Lecture 13 operator overloading v1 2 tủ tài liệu training

showdata; } In : c3=c1+c2; • The argument on the LEFT side of the operator c1 in this case is the object of which the operator is a member.. • An overloaded operator implemented as a m

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Lecture 13 - Operator

Overloading

Lecture 13 – Operator Overloading

 Giving the normal C++ operators such as +, -, * , <=, and += etc , additional meanings when they are applied to user-defined types (classes)

 You cannot create new operators like *& and try to overload them; only existing operators can be overloaded

 The precedence of an operator cannot be changed by overloading

 The associativity of an operator cannot be changed

 The polarity of an operator cannot be changed

 The meaning of how an operator works on built-in types cannot be changed:

 Operator overloading works only on objects of user defined types or with a mixture of user-defined and built-in types

 At least one argument of an operator function must be a class object or a reference to a class object

 Operators that cannot be overloaded “::” , “ ?: ” , “ ” , “ *”

 Operators that can be used without overloading “= ” “ , ” “&”

 Operator functions can be member functions or global friend functions

Creating a Member Operator Function

ret-type class-name::operator # (arg-list)

{

//operations

}

Creating a Global Operator Function

ret-type operator # (arg-list)

{

//operations

}

Overloading Unary Operators

class Counter{

private:

int count;

public:

Counter():count(0)

int getcount()

{ return count;}

void operator ++()

{ ++count;

} }; // END OF CLASS

void main()

{

Counter c1, c2;

cout<<\nc1=“<<c1.getcount();

cout<<“\nc2=“<<c2.getcount();

++c1; //prefix

++c2; //prefix

++c2; //translated to // c2.operator++() by compiler

cout<<\nc1=“<<c1.getcount();

cout<<“\nc2=“<<c2.getcount();

}

Operator Return Values

In the previous example, you cannot write

c1 =++ c2 ; //Error; Why?

Counter operator ++()

{

++count;

Counter temp;

temp.count=count;

return temp;

}

Postfix Notation

Counter operator ++(int)

{

count ++;

return (*this );

}

• The only difference is in the int in the parenthesis

• This isn’t really an argument, and it doesn’t mean an integer

• It is simply a signal to the compiler to create a postfix version of the operator

Overloading Binary Operators

class complex {

private:

int real, imag;

public:

complex(int re=0, int im=0): real(re), imag(im)

{ }

void setdata()

{ cin>>real;

cin>>imag;

}

void showdata() const

{

cout<<real<<‘+’<<imag<<‘i’;

}

complex operator + (complex);

};

complex complex::operator + (complex c)

{ //note: we aim not to change the operands

int re2=real + c.real;

int im2=imag+c.imag;

return complex(re2, im2);

}

void main()

{

complex c1, c2(1,2), c3, c4;

c1.setdata();

c3=c1+c2; //same as c1.operator + (c2)

c4 = c1+c2+ c3; //note cascading

c4 showdata();

}

In :

c3=c1+c2;

• The argument on the LEFT side of the operator (c1 in this case) is the object of which the operator is a member

• The argument on the RIGHT side of the operator (c2 in this case) must be

furnished as an argument to the operator

• The operator returns a value which can be assigned or used in other ways; in this case it is assigned to c3

• An overloaded operator implemented as a member function always requires one less argument than its no of operands, since one operand is the object of which the operator is a member That is why unary operators require no arguments

Constant Data Members

• Must be initialized with initializer list syntax

• All constant data members must be initialized

Code Example

class Distance //English Distance class

{

private:

int feet; float inches;

Distance() : feet(0), inches(0.0)

{ }

//constructor (two args)

Distance(int ft, float in) : feet(ft), inches(in)

{ }

{

cout << “\nEnter feet: ”;

cin >> feet;

cout << “Enter inches: ”;

cin >> inches;

}

{ cout << feet << “\’–” << inches << ‘\”’; }

Distance add_dist(const Distance&) const; //add

};

//add this distance to d2, return the sum Distance Distance::add_dist( Distance& d2) const

{

Distance temp; //temporary variable

// feet = 0; //ERROR: can’t modify this

d2 temp.inches = inches + d2.inches; //add the inches

if (temp.inches >= 12.0) //if total exceeds 12.0,

temp.inches –= 12.0; //by 12.0 and temp.feet = ; //increase feet

temp.feet += feet + d2.feet; //add the feet

return temp;

}

Constant Objects

 When an object is declared as const, you can’t modify it

 It follows that you can use only const member functions with it, because they’re

the only ones that guarantee not to modify it

Composition

 Definition: A data member of a class is an object of some other class

 Example: an AlarmClock object needs to know when it is supposed to sound its alarm, so why not include a Time object as a member of the AlarmClock class?

