INVERSION OF SUBJECT AND VERB Nguyên tắc chung: 1) Với động từ BE: …… BE + S ……… 2) Với dộng từ thường: a) Ở các thì đơn (HT đơn, QK đơn): ……. DODOESDID + S + V ………… b) Ở các thì hoàn thành (HTHT , QKHT): ……. HAVEHASHAD + S + PPV3 ………… 3) Với các động từ tình thái (MV): ………. Modal V + S + V ................. IĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NO VÀ NOT: 1) I will lend you no money from now on. No money …………………………………… 2) I won’t lend you any money from now on. Not any money ………………………………. IIĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC TRẠNG TỪ PHỦ ĐỊNH: Never, rarely = seldom = little, hardly (ever), scarcely (ever) 1) I will never speak to him again. Never …………………………………. 2) He has rarely got mark 10 in math. Rarely …………………………………. 3) I seldom listen to rock music. Seldom ………………………………….. 4) She little understands me. Little ……………………………………… 5) They hardly (ever) speak in public. Hardly (ever) ……………………………….
Trang 1UNIT 9 - CONNECTIVES
1 Cause
Adverb clause words Transitions Conjunctions Prepositions
Because
Since
Now that
Due to Owing to Due to / Because of the fact that
- Because the weather
was cold, we stayed
home
- He failed the test
because he didn’t
study
- Now that (= because
now) I live only a few
blocks from work, I
walk to work and enjoy
it (explanation of a
new situation)
- The child hid
behind his mother,
for he was afraid of
the dog
- Because of the cold
weather, we stayed home
- Due to the cold
weather, we stayed home
2 Effect
Adverb clause words Transitions Conjunctions Prepositions
So that …
Such … that … Therefore Consequently so
- It was such good
coffee that I had
another cup
- The coffee is so hot
that I can’t drink it.
- Ann didn’t study
Consequently, she
failed the test
- Ann didn’t study
Therefore, she failed
the test
- Ann didn’t study
She, therefore, failed
the test
- Ann didn’t study
She failed the test, therefore.
- Ann didn’t study,
and therefore, she
failed the test
- Ann didn’t study, so
she failed the test
Trang 23 CONTRAST
Adverb clause words Transitions Conjunctions Prepositions
Unexpected result
even though
although
though
Direct contrast
while
whereas
nevertheless nonetheless however … still
however
on the other hand
but … anyway but … still yet … still
But
despite
in spite of despite / in spite of the fact that
- Even though /
Although / Though it
was cold, I went
swimming
- Mary is rich while /
whereas John is poor.
- It was cold
Nevertheless, I went
swimming
- It was cold;
nonetheless, I went
swimming
- It was cold
However, I still went
swimming
- Mary is rich;
however, John is
poor
- John is poor; Mary
is rich, however.
- Mary is rich John,
on the other hand, is
poor
- It was cold, but I
went swimming
anyway.
- It was cold, but I still went swimming.
- It was cold, yet I still went swimming.
- Mary is rich, but
John is poor
- I went swimming
despite the cold
weather
- I went swimming in spite of the fact that
the weather was cold
4 CONDITION
Adverb clause words Transitions Conjunctions Prepositions if
unless
only if
even if
whether or not
in case
in the event that
Otherwise or (else)
- If I don’t eat breakfast, I
get hungry
- You’ll get wet unless you
take your umbrella
- I always eat
breakfast Otherwise,
I get hungry during class
- I always eat
breakfast, or (else) I
get hungry during class
NOTES: VỊ TRÍ VÀ DẤU
- Adverb clause: có thể đứng trước hoặc theo sau mệnh đề độc lập dùng dấu ‘,’ nếu
adverb clause đứng trước
- Preposition + cụm danh từ Dùng dấu ‘,’ nếu preposition đứng trước mệnh đề độc lập
- Transition: được dùng với câu thứ 2 trong một cặp câu Transition có thể di chuyển
nhiều vị trí trong câu thứ 2 Dùng dấu ‘.’ hoặc ‘;’ để ngăn cách 2 câu Dùng dấu ‘,’ để ngăn cách transition với phần còn lại của câu
Trang 3- Conjunction: đứng giữa 2 mệnh đề độc lập Dùng dấu ‘,’ ngay đằng trước conjunction
UNIT 10 + 11: MODAL VERBS
1 ABILITY (khả năng, năng
lực) Can, could, be able to He can speak five languages We will be able to swim very fast after this
swimming course
2 FUTURE POSIBILITY (có
thể xảy ra trong tương lai) May, might, can, could, be likely to He may win the race She will leave tomorrow She’s ready now.
