A children whose parents keep m oving from country to country В children living in a country neither of their parents come from С children who have ju st arrived in a culture th at is ne
Trang 3C A M B R I D G E U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S
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Cambridge University Press
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© Cambridge University Press 2012
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First published 2012
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Trang 4\ Contents
3 Getting the m essage across 18
6 M aking money, spending money 36
Trang 51 S ta rtin g s o m e w h e re new Reading Section 1: Third culture kids
• True / False / N o t given
• Table com pletion
Listening Section 1: C onducting a survey
• Form com pletion
• M ultiple choice
2 It’s g o o d for you! Reading Section 2: W hat do you k n o w about
the food you eat?
• M atching headings
• Pick from a list
Listening Section 2: A w elcom e talk
• M ultiple choice
• Labelling a map o ra plan
3 G e ttin g th e m e s s a g e a c ro s s Reading Section 3: Strictly English
• Yes / No / N ot given
• Sum mary com pletion w ith a box
• M ultiple choice
Listening Section 3: A student tutorial
• Pick from a list
• M atching
• S hort-answ er questions
4 N e w m ed ia Reading Section 1: Is constant use o f electronic
media changing o u r m inds?
• True / False / N ot given
• N ote com pletion
• S hort-answ er questions
Listening Section 4: A talk on blogging
• Sentence com pletion
• F low -chart com pletion
5 T h e w orld in o u r h an d s Reading Section 2: Russia's boreal forests and
w ild grasses cou ld com bat clim ate change
• M atching inform ation
• M atching features
• Sum mary com pletion
Listening Section 1: Finding out about environm ental projects
• Note com pletion
• Table com pletion
6 M a k in g m oney, s p e n d in g m on ey Reading Section 1: Movers and shakers
• Labelling a diagram
• True / False / N ot given
• F low -chart com pletion
Listening Section 2: A ta lk about vending machines
• Sentence com pletion
Listening Section 3: A student discussion about a presentation
• M ultiple choice
• Flow -chart com pletion
8 F a sh io n a n d d e sig n Reading Section 3: M aking a loss is the height
o f fash ion
• M ultiple choice
• Yes / No / N ot given
• M atching sentence endings
Listening Section 4: A lecture on the history
of jeans
• Sentence com pletion
4 ) Map of the units
Trang 6Writing Vocabulary Grammar
M aking com parisons
W riting Task 2: A task w ith tw o questions
• A nalysing the task
• Organising ideas into paragraphs
• Using linking w ords
• W ord form ation
• A nsw ering the question
• Choosing relevant inform ation
• Using linkers
• Cause, factor and reason
• Internet-related vocabulary
• Key vocabulary
• However, although, even though and on
the o ther hand
• A rticles
W riting Task 1
• Sum marising a diagram
• A nalysing the task
W riting Task 2: A greeing and disagreeing
• Introducing and linking ideas in
paragraphs
• C onstructing the m iddle paragraphs of an
essay
• Verb + to d o / verb + doing
• W ords connected w ith finance
• W ords connected w ith shops and shopping
• Using reference devices
• W ords related to feelings and attitudes
• A g e (s ) / aged / age group
• Key vocabulary
• Reference devices
• Zero, firs t and second conditionals
W riting Task 2: D iscussing tw o opinions
• Including your own opinion
• Introducing oth er people’s opinions
Trang 7Starting somewhere new
О Look at the second task, Question 6-10 What do
all of the questions focus on? Circle A, В or C.
A how often the m an does various things
В a p articu lar aspect of life in the city
С planned changes in the city
© ^ Now listen and answ er Questions 1-10
Questions 1-5
Complete the form below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR
A NUMBER for each answer.
INTERVIEW - DETAILS OF SUBJECT
Age group:
Length of time living in city: 1
Previous home: 2
Occupation: 3
Area of city: 4
Postcode: 5
t— - \
Q uestions 6-10
Choose the correct letter, A, В or C.
6 W hat does the m an say about public transport?
A He doesn’t like using it
В He seldom uses it.
С He has stopped using it
7 W hat does the m an say about sport in the city?
A Some facilities are better th a n others
В He intends to do m ore of it in the future.
С Someone recom m ended a place to him before he came
8 W hat does the m an say about entertainm ent?
A He doesn’t have m uch tim e for it
В There is a very wide range of it.
С It is the best aspect of life in th e city
9 W hat does the m an say about litter?
A There is less of it th a n he had expected
В Not enough is done about the problem.
С His hom e tow n has more of it
10 W hat does the m an say about crim e in the
city?
A The police deal w ith it very efficiently
В It is som ething th a t w orries him.
С He doesn’t know how m uch of it there is ч _ _ _— >
Trang 8Problem or tro u b le ?
О Complete these questions w ith problem or trouble.
1 W hat has been the m a i n you have
had in adapting to a new country?
2 Have you h a d com m unicating
w ith people?
3 If you have a have you got
someone who will help you?
4 Have you got i n to because of
som ething you didn’t understand?
5 Is the language a for you?
2 Does the w e a th e r how you feel?
3 Has being away from your friends and family
you more th an you expected?
4 W hat have been the m a in of living
@ Complete these sentences about emigration from
a country w ith percent or percentage.
1 The p & m i t d of people planning to emigrate
rose last year
2 Only a s m a ll planned to live abroadperm anently
3 T h e planning short-term em igrationwas higher last year th a n this year
4 There was a rise of t h r e e in thenum ber of people plan nin g to leave
5 Last year, f o u r of people said that
they were th in k in g of em igrating
6 This year, 7 3 of people em igratingdid so for reasons of em ploym ent
Key vocabulary
О Complete the sentences below w ith the words in the box There are tw o words w hich do not fit into any of the gaps.
Moving to a new country
• Being in unfam iliar (1) SMWPMMAmffS can make you
feel lonely
• (2 ) to a new life is a difficult
• It can be hard to understand how to deal withfinancial (5 ) because the system is sodifferent from the one you are (6 ) to
• Researchers have found (7 ) that certainpersonality types have less trouble than others in getting used to living abroad
• If some of the (8 ) in your new countrydon’t make (9 ) to you, it’s a goodidea to (10) out people from your ownculture who can explain them to you
Starting somewhere new ( 7
Trang 9Reading Section 1
О Read the title and the first three paragraphs of the article below Who are ‘Third culture kids’? Circle A,
В or C.