 Referred to as has-a relationship

 Reusability

Order of Constructor and Destructor for Composition

 Member objects are constructed in the order in which they are declared in the class definition (not in the order they are listed in the constructor’s member initializer list) and before their enclosing class objects are constructed

 Member objects are constructed from inside out and destroyed in the reverse order

 Compilation error occurs if a member object is not initialized with a member initializer and the member object’s class doesn’t not provide a default

constructor

 Initialize member objects explicitly through member initializers This eliminates the overhead of doubly initializing

Operators functions as Member Functions vs Global

Functions

 When right operand is an object of a user defined class

 Commutative operators

operators ->, (), [] can only be overloaded through member functions

Example of overloading () and << operators

class loc

{

friend ostream& operator <<(ostream & , loc);

private:

int longitude, latitude;

public:

loc(int lon=0, int lat= ): longitude(lon), latitude(lat)

{}

loc operator ()(int i , int j)

{

longitude =i;

latitude=j;

return *this ; }

};

ostream& operator <<(ostream & out, loc l)

{

out<< " longitude is : "<<l.longitude<<endl;

out<< " latitude is : "<<l.latitude<<endl;

return out;

}

void main()

{

loc obj1(2,3);

loc obj2(8,9);

cout<<obj1;

cout<<obj2;

obj1(11,99);

cout<<obj1;

}

Quiz

1 Operator overloading is:

a making C++ operators work with objects

b giving C++ operators more than they can handle

c giving new meanings to existing C++ operators

d making new C++ operators

2 Assuming that class X does not use any overloaded operators, write a statement that subtracts an object of class X, x1, from another such object, x2, and places the result in x3

3 Assuming that class X includes a routine to overload the - operator, write a statement that would perform the same task as that specified in Question 2

4 True or false: The >= operator can be overloaded

5 Write a complete definition for an overloaded operator for the Counter class of the COUNTPP1 example that, instead of incrementing the count, decrements it

6 How many arguments are required in the definition of an overloaded unary operator?

7 Assume a class C with objects obj1, obj2, and obj3 For the statement obj3 =

obj1 - obj2 to work correctly, the overloaded - operator must:

a take two arguments

b return a value

c create a named temporary object

d use the object of which it is a member as an operand

8 Write a complete definition for an overloaded ++ operator for the Distance class from the ENGLPLUS example It should add 1 to the feet member data, and make possible statements like

dist1++;

9 Repeat Question 8, but allow statements like the following:

dist2 = dist1++;

10 When used in prefix form, what does the overloaded ++ operator do differently from what it does in postfix form?

11 Here are two declarators that describe ways to add two string objects:

void add(String s1, String s2) String operator + (String s) Match the following from the first declarator with the appropriate selection from the second:

function name (add) matches _

return value (type void) matches _

first argument (s1) matches _

second argument (s2) matches _

object of which function is a member matches _

a argument (s)

b object of which operator is a member

c operator (+)

d return value (type String)

e no match for this item

Operator Overloading

12 True or false: An overloaded operator always requires one less argument than its number

of operands

Exercise

1) To the Distance class in the program below, add an overloaded - operator that subtracts two distances It should allow statements like dist3=dist1-dist2; Assume that the operator will never be used to subtract a larger number from a smaller one (that is, negative distances are not allowed)

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class Distance //English Distance class

{

private:

int feet;

float inches;

public: //constructor (no args)

Distance() : feet(0), inches(0.0)

{ } //constructor (two args)

Distance(int ft, float in) : feet(ft), inches(in)

{ }

void getdist() //get length from user

{

cout << “\nEnter feet: “; cin >> feet;

cout << “Enter inches: “; cin >> inches;

}

void showdist() const //display distance

{ cout << feet << “\’-” << inches << ‘\”’; }

Distance operator + ( Distance ) const; //add 2 distances

};

// -

//add this distance to d2

Distance Distance::operator + (Distance d2) const //return sum

{

int f = feet + d2.feet; //add the feet

float i = inches + d2.inches; //add the inches

if (i >= 12.0) //if total exceeds 12.0,

{ //then decrease inches

i -= 12.0; //by 12.0 and f++; //increase feet by 1

} //return a temporary Distance

return Distance(f,i); //initialized to sum

}

2 Write a program that substitutes an overloaded += operator for the overloaded + operator in the Program below This operator should allow statements like s1 += s2; where s2 is added (concatenated) to s1 and the result is left in s1 The operator should also permit the results of the operation to be used in other calculations, as in s3 = s1 += s2;

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

#include <stdlib.h> //for exit()