3 REQUEST (yêu cầu) Can, could, will,
would Can you close the door? Could you please help me with this exercise?
Answer by Can or Will, or OK, Sure, Sorry, …
4 OFFER (đề nghị) Can / Shall I /
Shall we Can I help you? Shall we do it for you now?
Answer by OK, thanks; That would be nice,…
5 PERMISSION (xin phép) Can / could / may Can we go to the movies tonight?
May I leave early today?
Answer: Sure, Go ahead, Certainly,…
6 ADVICE, OBLIGATION,
NECESSITY (lời khuyên, sự
bắt buộc, sự cần thiết)
Should, ought to, had better, have to, must, have got to,
be to
Students ought not to do too much
homework
You’d better study for the test if you don’t
want to fail
I am to be at the airport by 4 pm tomorrow
7 PROHIBITION (cấm) Must not They mustn’t bring pets into this restaurant
8 LOGICAL ASSUMPTION
(giả định có căn cứ) Must, may, Can’t, couldn’t,
might not
You have worked all night these days You
must be very tired.
Tom couldn’t be at the library now I just saw
him five minutes ago
9 PREFERENCE (sở thích) Would like, would
prefer, would rather
Would prefer not, Would rather not
I would prefer to watch this film.
I would rather eat at home.
10 SOMETHING IN
PROGRESS IN THE PRESENT
(một việc đang diễn ra ở
hiện tại)
Modal + be + V-ing Tom is in the library now He must be studying for his test tomorrow.
Don’t call me tonight I could be going to the
movies with my family
11 SOMETHING IN
PROGRESS IN THE PAST (một
việc đang diễn ra ở quá khứ)
Modal + have been + V-ing Sue wasn’t at home last night when we went to visit her She might have been studying at
the library
12 SOMETHING HAPPENED
IN THE PAST (một việc xảy ra
trong quá khứ)
Modal + have + PP
- advice (should / ought to) (lời khuyên)
- prediction (dự đoán)
She should have studied hard during the
course last semester (but she didn’t)
The grass is all wet It must have rained very
hard last night
Marry can’t have been at home She ate out
Trang 4- unreal condition
in the past (If 3)
- unnecessary things
with me
I would have accepted this job, but I didn’t
want to leave my country
You needn't have washed the dishes I
would've put them in the dishwasher
DEGREE OF CERTAINTY
1 PRESENT TIME
a) Affirmative
- Why isn’t John in class?
95% sure: He must be sick.
He may be sick.
Less than 50% sure: He might be sick.
He could be sick.
b) Negative
100% sure: Sam isn’t hungry.
99% sure: Sam couldn’t be hungry.
Sam can’t be hungry.
95% sure: Sam must not be hungry.
Less than 50% sure: Sam may not be hungry.
Sam might not be hungry.
2 PAST TIME
a) Affirmative
- Why wasn’t Mary in class?
95% sure: She must have been sick.
She may have been sick.
Less than 50% sure: She might have been sick.
She could have been sick.
b) Negative
- Why didn’t Sam eat?
100% sure: Sam wasn’t hungry.
99% sure: Sam couldn’t have been hungry.
Sam can’t have been hungry
95% sure: Sam must not have been hungry.
Less than 50% sure: Sam may not have been hungry.
Sam might not have been hungry.
3 FUTURE TIME
100% sure: Kay will do well on the test.
90% sure: Kay should do well on the test.
Kay ought to do well on the test.
Kay may do well on the test.
Less than 50% sure: Kay might do well on the test.
Kay could do well on the test.
Trang 5UNIT 12: TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
1 TRANSITIVE VERBS (Ngoại động từ): diễn tả hành động trực tiếp lên người hoặc vật nào
đó, theo sau bởi danh từ hoặc tân ngữ trực tiếp
Có thể đổi qua thể bị động
2 INTRANSITIVE VERBS (Nội động từ): diễn tả hành động dừng lại ở người nói hoặc người
thực hiện hành động đó, không cần tân ngữ trực tiếp
Không thể đổi qua thể bị động
3 Nhiều động từ vừa là ngoại động từ vừa là nội động từ
Eg:
He ran as fast as he could He has no idea how to run a business Flowers grow in the garden They grow flowers in the garden
UNIT 13: COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
1 Tính từ ngắn – Tính từ dài
a Tính từ ngắn
- Có 1 âm tiết: loud – louder – loudest ; short – shorter – shortest
- Có 2 âm tiết và kết thúc bằng: -y, -ow, -et, -er, -le
happy – happier – happiest ; narrow – narrower – narrowest ; quiet – quieter – quietest ; clever – cleverer – cleverest ; simple – simpler – simplest
b Tính từ dài
- Có 1 âm tiết và kết thúc bằng –ed: bored – more bored – the most bored
- Có 2 âm tiết, không kết thúc bằng -y, -ow, -et, -er, -le
useful – more useful – the most useful
- Có 3 âm tiết trở lên: expensive – more expensive – the most expensive
c Có một số tính từ vừa là tính từ ngắn vừa là tính từ dài: free, keen, safe, sure, true, wise, clever, common, gentle
2 Comparatives
S + V + COMPARATIVE ADJ/ADV + THAN + PRONOUN / S + V / NOUN
Eg: She is more clever / cleverer than him
Tom did the exam better than I did
Her house is more beautiful than mine / my house
* Có thể sử dụng even, much, (by) far, a lot, ( ) times để làm tăng mức độ so sánh
Eg: He is even better than his brother
This book is much more expensive
This river is three times longer than that river
* Dùng các từ a bit, a little, slightly để giảm mức độ so sánh
Trang 6Eg: He studies a bit harder than me.