A children whose parents keep m oving from country to country
В children living in a country neither of their parents come from
С children who have ju st arrived in a culture th at is new to them
0 Now read the whole text and answ er Questions 1
THIRD CULTURE KIDS
In a world where international careers are becoming
commonplace, the phenomenon of third culture kids (TCKs) -
children who spend a significant portion of their developmental
years in a culture outside their parents' passport culture(s) - is
increasing exponentially Not only is their number increasing, but
the cultural complexity and relevance of their experience and the
adult TCKs (ATCKs) they become, is also growing
When Ruth Hill Useem, a sociologist, first coined this term in the
1950s, she spent a year researching expatriates in India She
discovered that folks who came from their home (or first) culture
and moved to a host (or second) culture, had, in reality, formed a
culture, or lifestyle, different from either the first or second cultures
She called this the third culture and the children who grew up in
this lifestyle ‘third culture kids’ At that time, most expatriate families
had parents from the same culture and they often remained in one
host culture while overseas
This is no longer the case Take, for example, Brice Royer, the
founder of TCKid.com His father is a half-French/half-Vietnamese
UN peacekeeper, while his mom is Ethiopian Brice lived in seven
countries before he was eighteen including France, Mayotte, La
Reunion, Ethiopia, Egypt, Canada and England He writes, ‘When
people ask me “Where are you from?” I just joke around and say,
“My mom says i'm from heaven.” ’ What other answer can he give?
ATCK Elizabeth Dunbar’s father, Roy, moved from Jamaica to
Britain as a young boy Her mother, Hortense, was bom in Britain
as the child of Jamaican immigrants who always planned to
repatriate ‘one day’ While Elizabeth began life in Britain, her dad’s
international career took the family to the United States, then to
Venezuela and back to living in three different cities in the U.S She
soon realised that while racial diversity may be recognised, the
hidden cultural diversity of her life remained invisible
Despite such complexities, however, most ATCKs say their
experience of growing up among different cultural worlds has given
them many priceless gifts They have seen the world and often
learnt several languages More importantly, through friendships that
cross the usual racial, national or social barriers, they have also
learned the very different ways people see life This offers a great
opportunity to become social and cultural bridges between worlds
that traditionally would never connect ATCK Mikel Jentzsch author
of a best-selling book in Germany, Bloodbrothers - Our Friendsh с
in Liberia, has a German passport but grew up in Niger and then
Liberia Before the Liberian civil war forced his family to leave, Mikel played daily with those who were later forced to become soldiers for that war Through his eyes, the stories of those we would otherwise overlook come to life for the rest of us
Understanding the TCK experience is also important for other reasons Many ATCKs are now in positions of influence and power Their capacity to often think ‘outside the box’ can offer new and creative thinking for doing business and living in our globalising world But that same thinking can create fear for those who see the world from a more traditional world view Neither the non-ATCKs nor the ATCKs may recognise that there may be a cultural clash going
on because, by traditional measures of diversity such as race or gender, they are alike
In addition, many people hear the benefits and challenges of the TCK profile described and wonder why they relate to it when they never lived overseas because of a parent’s career Usually, however, they have grown up cross-culturally in another way, perhaps as children of immigrants, refugees, bi-racial or bi-cuitural unions, international adoptees, even children of minorities If we see the TCK experience as a Petri dish of sorts - a place where the effects of growing up among many cultural worlds accompanied
by a high degree of mobility have been studied - then we can look for what lessons may also be relevant to helping us understand issues other cross-cultural kids (CCKs) may also face It is possible
we may discover that we need to rethink our traditional ways of defining diversity and identity For some, as for TCKs, ‘culture’ may
be something defined by shared experience rather than shared nationality or ethnicity In telling their stories and developing new models for our changing world, many will be able to recognise and use well the great gifts of a cross-cultural childhood and deal successfully with the challenges for their personal, communal and corporate good
Trang 10.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statem ents agree w ith the information given in the reading passage?
Write
TRUE if the statem ent agrees with the information
FALSE if the statem ent contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 There is a close connection betw een careers and the num ber of TCKs
2 An increasing num ber of people describe them selves as TCKs
3 Ruth Hill Useem studied children in several countries
4 Ruth Hill Useem defined the third culture as a m ixture of two p aren ts’ original
cultures
5 Brice Royer feels th at he has benefited greatly from living in m any different countries
6 Elizabeth D unbar felt th at she had a culture th at was different from m ost people’s
Questions 7-13
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
THIRD CULTURE KIDS - ADVANTAGES AND RESULTS
Area Advantage for ATCKs Possible result
worlds and a great deal of
belief that culture depends on
1 3
Starting somewhere new ( 9
Trang 11Writing Task 1
О Look at the chart below W hich of the
descriptions, A-С, correctly m atches the chart?
Why are the other descriptions not appropriate?
A The chart below shows levels of em igration from
Bulgaria in the 15-60 age group in 2001 and
2006
В The chart below shows the plans of Bulgarian
people aged 15-60 concerning leaving Bulgaria
and living or w orking in another country in
2001 and 2006
С The chart below com pares reasons why
Bulgarians aged 15-60 decided to leave Bulgaria
in 2001 and 2006
Emigration intentions, Bulgarians aged 15-60,
2001 & 2006
0 Answer these questions about the chart.
1 W hat did m ost Bulgarians aged 15-60 plan to
do in both y e a rs ?
2 W hich categories were higher in 2006 th a n in
2001?
3 W hat was the lowest category in 2001?
4 W hat happened in th e category of people
intending to live abroad perm anently?
Look at this Writing task and decide w hich of the
statem ents below are correct or not Write Yes or No.
The chart below gives inform ation about the level
o f education o f Bulgarian people who wanted to
go and live in another country in 2002, 2006 and 2008.
Sum m arise the inform ation by selecting
an d reporting the m a in features, and m ake comparisons where relevant.
Level of education of Bulgarians planning
to leave Bulgaria
ioo% -90% 80% -
3 Two of the categories rose in 2006
4 One of th e categories was lower in 2008
th a n in 2002
5 The figure for people w ith p rim ary and
lower education rose each year
6 The figure for secondary education was a lot lower in 2008 th a n in 2006
Now w rite your answ er for the W riting task in Exercise 3.
5 W hich categories were higher in 2001 th a n in
200 6 ?
Trang 12Making comparisons
-»
О This em ail is from Krishna, who has gone to live abroad Complete the sentences w ith
the comparative or superlative form of the adjective or adverb in brackets.