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class String //user-defined string type

{

private:

enum { SZ=80 }; //size of String objects

char str[SZ]; //holds a string

public:

String() //constructor, no args

{ strcpy(str, “”); }

String( char s[] ) //constructor, one arg

{ strcpy(str, s); }

{

String temp; //make a temporary String

if ( strlen(str) + strlen(ss.str) < SZ )

{

strcpy(temp.str, str); //copy this string to temp strcat(temp.str, ss.str); //add the argument string

}

else

{ cout << “\nString overflow”; exit(1); }

return temp; //return temp String

}

};

3) Create a class called time that has separate int member data for hours, minutes, and seconds One constructor should initialize this data to 0, and another should initialize into fixed values Another member function should display it, in 11:59:59 format The final member function should add two objects of type time passed as arguments

A main() program should create two initialized time objects (should they be const?) and one that isn’t initialized Then it should add the two initialized values together, leaving the result in the third time variable Finally it should display the value of this third

variable

Make appropriate member functions const

Modify the time class in the question above so that instead of a function

add_time() it uses the overloaded + operator to add two times Write a program to test this class

Answers

1 a, c

2 x3.subtract(x2, x1);

3 x3 = x2 - x1;

4 true

5 void operator () { count ; }

6 none

7 b, d

8

void Distance::operator ++ ()

{

++feet;

}

9

Distance Distance::operator ++ ()

Distance Distance::operator ++ ()

{

int f = ++feet;

float i = inches;

return Distance(f, i);

}

10 It increments the variable prior to use, the same as a non-overloaded ++operator

11 c, e, b, a, d

12 true

Exercises

1)

// overloaded ‘-’ operator subtracts two Distances

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class Distance //English Distance class

{

private:

int feet;

float inches;

public: //constructor (no args)

Distance() : feet(0), inches(0.0)

{ } //constructor (two args)

Distance(int ft, float in) : feet(ft), inches(in)

{ }

void getdist() //get length from user

{

cout << “\nEnter feet: “; cin >> feet;

cout << “Enter inches: “; cin >> inches;

}

void showdist() //display distance

{ cout << feet << “\’-” << inches << ‘\”’; }

Distance operator + ( Distance ); //add two distances

Distance operator - ( Distance ); //subtract two distances

};

// -

//add d2 to this distance

Distance Distance::operator + (Distance d2) //return the sum

{

int f = feet + d2.feet; //add the feet

float i = inches + d2.inches; //add the inches

if (i >= 12.0) //if total exceeds 12.0,

{ //then decrease inches

i -= 12.0; //by 12.0 and f++; //increase feet by 1

} //return a temporary Distance

return Distance(f,i); //initialized to sum

}

// -

//subtract d2 from this dist

Distance Distance::operator - (Distance d2) //return the diff

{

int f = feet - d2.feet; //subtract the feet

float i = inches - d2.inches; //subtract the inches

if (i < ) //if inches less than 0,

{ //then increase inches

i += 12.0; //by 12.0 and f ; //decrease feet by 1

} //return a temporary Distance

return Distance(f,i); //initialized to difference

}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int main()

{

Distance dist1, dist3; //define distances

dist1.getdist(); //get dist1 from user

Distance dist2(3, 6.25); //define, initialize dist2

dist3 = dist1 - dist2; //subtract

//display all lengths

cout << “\ndist1 = “; dist1.showdist();

cout << “\ndist2 = “; dist2.showdist();

cout << “\ndist3 = “; dist3.showdist();

cout << endl;

return ;

}

2)

// overloaded ‘+=’ operator concatenates strings

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

#include <process.h> //for exit()

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class String //user-defined string type

{

private:

enum { SZ = 80 }; //size of String objects

char str[SZ]; //holds a C-string

public:

String() //no-arg constructor

{ strcpy(str, “”); }

String( char s[] ) //1-arg constructor

{ strcpy(str, s); }

void display() //display the String

{ cout << str; }

String operator += (String ss) //add a String to this one

{ //result stays in this one

if ( strlen(str) + strlen(ss.str) >= SZ )

{

cout << “\nString overflow”;

exit(1);

}

strcat(str, ss.str); //add the argument string

return String(str); //return temp String

} };

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int main()

{

String s1 = “Merry Christmas! “; //uses 1-arg ctor

String s2 = “Happy new year!”; //uses 1-arg ctor

String s3; //uses no-arg ctor

s3 = s1 += s2; //add s2 to s1, assign to s3

cout << “\ns1=”; s1.display(); //display s1

cout << “\ns2=”; s2.display(); //display s2

cout << “\ns3=”; s3.display(); //display s3

cout << endl;

return ;

}