RELATIVE CLAUSEpart 3This time we will continue with " Non-Defining R.C" B/Non-Defining R.C : 1/ A non-defining r.c contains extra information : - In writing it is seperated by comma ,
Trang 1RELATIVE CLAUSE(part 3)
This time we will continue with " Non-Defining R.C"
B/Non-Defining R.C :
1/ A non-defining r.c contains extra information :
- In writing it is seperated by comma ,and in speech , if use " at all", is usually indicated
by intonation
Ex :
A train , which was already an hour late,broke down again
-Non-defining r.c are placed after nouns which are definitely "already" They do not therefore define the noun, but merely add something to it by giving some more
information about it
-Unlike Defining r.c , they are not essential in the sentence and can be omitted without causing confusion The pronoun can never be omitted in a non-defining clause
NoTice that we put a comma between a noun and a non-defining clause and another
comma at the end of this clause if it is not also at the end of the sentence
2/Relative pronouns used in non-defining r.c :
-For Persons :
Subject :Who Object :whom/ who Possesive :Whose
a/ Subject :who-We use "who" as the subject of the clause
Ex:
Peter ,who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next turn
Notice that :
Clauses such as these ,which come immediately after the subject of the main verb In spoken English we would be more likely to say :
Peter had been driving all day so he suggested stopping
at the next turn
Clauses following "a preposition +Noun " are also common
Ex:
I passed the letter to Peter ,who was sitting next to me
b/Object :who/whom
-We used "who/whom " as the subject of the main clause although "whom" is more
Trang 2formal and rarely used in spoken English The pronoun can't be omitted
Ex :
Peter , who/whom I admire , is going to visit the university next week
But non-defining clauses , coming later in the sentence , after the object of the main verb or after a preposition+noun , are common in conversation
Ex :
She introduced me to her husband ,whom i hadn't met before
c/ Object of a preposition
-The preposition is normally placed before "whom" and the pronoun can't be omitted Ex:
Mr Richard , for whom i was working , was vey generous
It is however possible to move the preposition to the end of the clause This is
commonly done in conversation and "who" then finally take the place of " whom" Ex:
Mr Richard , who i was working for , was generous
If the clause contains the expression of time or place , this will remain at the end Ex:
John , with whom i played tennis last week, was fatter than me
John , who /whom i played tennis with last week , was fatter than me
d/Possesive:whose
Ex :Ann, whose children are at school all day , is trying to get a job
Note:"All , both , most, few , several, some "+of + whom/ which< -This form can
be both used for people and things
-When we want to add information about the whole or the part of a particular number of things or people , we can use the non-defining r.c with " of which/of whom" after words such as :"all,both,each,many,most,neither,none,part,som e , (a number ne ,two thee, ,the first ,the second , ,a half , a third , )and superlatives ( the best , the
biggest, )
Ex:
Her sons , both of whom study abroad , ring her up every week
The busses, most of which are already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd