự các bạn )

We ourselves ( tự chúng ta )

They themselves ( tự bọn họ )

Modals: must, have to, ought to, should, may, can, could.

o Must and have to both express necessity It has the same meaning “ phải ”

For example

 All students must take the term exam

 All students have to take the term exam

(There is no other choice The exam is required.)

o In everyday statements of necessary, have to is used more commonly than

must Must is usually stronger than have to and can indicate urgency or stress

importance

For example

 I’m looking for Sue I have to talk to her about our lunch date tomorrow I can’t meet her for lunch because I have

to go to a business meeting at 1:00.

 Where is Sue ? I must talk to her right away I have an

urgent message for her

o Should and ought to have the same meaning “ nên ”: they express

advisability

For example

You should study harder

You ought to study harder

Drivers should obey the speed limit

Drivers ought to obey the speed limit

o Can (có thể) usually expresses the idea that something is possible because certain characteristics or conditions exist Can is also used to combine

possibility and ability

For example

 Tom is strong He can lift that heavy box

 I can play the piano I’ve taken lessons for many years

 You can see fish at an aquarium

 That race car can go very fast

o May also has the same meaning as can, but its degree is less than 50 %

certain

For example

 I can walk to school It’s not far

 I may walk to school Or I may take the bus

o In affirmative sentences about past ability, could usually mean “ used to be

able to” The use of could usually indicates that the ability existed in the past but does not exist now

 When I was younger, I could run fast

o Could can be used to make suggestions.

 Why don’t we go on a picnic?

 We could go on a picnic

Modals + bare infinitive

Unit 4

Past simple tense: “Used to”

o We use “ used to ” to express the past habits But now they don’t exist any longer

For example

When she was a little girl, she used to swim in this river

When we were in grade 7, we used to play soccer

Used to (thường) + Bare infinitive

Prepositions of time: “ in , on, at, after, before, between ”

o In (vào) + (second / minute / hour / day / week / month / seasons / year )

 In 20 seconds, she will leave here

 They start working in spring and end in summer

 She always gets up at 5.00 in the morning

 I was born in 1978

o On (vào) + (holidays / days in a week / date)

 We are going to have a party for my mom on March 8

 He has Math on Monday, Wednesday and Friday

o At ( lúc ) + ( hour time )

 Minh goes to sleep at 10.00 p.m

o After (sau)+(second/minute/hour /day/week/month/seasons/year)

o before ( trước )+(second/minute/hour /day/week/month/seasons/year)

 After 20 seconds, she will leave here

 They start working before Spring and end after Summer

 She always gets up after 5.00

o Between … and ……(giữa … và ….)

They will build my house between January and September

Unit 5

Adverbs of manner.

o We use adverbs of manner to modify main verb in a sentence, it stand behind intransitive verb and behind objects of transitive verb

Adjective + ly => Adv m

Happy happily Magical magically Beautiful beautifully For example

 We learn how to drive safely.

 She sings beautifully

 I know he behaves badly.

 The child eats his bread quickly.

 Gillian angrily answered his question.

 He generously helps his friends.

Reported speech with “commands, requests & advice”

o Command ( câu mệnh lệnh )

Direct: He said to me “Open the door.”

Indirect: He told me to open the door

Direct: The doctor said “Do more exercises.”

Indirect: The doctor told her / him / me to do more exercises

(Tell + S.O + to-infinitive)

- We use “tell” to change a direct command into an indirect one

- If reported verb is in the past form, we must change “tell” into “told”

- Change bare-infinitive in direct speech into full-infinitive

o Request ( câu yêu cầu )

Direct: He said to me “ Could you help me ? ” Indirect: He asked me to help him

Direct: The doctor said “ Can you do me a favor ?”

Indirect: The doctor asked me to do him a favor

( Ask + S.O + to-infinitive )

- We use “ask” to change a direct request into an indirect one

- If reported verb is in the past form, we must change “ask” into “asked”

o Advice ( lời khuyên )

Direct: My teacher said to Lan “ you should study harder ? ” Indirect: My teacher advised Lan to study harder

Indirect: My teacher told Lan that She should study harder

( Advise + S.O + to-infinitive )

Unit 6

Present simple with future meaning

o We are be also able to use the present simple to express the future meaning It

is exact to happen It’s relative with “ Calendar, timetable, program ”

For example

 The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on January 31st

 The concert begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.30

 We leave tomorrow at 11.15 and arrive at 17.50

 The flight A320 flies to Paris at 4.50 p.m

 The train leaves the Hanoi Railway Station for HCMC at 12.30

 We have Math, Physics and History tomorrow

Gerunds

o Gerund is the “ing” form of a verb It can be as “subject, object of verb or prep.

For example

Playing tennis is fun.

We enjoy playing tennis.

Common verbs followed by gerunds

Enjoy (thưởng thức) appreciate (đánh giá cao) mind (phiền)

Quit ( từ bỏ) finish ( kết thúc) stop (dừng)

Consider (xem xét) discuss ( thảo luận) suggest (đề nghị)

Unit 7

Present perfect with “ for & since”

o For + ( a period of time )

For 10 years For 23 seconds

o Since + ( a point of time )

Since Monday Since 1989

I have studied English for 10 years

She has not seen Lan since 1989

Comparison with “like, (not) as ….as, (not) the same as, different from”

o Like (prep) : giống như

He looks like his father

o The same as : giống như

Her eyes are the same color as yours The bag on the left is the same as the bag on the right

o (Not) as ….as (như… )

The magazine is not as large as the newspaper

He is as tall as me

o Different from (khác với)

What makes him different from the rest of the students?