Hi N e h a ,
W e ll, I've b e e n h e re fo r a m o n th n o w a n d th in g s a re fin e O f course, e v e ry th in g h e re is d iffe r e n t fro m w h a t I'm used to , a n d I'm fin d in g som e th in g s ( 1 ) msm. (e a s y ) to d e a l w ith th a n o th e rs
T h e course is ( 2 ) (d e m a n d in g ) th a n I e x p e c te d a n d I'm h a v in g to w o r k ( 3 ) (h a rd )
th a n I ever h a v e b e fo re ( 4 ) (d iffic u lt) a s p e c t o f th e course is th e a m o u n t o f w o r k w e h a v e to
d o Last w e e k I h a d to w r ite fiv e essays - th a t's ( 5 ) (tirin g ) th in g I've e ve r d o n e ! T h e best a sp e c t
o f th e course is th e o th e r stu d e n ts T h e y 're ( 6 ) (frie n d ly ) p e o p le I've e v e r m e t a n d becau se o f
th e m I'm ( 7 ) (stressed) n o w th a n I w a s th e firs t w e e k o f th e course.
Lots o f th in g s h a v e c h a n g e d fo r m e in c o m p aris o n w ith m y life a t h o m e
I h a v e to tra v e l ( 8 ) (fa r) to co lle g e , a lo t o f th in g s a re
( 9 ) (exp en sive) a n d th e w e a th e r is a lo t ( 1 0 ) (b a d )!
T h e city is (1 1 ) (b ig ) th a n a n y w h e r e I've lived b e fo re a n d life is
( 1 2 ) (fa s t) h e re I've n e v e r b e en ( 1 3 ) (b u sy)
th a n I a m n o w b u t th is is ( 1 4 ) (e xc itin g ) th in g I've ever
d o n e a n d I'm re a lly p le a s e d t h a t I'm here!
I'll w r ite to y o u ( 1 5 ) (re g u la r) in fu tu r e
Love,
Krishna
© Complete the first sentence w ith the comparative or superlative form of the word in
brackets Then complete the second sentence so that it has a sim ilar m eaning to the
first sentence.
1 a The tow n I come from is a lot (small) th a n this one
b This tow n i s b.i.g-g-er th a n th e one I come from.
2 a Money is a problem because life here is (expensive) th a n life at home.
b Money is a problem because life at hom e i s th a n life here.
3 a I a m (old) person in my class.
b The other people in my class a r e th a n me.
4 a The tra n sp o rt system here i s (good) th a n the one at home.
b The tra n sp o rt system at home i s th a n the one here.
5 a People here s p e a k (slow) th a n people at home.
b People at hom e s p e a k th a n people here.
6 a M oving to another country i s (difficult) th in g you can do!
b N othing i s th a n m oving to another country.
Starting somewhere new ( ll
Trang 13It’s good for you!
О Read through the article briefly What does it m ainly contain?
Circle A, В or C.
A advice on healthy eating
В facts about food and d rink
С criticism of the food industry
0 Now read the text carefully and answ er Questions 1-13.
A Most of us tend not to think about what we eat Sure,
we might have our favourite recipes, or worry about
whether our food has been sprayed with pesticides,
but the processes and discoveries that have gone into
its production remain a closed book Some, however,
think differently Why, they wonder, is frozen milk
yellow? Why does your mouth burn for longer when
you eat chillies than when you eat mustard? And what
would happen if you threw yourself into a swimming
pool full of jelly?
В It was for such people that New Scientist developed
its ‘Last Word’ column, in which readers pose - and
answer - questions on all manner of abstruse scientific
issues, as they relate to everyday life Many of the
issues raised have simple answers For the questions
above, they would be: the riboflavin in milk begins
to crystallise; it depends on your taste - the relevant
chemical in mustard is more easily washed away by
your saliva; and, youd float, but don’t dive in headfirst!
С Other questions allow us to explore issues that are relevant to everyone For example, what’s the difference between sell-by dates and use-by dates? You might expect the answer to involve overcautious health and safety regulation But it’s more complex than that The shelf life of food is actually determined by its manufacturers, although lab tests and government guidelines also come into play Food is tested
periodically, at various temperatures, to check the level
of bacterial spoilage over a few hours or days - the warmer it is, the more likely your prawn sandwich is to make you ill After the lab tests, producers set a use-by date or a best-before date Fresh shellfish need to be consumed by their use-by date (the date by which you must eat them) But tinned beans will probably last long beyond their best-before date (the date by which it’s best to eat them), although they might not taste as good
as they once did
water, which had previously lain underground for decades, needs a best-before date The problem isn’t the water, but the bottling process: either bacteria can
be introduced that multiply and, over time, contaminate the water, or unpleasant chemicals, such as antimony, leach into the water from the plastic bottles
Trang 14E Sometimes, this kind of scientific study takes us to
some strange places For example, we now know
that the amount of oxygen in the air inside green
- peppers is higher than in red (by a whopping 1.23
percent), probably due to the different rate at which
green peppers photosynthesise The relevance of this
research is that green peppers will decay faster than
red if kept in sunlight: higher oxygen levels provide
more resources to feed any bacteria that are present
Generally, cooler environments preserve food best -
apart from tropical fruit Banana skins, for example,
have evolved to survive in warm conditions, because
that is where they grow best Anything below 13.3°C
damages the membranes, releasing enzymes which
lead to skin blackening To avoid a mushy banana,
keep it away from the chiller
F It is not just fears for our health that keep food
scientists busy They are also involved in other areas •
Their precision has, for example, also been applied
to bottles - in particular, to the discovery that the
optimum number of sharp pointy bits on a bottle cap
is 21 Go on, count them Years of trial and error led
to the internationally accepted German standard DIN
6099, which ensures that almost every bottle cap is
the same This is because 21 is the ideal number when
you take into account the circumference of the cap, the
likelihood of its metal splitting, and the chances
of it sticking in the capping machine So, next time
you open a bottle with a cap on it, pay homage to those
who bothered to find out, starting with William Painter,
in 1892
serious stuff, driven by fear of the future and an ever-
increasing population on a warming, land-impoverished
planet Sadly, New Scientist’s correspondents concluded
that there was no one foodstuff that could feed the
world on its own However, they did come up with a
menu that could feed a family of four for 365 days a
year, using only eight square metres of land Rotating
crops (so that the soil didn’t lose one nutrient more
than any other) would be vital, as would ploughing
back dead plant m atter and maintaining a vegetarian
diet After that, you would need to grow crops that take
up very little space and grow vertically rather than
horizontally, if possible
Questions 1-7
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A -G
from the list o f headings below.
i W hy a p articular piece of inform ation isgiven
ii An unsolved problem and a solution to aproblem
iii Reasons that rem ain a m ystery
v i Contrasting levels of interest in food
v iii Inform ation connected w ith keepingcertain kinds of food
ix How certain advice is decided on
X Ideas not put into practice
W hich TWO o f the following are explained by the
writer in the text?
A w hy the ‘Last W ord’ colum n was created
В w hy use-by dates are m ore im portant th a n sell-by dates
С how to prevent bacteria getting into bottled water
D a way in w hich peppers are sim ilar to b an an as
E why m ost bottle caps have a com m on feature
Trang 15Questions 10-11
Which TWO problems connected w ith food does
the writer mention?
A confusing inform ation about the use of
pesticides
В feeling pain w hen eating som ething
С sell-by dates som etim es being inaccurate
D feeling ill because of eating food after its best-
before date
E the effect of sunlight on green peppers
Questions 12-13
W hich TWO o f the following would a family of
four need to do to feed itself every day o f the year,
according to New Scientist?
A use more th a n one piece of land
В grow the sam e crop all the tim e
С put dead plants into the soil
D plant only crops th at grow very quickly
E concentrate on crops th at grow vertically
О Look at both tasks W hen is the speaker talking?
Circle A, В or C.
A at the begining of a conference
В during the planning of a conference
С at the end of a conference
@ $3^ Now listen and answ er Questions 1-10.
Questions 1-5
Choose the correct letter, A, В or C.
1 The speaker says th at the conference includes
issues w hich
A were requested by participants
В are seldom discussed.
С cause disagreem ent
2 The speaker says th a t in the past, this subject
A caused problem s in the workplace
В was not som ething com panies focused on
С did not need to be addressed
The speaker m entions a connection betw een health and fitness and
A keeping employees
В em ployees’ perform ance.
С a com pany’s reputation
W hat does the speaker say about the people attending the conference?
A Some of them m ay feel th a t there is not
m uch they can learn
В All of them have attended the conference
A work together in pairs
В pretend to have various roles.
С describe real events
Questions 6-10
Label the m ap below.
Write the correct letter, A-H , next to questions
6 - 10 .
6 Setting Up a Fitness Centre
7 Healthy Eating Schemes
8 Transport Initiatives
9 R unning Sports Teams
10 Conference Coordinator’s Office
Trang 16Word formation
0 Complete each sentence w ith the correct form of
the word in brackets.
people know w hat to eat (educate)
2 Yesterday s h e him for being too
lazy to keep fit (critic)
3 Even if exercise i s , it’s better th an
no exercise, (regular)
4 Going for a ru n on a day is a nice
way to spend your tim e, (sun)
(day)
6 Som etimes children don’t w ant to eat healthy
food because of i t s (appear)
7 There is a connection betw een being healthy
and having a high level o f
(happy)
8 People who a r e can have health
problem s th at fitter people don’t have, (active)
0 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
sim ilar m eaning to the first Use the correct form
of the underlined word in the first sentence.
1 a The m anufacturers claim th at the additives
don’t do children any h a rm ,
b The m anufacturers claim th at th e additives
are k&mfess to children.
2 a There has been a dram atic rise in th e num ber
of obese people in this country,
b The num ber of obese people in th is country
has r is e n
3 a Food producers should m ake the inform ation
on their products sim pler
b Food producers s h o u ld the
inform ation on th eir products
4 a There were a lot of people ru n n in g in the
park
b There were a lot of in the park
5 a I was surprised th at I got fit so quickly,
b It w a s to m e th at I got fit so
quickly
6 a There w ere som e figures th a t people did n ’t
expect in the report on the n ation ’s health
b There w ere some figures in thereport on the n ation ’s health
Key vocabulary
© Complete the sentences below, then use the words
to complete this crossword.
5 A fo o d is a sm all stru ctu re w here
you can buy food, for exam ple in a m arket or in
a street
8 If food is grow n or p ro d u c e d , itcomes from the area nearby
Down
1 If som ething i s to happen, it willprobably happen
2 If som ething i s , it is not natural.
Trang 17Writing Task 2
Q Read the follow ing Writing task.
W rite about the following topic:
Some people say that in the modern world it is
very difficult for people to have a healthy lifestyle
Others, however, say that it is easy for people to
be healthy and fit if they w ant to be.
Discuss both these views and give your own
opinion.
Give reasons for your answ er and include any
relevant exam ples from your knowledge or
experience
Below are three essay plans that candidates made
for this question W hich one is the best essay plan
for this question? W hy is it the best one and why
are the others not as good?
Paragraph 1: introduce the issue: healthy/
Paragraph 2: what I do to stay fit and healthy
Paragraph 3: some advice on healthy eating
Paragraph 4: conclusion: anyone can be fit and
healthy if they want to be
Paragraph 1: introduce the subject: problem of
Paragraph 4: why some people aren’t fit
Paragraph 5: the results for people of haw ng
unhealthy lifestyles
Paragraph 6: conclusion: it’s a big problem
0 Com plete th e p h ra se s below, th a t could be u se d in
th e W ritin g task , w ith th e verb s in th e box
0 To w rite a good an sw er, you n eed to u se lin k in g
w ords a n d p h rases Com plete th e sen ten ces below
w ith th e w ords a n d p h ra se s in th e box
■ 1 If you exercise regularly, oyer J m e you will fi that your general health improves
2 People use th eir cars instead of w alking
, they get very little exercise
3 It is easy to buy healthy food in shops nowadays
, some of it is quite expensive
4 Lack of exercise is one problem for some people
is the am ount of junk food they eat
5 There are gym s w here people can get fit and the
a r e ways of getting fit at home
6 Some people th in k it’s difficult to get fit
, it can be very easy
7 M any p e o p le , office workers, have j
th at involve sitting in the sam e place all day
Q Now w rite y o u r a n s w e r for th e W ritin g ta sk abov<
16) U nit 2
Trang 18Countable and uncountable nouns
О Complete the sentences below w ith the plural or
uncountable form of the words in the box.
group research job way
know ledge w o rk program m e
equipm ent inform ation suggestion
1 More and m ore people now adays are following
4 According t o , the percentage of
overw eight people is growing
5 This booklet contains m any u s e fu l
on how to keep fit
6 Some people prefer to exercise i n
and so they join fitness classes
7 At our gym, we have all the latest fitness
for people to use
8 Scientists are always increasing their
of how the body works
9 This book suggests a num ber o f to
help you lose weight
10 My sister is looking f o r at a health
2 T here’s a large / great deal of pollution in this
city at th is tim e of year
3 It took me a lot o f / m any tim e to get fit again
after my injury
4 There is plenty / a wide range of fitness courses
th a t you can do
5 Bad diets cause a large am oun t / num ber of
8 It doesn’t take m uch / m any effort to stay fit if
you w ant to do it
9 My grandfather is very lucky He has few / a few
problem s w ith his health
10 Even a few / a little exercise w ould be good for
2 You don’t need a large am ount of equipm ents to
do varied exercise ro u tines
3 People are given a lot of advices about how to have healthy lifestyles
4 Ju n k food does a lot of dam ages to people’s
8 People som etim es need help to solve problem
w ith th eir weight
Trang 19Getting the message across
Q Look at all of the tasks What are the speakers
talking about? Circle A, В or C.
A a dissertation th e student is p lanning
В a dissertation th e student is w riting
С a dissertation the student has completed
© Now listen and answ er Questions 1-10.
Questions 1-4
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Questions 1-2
Which TWO areas o f work did Beth include in her
dissertation?
A retail
В ban kin g
С call centres
D tourism
E translation
Questions 3 -4
Which TWO aspects o f the dissertation were
impressive, according to the tutor?
A su m m ary of academ ic research
В analysis of videos
С observation of live interactions
D interview s
E analysis of data on the outcom es
Questions 5 -8
W hich com m ents do the speakers m ake about each section of th e dissertation?
Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-F, next to Questions 5-8.
Sections of Dissertation
Dealing w ith Com plaints
Collaborating w ith Colleagues
Interacting w ith M anagers
Giving Instructions
A There is not enough evidence
В The conclusion is confusing.
С It highlights a real problem
D It is particularly well organised.
E There are too m any examples
F It includes new ideas.
Questions 9-10
A nsw er the question below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each
answer.
Which TWO aspects o f com m unication does Beth
emphasise in her conclusion?
6 7 8
Trang 20♦ ^ S tu d e n t’s Book unit 3, p28
О Complete this paragraph about a piece of college
work w ith the words in the box You may need to
form a plural noun for som e gaps.
evaluation extract weakness
finding assig nm ent structure
assessment feature
Teach, learn or stu d y? F ind o u t or kn o w ?
© Correct the underlined verbs if necessary Put a tick ( / ) , above the verb if it is correct.
3 I learnt a lot from doing th at course
4 I haven’t been able to know m uch inform ation on this topic
5 I handed in my work last week but I don’t learn
w hat m ark I got
6 We had to learn hard because we had to w rite lots
of essays
7 If I study hard, I’m sure I’ll do well
8 Nobody taught me how to do this, I found out for myself
Key vocabulary
© Complete the second sentences w ith one word so that they are sim ilar in m eaning to the first sentences.
1 How languages are learnt is an interesting subject
2 English isn ’t his first language
He isn ’t a speaker of English
3 It took m e about five hours
It took me more o r five hours
4 This kind of work isn ’t easy for me
I don’t th is kind of work easy
5 She doesn’t belong to the Dram a Club any more.She n o belongs to the Dram a Club
6 I th in k h e’s trying to lose weight
8 The im portant th ing is th at you get a good degree
W h a t is th at you get a good degree
language skills in various countries To do this,
I read short ( 2 ) from various long
reports and I had to list the ( 3 ) of
various research projects I paid careful attention
to the ( 4 ) of my report because it had
to be well organised in clear sections One of my
( 5 ) is that my work is sometimes
not clear and well organised When w e’ve
completed a piece of work, we are encouraged
to do self- ( 6 ) to see if we find
anything we can improve in our work, and then
we have a system of peer (7 ) and
comment on each other’s work One of the main
( 8 ) of my work is a comparison
between the num ber of people who are literate
and the num ber who can’t read or write in
various countries
Getting the message across (l9)
Trang 21Reading Section 3
0 Read through the article briefly and look at
the second task, Questions 5-9.
In which paragraphs of the text will you find
the information that you require to do this task?
0 Now read the article carefully and answer
Questions 1-14.
STRICTLY ENGLISH
British newspaper columnist Simon Heffer talks about
his new book, ‘Strictly English: the Correct Way to
Write and Why It M atters’, aimed at native speakers
For the last couple of years I have sent a round-robin
email to my colleagues at this newspaper every few
weeks pointing out to them mistakes that we make in
our use of the English language Happily, these are
reasonably rare The emails have been circulated on
the Internet - and are now available on the paper’s
website - and one of them ended up in the inbox of a
publisher at Random House about this time last year
He asked me whether I would write a book not just on
what constituted correct English, but also why it matters
The former is relatively easy to do, once one has armed
oneself with the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and
some reputable grammar books by way of research
materials The latter, being a matter for debate, is less
straightforward
I suppose my own interest in language started at school
Having studied French, Latin and Greek, I saw clearly
how those languages had exported words into our own
When I studied German later on, I could see even
more clearly why it was the sister tongue and what an
enormous impact it had had on English I saw that words
had specific meanings and that, for the avoidance of
doubt, it was best to use them in the correct way Most
of all, I became fascinated by grammar, and especially
by the logic that drove it and that was common to all the
other languages I knew I did not intend in those days to
earn a living by writing; but I was keen to ensure that
my use of English was, as far as possible, correct
Studying English at university forced me to focus even
more intently on what words actually meant: why would
a writer choose that noun rather than another and why
that adjective - or, in George Orwell’s case, often no
adjective at all Was the ambiguity in a certain order
of words deliberate or accidental? The whole question
of communication is rooted in such things For the
second part of my degree I specialised in the history
of the English language, studying how words had changed their meaning and how grammar had evolved Language had become not just a tool for me, but something of a hobby
Can English, though, ever be fixed? O f course not:
if you read a passage from Chaucer you will see that the meaning of words and the framework of grammar has shifted over the centuries, and both will continue
to evolve But we have had a standard dictionary now ever since the OED was completed in 1928, and learned men, many of whom contributed to the OED, wrote grammars a century ago that settled a pattern of language that was logical and free from the danger of ambiguity
It is to these standards that I hope Strictly English is
looking Our language is to a great extent settled and codified, and to a standard that people recognise and are comfortable with All my book does is describe and commend that standard, and help people towards
a capable grasp of the English tongue We shall always need new words to describe new things; but we don’t need the wrong word to describe the right thing, when the right word exists Also, English grammar shouldn’t
be a matter for debate It has a coherent and logical structure and we should stick to it
Some groups of people - state officials, academics, lawyers, certain breeds of scientist - talk to each other in a private language Some official documents make little sense to lay people because they have to
be written in a language that combines avoidance
of the politically incorrect with constant use of the contemporary jargon of the profession Some articles written by academics in particular are almost incomprehensible to those outside their circle This is not because the outsiders are stupid It is because the academics feel they have to write in a certain stilted, dense way in order to be taken seriously by their peers.Many officials seem to have lost the knack of
communicating with people outside their closed world
Trang 22Some academics, however, are bilingual If asked
to write for a publication outside the circle - such
as a newspaper - they can rediscover the knack
of writing reasonably plain English They do not
indulge themselves in such a fashion when they
write for learned journals It is almost as though
the purpose of such writing is not to be clear: that
the writer is recording research in order to prove to
peers or superiors that he has discovered something
It does not seem to bother such people that their
style is considered ugly and barbaric by anyone of
discernment It is repetitious, long-winded, abstract
and abstruse Those who write in such a way
probably will not easily be discouraged, unless what
is considered acceptable within their disciplines
changes
The ideal style is one comprehensible to any
intelligent person If you make a conscious decision
to communicate with a select group, so be it: but in
trying to appeal to a large audience, or even a small -
one that you wish to be sure will understand your
meaning, writing of the sort mentioned above will
not do This sort of writing used to be kept from the
general public thanks to the need to find someone to
publish it The advent of the Internet means that it is
now much more widespread than it used to be; and
the fact that it is now so common and so accessible
means that this sort of writing is having a harmful
effect on the language and causing it to be corrupted
Questions 1-4
Do the following statem ents agree with the views
o f the writer in the reading passage?