This hotel is slightly cheaper than that one.
Comparison of noun
• There are more / fewer boys than girls in my class.
• We drank more / less coffee than he did
3 Superlatives
S + V + SUPERLATIVE (+ N) Eg: This film is the longest of the three
John is the most outgoing person in class
This is the commonest / the most common mistake
4 Irregular
Far farther / further the farthest / the furthest
Old older / elder the oldest / the eldest
5 Positive comparison
S + V + AS + ADJ/ADV + AS + NOUN / PRONOUN / S + V
S + V + NOT + AS/SO + ADJ/ADV + AS + NOUN / PRONOUN / S + V Eg: John said that no other car could go as fast as his car.
Ann cannot cook as/so well as her sister does.
*Có thể dùng twice / half
Eg: Your room is twice as large as mine
He works half as hard as he used to
The same as
Eg: Tom’s salary is as much as mine
Tom’s salary is the same as mine
Tom gets the same salary as me.
6 Double comparison
S + V + COMPARATIVE AND COMPARATIVE Eg: Their business is getting better and better
It rained more and more heavily as the game was going on
There are less and less people coming to this vacation spot.
THE COMPARATIVE + S + V, THE COMPARATIVE + S + V Eg: The earlier she leaves, the sooner she will arrive.
The more you study, the more knowledge you gain
Trang 7The more dangerous it is, the more I like it.
INVERSION OF SUBJECT AND VERB
Nguyên tắc chung:
2)- Với dộng từ thường:
a)- Ở các thì đơn (HT đơn, QK đơn): …… DO/DOES/DID + S + V …………
b)- Ở các thì hoàn thành (HTHT , QKHT): …… HAVE/HAS/HAD + S + PP/V3
…………
3)- Với các động từ tình thái (MV): ……… Modal V + S + V
I-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NO VÀ NOT:
1) I will lend you no money from now on
No money ………
2) I won’t lend you any money from now on
Not any money ………
II-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC TRẠNG TỪ PHỦ ĐỊNH:
Never, rarely = seldom = little, hardly (ever), scarcely (ever)
1) I will never speak to him again
Never ………
2) He has rarely got mark 10 in math
Rarely ………
3) I seldom listen to rock music
Seldom ………
4) She little understands me
Little ………
5) They hardly (ever) speak in public
Hardly (ever) ………
III-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI:
No sooner …… than; Hardly/Barely/Scarcely…… when/before……
1)- No sooner + had + S + PP/V3 + than + clause
2)- Hardly/Barely/Scarcely + had + S + PP/V3 + when/before + clause
- As soon as I arrived home, the phone rang
No sooner ………
IV-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI ONLY:
- Only after N/V-ing: chỉ sau khi - Only later: Chỉ sau này
- Only once: chỉ một lần - Only then : chỉ đến lúc đó
- Only when + clause : chi đến khi - Only if + clause : chỉ nếu
- Only by N/V-ing : chỉ bằng cách - Only with N/V-ing: chỉ với
- Only in this/that way : chỉ bằng cách này/đó
1) I realized that I had forgotten to put on a stamp only after posting the letter
Only after ………
Trang 82) She will love him only when she understands him.
