Paraphrasing in text citation

In-text citation.the author said, then in parentheses at the end of the sentence, put the author’s name and year of publication.. In-text citationOR  Give the author’s name then ye

Paraphrasing & in-text citation

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 To paraphrase means to combine some of the language

of the source and some of your own language

 When you paraphrase you still need to reference or cite the source in the text

 To “cite” means to name.

In-text citation.

the author said, then in

parentheses ( ) at the end of the

sentence, put (the author’s name

and year of publication).

Examples:

logically (Bouma, 1996)

In-text citation

OR

 Give the author’s name (then year of

publication) - stated that - followed by

what the author said - but in your own

words.

Examples:

 Bouma (1996) pointed out that a research report should flow logically.

 Bouma (1996) stated that….

 Bouma (1996) claimed that….

In-text citation

OR

(date of publication) followed by what

the author said - but in your own words  

Examples:

report should flow logically.

(1996), should flow logically.

Strategies for paraphrasing

CONDENSING several words into a single word or fewer words.

 If not for international travellers many small tourist operators in New Zealand would find it difficult to continue operating and

retain staff.

 If not for international travellers the economic viability of many small tourist operators in New Zealand would be threatened

 EXPANDING a single word or a few words into more descriptive

words.

 The opposite of above.

Strategies for paraphrasing

CHANGING THE WORD FORM from a verb to a noun or an

adjective to a noun and vice versa.

Verb to Noun

 … tourism benefits the region’s economy….

 … the benefit of tourism to the region’s economy….

Noun to verb – opposite of above.

Adjective to noun

 Government funding is difficult to gain and this means

that…

 The difficulty of gaining Government funding means that….

Noun to adjective – opposite of above.

Strategies for paraphrasing

CHANGING VOICE: Changing passive voice to active voice and vice versa (Note:

active voice is preferable in academic writing)

Five thousand jobs were created in the tourism industry in… (passive)

The tourism industry created five thousand jobs in… (active)

SYNONYMS Using words that have the same meaning.

The value of tourism grew by ten percent

The value of tourism increased by ten percent

Strategies for paraphrasing

CHANGING THE ORDER of information

 Thousands of small tourist operators would be threatened with financial

hardship if the Government increased bureaucratic approval procedures

 If the Government increased bureaucratic approval procedures financial

hardship would threaten thousands of small tourist operators

Strategies for paraphrasing

REDUCING THE MEANING OF TWO OR THREE SENTENCES TO JUST

ONE SENTENCE

From 2 or 3 sentences try to identify the main meaning that can derived from them.

 According to Murphy’s law if something is likely to go wrong then it surely will Further more it when it does go wrong it will occur at the most

inopportune moment.

 Murphy’s law states that what can go wrong, will go wrong and at the

worst possible moment.

More about in-text citation

You must cite (name) the author(s) both when you have used a direct quote and when you have paraphrased their material into your own words

In text, just cite the author(s) family name(s); not their initials, first name nor title of their publication

Must be the same in the text as in the Reference section up to and including the date of publication – but without the author’s initials

For example

In text: Hill (2012) stated that……

In reference list: Hill, R.A (2012)

Citing an organisation as author.

The same rule applies - must appear the same in the reference section as in the text, up to and including the date of publication

For example:

 In text: According to Tourism NZ (2014)…

 In reference list must also be: Tourism NZ (2014) And not, for instance

Tourism New Zealand (2014)

Multiple authors

 The first time you cite multiple authors you must cite all names (eg

Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012) From that point on you can use the

et al format (e.g Saunders et al 2000) Please note the full stop after

“al.” since this is an abbreviation for the Latin “et alia”

 This rule does not apply when there are 6 or more authors You can use et

al first time.

 You should use et al when there are 3 or more authors When there are

two authors, you should always cite both names.

Direct quotations

Direct quotations (enclosed in quotation marks) require the page number of the original Citations paraphrased in your own words do not

When you use a direct quotation it is essential that you do so with word perfect accuracy You must check that the quote in your essay/report reads precisely as

it appears in the original

There is an exception where you might use … to show that you left some words out of a long passage