Write
YES if the statem ent agrees with the
views o f the writer
views o f the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say w hat the
writer thinks about this
1 The m istakes m ade by his colleagues are
m inor ones
2 It is difficult to explain why using correct
English is im portant
3 English gram m ar has a different function from
the gram m ar of other languages
4 Word order m ay be as im portant as the choice
of words used
Questions 5-9
Conyjlete the sum m ary using the list o f words,
A-H, below.
The rules of English
According to the writer, the English language
should not be considered something 5 ,
and this will always be the case However, there have been accepted reference books for over acentury that were produced by 6 people, andthese have established a system for the language that enables people to express themselves in a completely clear way
In his own book, the writer aims to describe and support the established rules of the language thatare in 7 use and that people are accustomed
to He also wants his book to be 8 as a way
of improving people’s ability at the language He believes that there is no reason why someone’s use of vocabulary should not be correct and that
gram m ar should not be a 9 subject In his
view, a system of gram m ar rules exists and people should always obey those rules
Choose the correct letter, А, В, С or D.
10 The w riter says that some groups of people use
a ‘private language’ because
A they do not w ant outsiders to be able to
A m aking sense to people outside their group.
В w riting very clearly for learned journals
С changing the way they com m unicate w ithin their ow n group
D explaining other people’s w ork to the
general public
Getting the message across (21
Trang 2312 W hen discussing th e w riting of academ ics
about th eir research, the w riter em phasises
A his ow n lack of knowledge of the academ ic
world
В his desire to un d erstan d w hat they
describe
С his sym pathy for some of the academ ics
D his dislike for the style used in their
writing
13 The w riter says that the kind of language used
by academ ics in journals
A is becom ing m ore widely understood by
D appeals only to highly intelligent people.
14 The w riter’s opinion of th e Internet is th at
A it is m aking people m ore aw are of the poor
use of language
В it is encouraging standards of language use
to fall
С it is enabling people to com pare good and
poor use of language
D it is m aking it harder for good'w riting to get
published
I _
Grammar
Tenses
0 Complete these statem ents by IELTS candidates,
using the past sim ple, present perfect or present
perfect continuous forms of the verbs in the
box You may need to use a negative verb in
some gaps.
have g e t find w rite put give be
w o rk look make study leave
1 I g-cj a very good m ark for my essay
last week
2 I’m very busy because my t u to r me
a very difficult piece of work to do
3 I for a book on th is subject for days
bu t I one yet
know m uch about it
5 I on the student com m ittee for two
because I enough time
6 I on this project for th ree weeksand I’m m aking good progress
7 I a few m istakes in the essay I yesterday
8 I my nam e on the list for thecollege trip and I’m looking forw ard to it Prepositions
Q Student's Book unit 3, p36
© Look at the graph from a com m unication com pany’s report Complete the sentences
w ith the correct prepositions.
M ob ile p h on e sa le s 2010
5,000 .
( Ja n in F i T l f M a r ) ( ~ Л р Л ( M a y )f Ju n )( J u l )(~ *iii~ X S e p t )( O c t ) ( N o» j( Dec
1 Sales of mobile phones showed a sm all rise
4 This m eant th at sales f e ll 2 5% comparec
w ith the previous m onth
the num ber of new products launched.,
Trang 24Writing Task 1
О W hich of these descriptions best m atches the
graphs below? Circle A, В or C.
A The graphs below give inform ation on the
num ber of words spoken to children in
various categories of fam ily and the size of the
vocabulary of those children
В The graphs below com pare the num ber of words
children in different categories of fam ily can
und erstan d w ith the num ber of words they use
С The graphs below show rises in th e vocabulary
levels of both young children an d older people in
different categories of family
Total w ord s sp o k e n to ch ild
Age of child in months
■ ■ ■ H ig h e r - ta lk in g fa m ilie s ■ ■ ■ ■ L o w e r - ta lk in g fa m ilie s L o w e s t- ta lk in g fa m ilie s
C hildren ’s total v o ca b u la ry s iz e
© Complete these sentences about the graphs w ith
the correct information.
1 The num ber of words spoken to children in
fam ilies rises from about 10 m illion
to over 30 m illion betw een the ages of 12
m onths and 36 m onths
2 The highest num ber of words spoken to any
children aged 48 m onths is approxim ately
3 Children a g e d in the low est-talking
fam ilies h ear approxim ately 10 m illion words
36 m onths is nearly words and thehighest is ap p ro x im ately words
5 The vocabulary of children in h ig h er-talk in g fam ilies rises very steeply from the age of
6 Children in t h e fam ilies reach avocabulary of 200 words at approxim ately the age of 26 m onths
© W hich of the follow ing is the best overview of the information in the two graphs? Circle A, В or C.
A Young children in fam ilies that talk a lot
increase their vocabulary m uch m ore quickly
th a n young children in fam ilies th at don’t talk
so much
В The vocabulary of young children increases
rapidly even if th eir fam ilies do not talk to them very much
С The increase in a young child’s vocabulary is
not always linked to the am ount of talking their fam ilies do
О Look at this Writing task and write your answer.
