%JW[ȪPЄύ$νPIEJϵPIVKϋPJȲC %JW[ȪPЄύ%EJϋVKϋPJȲC %JW[ȪPЄύ5ϽRJȡVUKPJXȠRJȡVVTKϏPUϽUϝPIVTȪP6TȡKЄαV2*β0+++5+0*6*Ȇ+ %JW[ȪPЄύ%VJϏXȠOȳKVTϩPI %JW[ȪPЄύ3WγPVJϏUKPJXιV %JW[ȪPЄύ3WγPZȣUKPJXιV %JW[Ȫ
Trang 2%JW[ȪPЄύ$νPIEJϵPIVKϋPJȲC
%JW[ȪPЄύ%EJϋVKϋPJȲC
%JW[ȪPЄύ5ϽRJȡVUKPJXȠRJȡVVTKϏPUϽUϝPIVTȪP6TȡKЄαV2*β0+++5+0*6*Ȇ+
%JW[ȪPЄύ%VJϏXȠOȳKVTϩPI
%JW[ȪPЄύ3WγPVJϏUKPJXιV
%JW[ȪPЄύ3WγPZȣUKPJXιV
%JW[ȪPЄύ*ϓUKPJVJȡK 2*β0+85+0**Ϙ%6ϊ$ȅ1
%JW[ȪPЄύ)KϧKVJKϓWEJWPIXύVJϋIKϧKUϝPI
%JW[ȪPЄύ6JȠPJRJγPJȲCJϙEEϳCVϋDȠQ
%JW[ȪPЄύ%αWVTȷEVϋDȠQ
%JW[ȪPЄύ%JW[ϏPJȲCXιVEJαVXȠPȿPINϯPIVTQPIVϋDȠQ Mϰ%.ϰ%
Trang 4-JK EȲ NCEVȳ\ IGP 4 VϡPI JϯR
RTȳVȪKP ϵE EJϋ o NCEVȳ\ DȡO XȠQ
)NW
Gln Ala
Ala
#TI
#UR %[U #TI 5GT [U
%*ϲȀό%%*ϊ&+647;ό0%ΰ22*ȇ06ϸ
Trang 5(Q]LPQӕL ligaza
ADN pôlimeraza
0ҥFKPӟLWәQJKӧS ĈRҥQPӗL
ARN pôlimeraza WәQJKӧSPӗL
ULER[{P DQWLF{ÿRQ F{ÿRQ
Trang 6̽ +ņ̄QJG˔QJLˌL
)ϙKUϝNγPVϽPJȢPЄȳKEϳCOϣKRJȢPVϹ#&0VTȪPNȠM
5CWMJKPJȢPЄȳKMNγPVϷRJȢPVϹ#&0ЄȣVϡPIJϯRЄϯEOέEJPWENȪȳVKVOϧKNα[PIW[ȪPNKϓWJQȠPVQȠPVϷOȳKVTϩPI4u – k k 4
OȳKVTϩPI
+UCK ua – a
Trang 7XȠNγPVTQPIOȳKVTϩPI06ϡPIUϝRJȢPVϹ#&0ЄϯEVέQTCVϷSWȡVTȬPJVTȪPNȠ
̽ 3K¤QW¯FKÓ˪E¢L
Trang 9̽ 3K¤QW¯FKÓ˪E¢L
̽ +ņ̄QJG˔QJLˌL
̽ &K¼¿6TQPIIKίORJȢPVW[EȲNγPRJȢPDȠQPJPIIGPEJϕVKϋPJȠPJPJȢPЄȳKOϥVNγP5ϝPWENȪȳVKVOȳKVTϩPIEWPIEαREJQSWȡVTȬPJIKίORJȢPUϝNϯPIPWENȪȳVKVOȳKVTϩPIEWPIEαREJQIGPPJȢPЄȳKOϥVNγP
Trang 11Amtuu Tuu)mtuu:uu
7mtuu Auu:mtuu Guu
&K˶Q'
9¯G̎ /έEJЄPVJϵPJαVEϳCIGPEȲNKȪPMϋVJȲCVTϗIKϻCEȡEPWENȪȳVKVEȲ6XȠ:UϝPWENȪȳVKVEϳCOέEJ)GPEȲUϝNKȪPMϋVJKЄTȳIKϻC#XȠ6DνPIUϝNKȪPMϋVJKЄTȳIKϻC)XȠ:3WȡVTȬPJRJKȪPOȣEγPЄϯEOȳKVTϩPIEWPIEαRPWENȪȳVKVNQέK#/έEJIϝENȠOέEJVJϵOα[XȠIGPЄȣRJKȪPOȣDCQPJKȪWNγP!