Only when ……… 3) We can pass the exam only by working harder
Only by ……… 4) We will be successful only in this way
Only in this way ……… 5) You are allowed to enter this room only if I have given permission
Only if ………
V- ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC CỤM GIỚI TỪ CÓ NO:
- At no time : chưa từng bao giờ
- By no means: không khi nào
- In no way : không còn cách nào
- On no condition : tuyệt đối không
- On no account : không vì bất cứ lí do gì
- Under/In no circumstances: trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không
- For no reasons = On no account : không vì bất cứ lí do gì
- No longer: không còn nữa
- Nowhere
Ex:
1) He never knew she came from a rich family
At no time ………
2) Keith certainly can’t be held responsible for the accident
In no way ………
3) Passengers aren’t permitted to open the doors under/in any circumstances
Under/In no circumstances ……… 4) He no longer works as an accountant
No longer ………
5) The wallet couldn’t be found anywhere
Nowhere ………
VI-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI SO ………… THAT VÀ SUCH ……… THAT : 1)- SO ……… THAT :
6) He worked so hard that he forgot his lunch
So ……… 7) The play is so interesting that the theatre is likely to be full every night
So ………
Such ……… 8) He bought so many books that he couldn't read them all
So many ……… 9) Alice has so much homework that she can't finish it all
So much ………
Note: Dùng SO MANY/FEW/MUCH/LITTLE không dùng SUCH.
2)- SUCH ……… THAT :
- It was such a boring speech that I got sleepy
Trang 9 Such ……….
Note: trong trường hợp BE + SO MUCH/GREAT đổi thành SUCH + BE + NOUN
- The force of the storm was so great that trees were uprooted
Such was the force of the storm that trees were uprooted
VII-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI : NOT ONLY ………… BUT ALSO
NOT ONLY mệnh đề đảo BUT ……… ALSO mệnh đề thường
- He is not only good at English but he can also draw very well
Not only ………
VIII-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI: NOT UNTIL/TILL (THEN/LATER)
NOT UNTIL/TILL + mệnh đề thường + mệnh đề đảo.
1) I didn’t know where I was until I asked a passer-by
Not until ………
NOT UNTIL/TILL THEN/LATER + mệnh đề đảo (mãi đến lúc đó/sau này)
2) I didn’t recognize him until later
Not until ………
IX-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NEITHER/NOR VÀ SO:
- They don’t like chicken, and neither/nor do I.
- He had no money, and nor did he know anyone he could borrow from.
- She can play the guitar, and so can I.
* ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NEITHER……… NOR :
- There is neither excitement nor entertainment in this small town
Neither is there excitement nor entertainment in this small town
X-ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN:
1-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1: IF + S + V …… -> SHOULD + S + V ……….
- If anybody phones me, please tell them I’m busy
Should ………
2-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2:
a- Có động từ to be: IF+ S + WERE + Adj / N / Pronoun -> WERE + S + Adj / N / Pronoun
- If I were you, I wouldn’t do that
Were ………
b- Có động từ thường: IF S + P/V2 …… -> WERE + S + TO V ………
- If he worked more slowly, he wouldn’t make many mistakes
Were ………
3-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3: IF S + HAD + PP/V3 -> HAD + S + PP/V3 ………….
-If they had realized the danger, they would have done it differently
Had ………
Note: Đối với cả ba loại câu điều kiện, nếu mệnh đề IF là phủ định thì ta đặt NOT sau chủ từ.
Trang 10XI-ĐẢO NGỮ SAU CÁC TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ PHƯƠNG HƯỚNG HOẶC VỊ TRÍ:
Khi câu có một từ hoặc một cụm trạng ngữ chỉ phương hướng hoặc vị trí thì nội động từ được đảo lên trước chủ ngữ
1) David began to open the parcels A dictionary was inside the first
David began to open the parcels Inside the first ………
2) The knights came round the corner
Round the corner ………
3) His father sat in an armchair
In an armchair ………
Note:
-Động từ TO BE thường được sử dụng trong dạng đảo ngữ này, ngoài ra ta còn dùng các nội động từ chỉ sự chuyển động như: CLIMB, COME, FLY, GO, HANG, LIE, RUN, SIT, STAND,
……
-Thường chỉ dùng dạng đảo ngữ này khi động từ ở thì quá khứ đơn
-Trường hợp đảo ngữ này, không sử dụng trợ động từ mà sử dụng trực tiếp động từ đặt trước chủ từ
-Không đảo ngữ khi chủ từ là đại từ
(sai): In an armchair sat she
CLEFT SENTENCE
1 Subject focus: It is/was + subject + who/that + verb
a) My father bought a new car last Saturday
It was ………
b) English becomes more and more popular in the world
It is ………
2 Object focus: It is/was + object + that + S + V
a) I met Lan at the party
It was ………
b) She sent her friend the postcard
It was ………
3 Adverbial focus: It is/was + adverbial phrase + that + S + V
a) My father bought a new car last Saturday
It was ………
b) I was born in this house
It was ………
c) You can kill computer viruses by using some software
It is ………
d) The father repaired the bicycle for Nam
It was ………
Note:
e) My sister didn’t write this letter
It was ………