The table below gives the results o f two surveys,
in 1997 and 2006, in which people were asked which com m unication skills were essential in their jobs.
Sum m arise the inform ation by selecting
a nd reporting the m a in features, a nd m ake comparisons where relevant.
W h ich c o m m u n ica tio n s k ills are e s se n tia l in you r job? (S u rvey 1997 & 2006)
I Communication: Internal (within company)
Instructing or training people 25 30 Persuading or influencing others 16 21
M aking speeches or presentations 7 11 Analysing problem s together w ith others 20 26 Planning the activities o f others 14 15 Listening carefully to colleagues 38 47
Getting the message across (23)
Trang 25New media
О Read through the article briefly Then read
Questions 1-6 and answ er the follow ing question.
In which paragraphs will you find the, information
that you need to do this task ?
0 Now read the text carefully and answer
Questions 1-13.
IS CONSTANT USE OF ELECTRONIC
MEDIA CHANGING OUR MINDS?
The pow er o f m odern electronic m edia - the net, m obile
phones and video games - to capture the attention o f
the hum an m ind, p a rticu la rly the young m ind, and then
distract it, has lately becom e a subject o f concern We
are, say the w orriers, losing the a b ility to apply ourselves
p ro p e rly to a single task, like reading a book in its entirety
o r mastering a piece o f music on an instrum ent, w ith the
result that o ur th inking is becom ing shallower
Nicholas Carr, the Am erican science w riter, has explored
this them e fo r his new book, The Shallows, in w hich he
argues that new m edia are not just changing our habits
but o ur brain too It turns out that the m ature hum an brain
is not an im m utable seat o f personality and intellect but
a changeable thing, subject to ‘n europlasticity’/W h e n our
activities alter, so does the architecture o f o u r brain ‘ I’m
not th inking the way I used to think,’ w rites Carr ‘ I feel
it most strongly w hen I’m reading.’ Years o f internet use have, he suspects, dented his a b ility to read deeply, to absorb him self in books: ‘ My brain wasn’t just driftin g It was hungry It was dem anding to be fed the way the net fed it.’ He describes getting fidgety w hen faced w ith a long text: ‘W hen we go online, we enter an environm ent that prom otes cursory reading, h u rrie d and distracted thinking, and superficial learning.’
Carr cites research by Gary Small, a professor of psychiatry at UCLA, w h o concluded that constant exposure to m odern m edia strengthens new neural pathways w h ile w eakening o ld e r ones Just five hours
o f internet use is enough to awaken previously dorm ant parts o f the brain’s pre-fontal cortex, concluded Small.For Carr, this is p ro o f that the net can rew ire the m ind He sees dangers Deep thought, the a b ility to im m erse oneself
in an area o f study, to fo llo w a narrative, to understand
an argum ent and develop a critique, is giving way to skimming Young users o f the Internet are good at draw ing together inform a tio n fo r a school project, fo r example, but that does not mean they have digested it
But is a changing m ind a m ore stupid one? Jake V igdor and Helen Ladd are researchers at Duke University, North Carolina In a study spanning five years and involving
m ore than 100,000 children, they discovered a correlation between declining test scores in both mathematics and reading and the spread o f home com puters and broadband ‘The decline in scores was in the o rde r of one o r tw o percent but it was statistically significant,’ says Vigdor ‘The d ro p may not be that great but one can say that the increase in com puter use was certainly not positive.’ The c u t-o ff year fo r the study was 2005,
w hen socialising was m ore prim itive Since then, social netw orking sites have becom e enorm ously pow erful consumers o f young p eople’s tim e V igdor and Ladd concluded that the educational value o f hom e com puting was best realised w hen youngsters were actively supervised by parents
This tendency to skim is com pounded by the tem ptation
o f new media users to ‘m ulti-task’ Watch a youngster
on a com puter and he could be Facebook-ing w h ile
b urning a CD or Tweeting on his m obile phone M odern
m anagement tends to prom ote m ulti-tasking as an expression o f increased efficiency Science, on the other hand, does not The hum an brain is, it seems, not
at all good at m ulti-tasking - unless it involves a highly developed skill like driving David Meyer, a neuroscientist
Trang 26at the U niversity o f Michigan, says: ‘The bottom line is that
you can’t sim ultaneously be th inking about y o u r tax return
and reading an essay, just as you can’t talk to yourself
about tw o things at once People may th ink otherw ise but
it’s a myth W ith com plicated tasks, you w ill never, ever be
able to overcome the inherent lim itations in the brain.’
Paying attention is the prerequisite o f m em ory: the sharper
the attention, the sharper the m em ory Cursory study born
of the know ledge that inform ation is easily available online
results, say the w o rriers, in a fa ilu re to digest it In addition,
the brain needs rest and recovery tim e to consolidate
thoughts Teenagers w h o fill every m om ent w ith a text or
Tweet are not allow ing th e ir m inds necessary dow ntim e
All rather w orrying, but is it that bad?
We have been here before, o f course The A ncient Greeks
lam ented the replacem ent o f the oral tra d itio n w ith w ritten
text, and the explosion in book ow nership resulting from
the p rin ting press was, fo r some, a disaster In the 18th
century, a French statesman railed against a new device
that turned people into ‘disp erse d ’ individuals, isolated in
‘sullen silence’ He was talking about the newspaper
The net is supposed to consume the lives o f young people,
yet the o nly reliable studies about the tim e spent online,
collated by the W o rld Health O rganization, suggest
children spend between tw o and fo u r hours in fro n t o f
screens, including television screens, and not six or seven,
as often suggested Moreover, there is evidence that
youngsters w ho use social netw orking sites have more
rew arding o ffline social lives than those w h o do not
A study on children and new technology in the UK
included a ‘study o f studies’ by Professor David
Buckingham o f the U niversity o f London’s Institute o f
Education He concluded: ‘ Broadly speaking, the evidence
about the effects o f new m edia is weak and inconclusive -
and this applies to both positive and negative effects.’
C ertainly the ‘o ld ’ m edia d on’t seem to be doing that badly
An annual survey shows that sales o f ch ildre n ’s books this
year w ere 4.9 per cent greater than last year, w ith m ore
than 60 m illio n sold The damage, if any, done by excessive
com puter tim e may not be so much to do w ith w hat is
being done o nline as what is being missed - tim e spent
w ith fa m ily or playing in trees w ith friends
Questions 1-6
DcHhe following statem ents agree w ith theinform ation given in the reading passage?