This table is different from that one

Unit 8

Present progressive

o Talk about future: we also use the present progressive to express a plan in

the near future like “be going to”

For example

We are spending next summer in Australia

He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 13.15 train

o Complaint with “ always”: we use “ always ” to express continually-repeated

actions or to complain about someone

For example

 This week, I go to school late six times, so my teacher said “You are always going to school late.”

 I am always hearing strange stories about him

Comparative and superlative

o Comparative ( so sánh hơn)

- Short adjective: Adjective + er

Tall taller Big bigger Happy happier Lan is 1.8 meters tall Nga is 1.75 meters tall Therefore, Lan is taller than Nga

Nga is shorter than Lan.

(S + BE + ADJ + ER + THAN + S + BE)

- Long adjective: More + Adjective

Beautiful more beautiful Careful more careful For example

Nga usually causes traffic accidents with her motorbike, but Lan doesn’t; therefore, lan is more careful than Nga

The red skirt is 120,000 VND The green skirt is 150,000 VND Therefore, the green skirt is more expensive than the red skirt

o Superlative (so sánh nhất)

- Short adjective: the +Adjective + est

Tall the tallest Big the biggest Happy the happiest Lan is 1.8 meters tall Nga is 1.75 meters tall Hoa is 1.85 meters tall Therefore, Hoa is the tallest

- Long adjective: More + Adjective

Expensive the most expensive Careful the most careful

The red skirt is 120,000 VND The green skirt is 150,000 VND The pink skirt is 450,000 VND Therefore, the pink skirt is the most expensive

Some irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Note: - Short adjective is one-syllable adjective

- Long adjective is the adjective with more or equal to two syllables

o Comparative with “-er and -er” (càng ngày càng ….)

Nga is growing fast She’s getting taller and taller

Computers are becoming more and more complicated

(Những chiếc máy tính càng ngày càng phức tạp.)

Holidays flights are getting less and less expensive

o The more ……, the more…… (…càng… , thì ….càng…)

The more money you make, the more she spends

(Bạn càng làm ra nhiều tiền, thì cô ấy càng tiêu nhiều)

The more expensive petrol becomes, the less people drive.

(Xăng dầu càng trở nên đắc đỏ, thì càng ít người đi xe hơi.)

Unit 9

Purpose phrase: in order to, so as to, to

To express the purpose, we use the following phrases:

In order to (để)

So as to (để) + Bare infinitive

To (để)

For example

 He came here in order to study English.

 He came here so as to study English.

 He came here to study English.

 He came here so that he studied English.

 He came here for English.

For + a noun

So that + clause

Incorrect: He came here for studying English.

Incorrect: He came here for to study English.

Incorrect: He came here for study English.

Future simple

o We use the future simple to predict events in the future

For example

Nottingham will win on Saturday

It will rain tomorrow

Will house prices rise again next year ?

I don’t know if I shall see you next week

o We use the future simple to promise

I shall buy you a bike for your birthday

o We use the future simple to suggest

Shall we go swimming tomorrow ?

( S + WILL/SHALL + BARE INFINITIVE )

o Some future adverbs in this tense

- Next (kế tiếp) + N (time)

Next month Next year, she will go to the China

- In (trong) + ( a period of time)

In 20 minutes (trong 20 phút nữa)

I shall sleep in 20 minutes

In 10 days (trong 10 ngày nữa)

- Tomorrow (ngày mai)

Tomorrow morning Tomorrow afternoon

We shall go for a picnic tomorrow afternoon.

Unit 10

Passive form (dạng bị động).

o We use the passive voice to emphasize the agent causing actions

Be + past participle

S V O

Active: Mary helped the boy

S V O

Passive: The boy was helped by Mary.

The passive form in the tenses.

Active Passive

Simple present: Mary helps John John is helped by Mary.

Present progressive: Mary is helping John John is being helped by Mary.

Present perfect: Mary has helped John John has been helped by Mary.

Simple past: Mary helped John John was helped by Mary.

Past progressive: Mary was helping John John was being helped by Mary.

Past perfect: Mary had helped John John had been helped by Mary.

Simple future: Mary will help John John will be helped by Mary.

Future perfect: Mary will have helped John John will have been helped by Mary

Active: People grow rice in India Passive: Rice is grown in India

Active: some one broke my bike

Passive: My bike was broken

Note:

- if speaker knows who causes the action, “by” phrase is used

Active: People built my house in 1987 (Unclear subject) Passive: My house was built in 1978

- If speaker doesn’t know exactly who causes the action “by” phrase is not used

Active: My aunt made this rug (Concrete subject) Passive: This rug was made by my aunt

o Verbs have two objects: Indirect object (I.O) and Direct object (D.O)

Active: Someone gives Lee a gift

Passive: Lee is given a gift (Way 1)

A gift is given to Lee (Way 2)

Active: My mom bought me a new toy car

Passive: I was bought a new toy car by my mom (w1)

A new toy car was bought for me by my mom.(w2)

 Read something to someone (đọc cái gì cho ai)

 Sell something to someone ( bán cho ai cái gì)

 Lend something to someone ( cho ai mượn cái gì )

 Tell something to someone ( kể cái gì cho ai)