̽ +ņ̄QJG˔QJLˌL
:ȡEЄϗPJUϝPWENȪȳVKVOϣKNQέKEϳCIGP
.KȪPMϋVJȲCVTϗIKϻCEȡEPWENȪȳVKVEȲVTQPIOέEJNȠ0
Trang 126CEȲ6OȠ6 TŢ
:ȡEЄϗPJOέEJIϝE
3WȡVTȬPJRJKȪPOȣEγPЄϯEOȳKVTϩPIEWPIEαRPWENȪȳVKVNQέK#5ϝPWENȪȳVKVNQέK6ϫOέEJIϝERJίKNȠϧEEϳC/έEJNȠOέEJOȣIϝE
:ȡEЄϗPJUϝNγPRJKȪPOȣ
8Ȭ#OVM6IϝE5ϝNγPRJKȪPOȣMNγP
&K˶Q%
9¯G̎7+37FKX\¬Q+R¢QJ9ÅQ7K̎ /ϥVRJȢPVϹO#40EȲEJKύWFȠK#q và VϕNϓ#7):5ϹFϱPIRJȢPVϹO#40PȠ[NȠOMJWȳPЄϏRJKȪPOȣPIϯEVϡPIJϯRPȪPRJȢPVϹ#&0OέEJMȩR0ϋWRJȢPVϹ#&0ЄϯEVϡPIJϯREȲEJKύWFȠKDνPIEJKύWFȠKRJȢPVϹ#40PȠ[VJȬUϝPWENȪȳVKVOϣKNQέKEϳC#&0NȠ
Trang 132JPIRJȡRIKίK
6TȬPJVϽEȡEPWENȪȳVKVVTȪPOέEJOȣIϝESW[ЄϗPJVTȬPJVϽEȡEDϥDCVTȪPRJȢPVϹO#40VTȬPJVϽEȡEDϥDCVTȪPRJȢPVϹO#40SW[ЄϗPJVTȬPJVϽCZKVCOKPVTȪPEJWϣKRȳNKRGRVKV
6TȪPRJȢPVϹO#40OȣFKVTW[ύPЄϯEЄϙEVJGQEJKύWVϷŦЄϋPŦ
$ϥDCЄϝKOȣVTȪPV#40MJϧRDϡUWPIXȠPIϯEEJKύWXϧKDϥDCOȣUCQVTȪPO#40
8ȭFϱOKPJJϙC
9¯G̎ 6TQPISWȡVTȬPJFϗEJOȣϫVTQPIVϋDȠQEJαVEϳCVϋDȠQPJȢPVJϽEMJȳPIEȲUϽVJCOIKCEϳCNQέKV#40OCPIDϥDCЄϝKOȣNȠ
Trang 14)GPPȠ[FϗEJOȣVTQPIϝPIPIJKϓOEJQTCRJȢPVϹRTȳVȪKPJQȠPEJϕPJEJϕIϟOCZKVCOKP*ȣ[EJQDKϋVOέEJPȠQЄϯEFȶPINȠOMJWȳPЄϏVϡPIJϯRTCO#40XȠEJKύWRJKȪPOȣVTȪPIGP!
Ò˪WKLWK̖WUņ̆QJ7+37+˼QJ/ëQKQÅP
Trang 15&¤X,' ϪEαRЄϥRJȢPVϹEEJϋЄίODίQEJQVJȳPIVKPFKVTW[ύPϡPЄϗPJSWCEȡEVJϋJϓVϋDȠQNȠ
Trang 16++ 0ϋWZί[TCЄϥVDKϋPϫIGPЄKύWJȱC4NȠOEJQIGPPȠ[MJȳPIЄϯERJKȪPOȣVJȬEȡEIGPEαWVTȷE
<;#EʛPIMJȳPIЄϯERJKȪPOȣ
+++ -JKRTȳVȪKPϵEEJϋNKȪPMϋVXϧKXȶPIXιPJȠPJVJȬEȡEIGPEαWVTȷE<;#MJȳPIЄϯERJKȪPOȣ+8 0ϋWZί[TCЄϥVDKϋPOαVEσRPWENȪȳVKVϫIKϻCIGPЄKύWJȱC4VJȬEȲVJϏNȠOEJQEȡEIGPEαWVTȷE
<;#RJKȪPOȣPIC[EίMJKOȳKVTϩPIMJȳPIEȲNCEVȳ\
5ϝRJȡVDKϏWЄȷPI là
Ò˪WKL7+374X˺F*LDQÅP
Trang 17&¤X,' 0IϩKVCEJW[ϏPOϥVUϝXKMJWεP'EQNKOCPIEȡERJȢPVϹ#&0XȶPIPJȢPEJϕEJϵC0UCPIOȳKVTϩPIEJϕEȲ0%ȡEXKMJWεPPȠ[VJϽEJKϓPRJȢPЄȳKNγPNKȪPVKϋRVέQTCRJȢPVϹ#&0XȶPIPJȢPEJϕEJϵC05CWЄȲVαVEίEȡEXKMJWεPЄϯEEJW[ϏPXύOȳKVTϩPIEJϕEJϵC
##6): $#6):
%#6): ):
Ò˪WKLWK̖6̈+¢7ëQKQÅP
&¤X,' /ϥVIGPϫUKPJXιVPJȢPUEȲUϝNϯPIEȡENQέKPWENȪȳVKVϫOέEJŦoŦNȠ#):6)GPPȠ[PJȢPЄȳKOϥVNγPUϝPWENȪȳVKVNQέK:OȠOȳKVTϩPIEWPIEαRNȠ
&¤X,'