Write TRUE if the statem ent agrees with the
information FALSE if the statem ent contradicts the
information
N O T GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Some people believe that m odern electronic
m edia only have a negative effect on young people
2 Nicholas C arr’s book on the subject is a bestseller
3 Nicholas Carr believes th at electronic m edia have affected his enjoym ent of reading books
4 Gary Sm all’s research supports Nicholas C arr’s beliefs
5 M anagem ent beliefs on m ulti-tasking are proved correct by scientific research
6 David M eyer’s views on the lim itations of the brain have caused controversy
Questions 7-10
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR
A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Vigdor and Ladd’s research
New media (25
Trang 27Questions 11-13
Answ er the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR
A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
11 W hich invention was criticised by an 18th
cen tu ry French politician?
12 According to studies th at can be trusted,
w hat is the m axim um am o u nt of tim e per
day th at children spend looking at screens?
13 W hich products have becom e more popular
recently?
О You w ill hear an expert giving a talk on blogs
Look at Questions 6-10 and answ er the following
question.
Which three questions need a noun
to fill the g ap?
@ ^ Now listen and answer Questions 1-10.
Q uestions 1-5
Complete the sum m ary below.
Write ONE OR TWO WORDS for each answer.
Blogs and the History of Blogging
A blog can perhaps be best described as a website
that consists of a kind of journal that is regularly
updated Blogs cover a very wide variety of
topics and many of them are personal diaries
Blogs are usually not 1 because they
have interactive elements, which may lead to
friendships or even 2 relationships
between people
The first ‘blog’ was probably created in 1994 by
a student and he called it his ‘3
Similar websites were then created and these
included both links and 4 In
1999, someone changed the term used for these
websites by creating the phrase ‘5 ’,
and therefore invented the term ‘blog’
Questions 6-10
Complete the flow chart below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Blogging Workflow - Advice
Decide what the 6 of your postswill be
have responded to your post
♦
Go on to other blogs and leave comments
Trang 28Cause, factor and reason
О Complete the sentences w ith causes, reasons or
factors.
1 Illegal internet dow nloading is one of the m ain
of the problem s faced by record
com panies
2 One of t h e why fewer people buy
new spapers these days is th at they can read
them online
3 W hen considering w hich com puter to get,
reliability is one of the k e y
4 Children like com puter games for a num ber of
, for exam ple, because th e graphics
are exciting
5 The results of this problem are k now n but w hat
are t h e ?
6 Price and num ber of applications are am ong
t h e th at determ ine how popular a
digital product becomes
^ S t u d e n t ’s B o o k u n it 4, p42
@ Complete the sentences about internet use w ith
the jumbled words in the box.
WBOESR CUHOT NODDAW LO Ш
ETAD SIVTI HRCAERSE ITGKNREOWN
• I often ( 1 ) Crhr&t to friends on a social
and I check the site for m essages several
tim es a day
• I need to ( 4 ) th is topic and I’m
going to ( 5 ) various docum ents
from a num ber of places
• I often ( 6 ) the Internet for long
periods of tim e and ( 7 ) lots of
different sites
• I use internet news sites to keep in
( 8 ) w ith world events
Key vocabulary
© Complete the sentences below w ith the verbs in the Ъох Two of the verbs do not fit into any of the gaps.
do experiment reveal launch evolve transformcarry attract turn lack restrict d iscourage
1 Parents try to disaoumgz their children from
using'com puters too much
2 Did people realise th at com puters would
com pletely th e way we live?
3 Some children who spend a lot of tim e oncom puters m a y the incentive to goout and m ake friends face to face
4 Stories about the dangers of internet use
attention w hen they appear in themedia
5 E x p e rts a lot of research on how
people use computers
6 S ta tistic s th at some children spend
m any hours a day in front of screens
7 Some p arents try t o the am ount oftim e their children use the Internet
8 W henever c o m p a n ie s new gamesconsoles, children w ant to buy them
9 Children like t o w ith new gadgets
to find out w hat they can do
10 How will th e way people use com puters
over the next few decades?
!
New media (27
Trang 29Writing Task 2
О Read this W riting task and underline the
m ain points.
W rite about the following topic:
The use o f electronic m edia has a negative effect
on personal relationships between people.
To w hat extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answ er and include any
relevant exam ples from your know ledge or
experience
0 What m ust your answ er include? Write Yes or No
in the spaces next to each choice.
A a m ention of at least one kind of electronic
m edia
В your opinion on w hether the statem ent
is tru e or not
С your favourite kinds of electronic m edia
D how the use of electronic m edia canaffect personal relationships
E w hich forms of electronic m edia are the
m ost expensive
F a com parison betw een young people andolder people
G how people interact using electronic m edia
H a prediction about future use of electronic
m edia
0 W hich of these notes for the above task are relevant and could be included in an answ er and
w hich are not? Write Yes or No.
A people don’t speak to each other face to face
В people som etim es don’t read or reply to em ailsand texts
С some electronic gadgets quickly becom e fashioned
old-D some people m ake lots of friends on socialnetw orking s ite s
E some electronic gadgets are more popular th anothers
F people som etim es send m essages w ithout
Trang 30However, althou gh, even and on the o th e r h a n d
^ S t u d e n t 's B o o k u n it 4, p44
О Decide w hich of the follow ing sentences about
using the Internet for research is correct
Som etim es more than one choice may be correct.
1 A The Internet is often a good place for
research, however other sources of
inform ation can be better
В A lthough the Internet is often a good place
for research, other sources of inform ation can
be better
С The Internet is often a good place for
research Even though, other sources of
inform ation can be better
2 A T here’s a lot of inform ation on the Internet
On the other hand, some of it isn’t accurate
В T here’s a lot of inform ation on the Internet.
Although, some of it isn’t accurate
С T here’s a lot of inform ation on the Internet
However, some of it isn ’t accurate
3 A You can find a lot of useful inform ation on
the web, although it can take a long tim e to
find it
В You can find a lot of useful inform ation on
the web, even though it can take a long tim e
to find it
С You can find a lot of useful inform ation on
the web however it can take a long tim e to
find it
!
4 A However in ternet research is useful, it’s not always th e best kind of research
В Internet research is useful on the other han d
* it’s not always th e best kind of research
С Even th ough internet research is useful, it’s not always the best kind of research
A rticles
0 Choose the correct options.
1 I really w ant to go to а /а п university in the U.S.
2 A / The m usic ind ustry in Britain w ants the / а
governm ent to stop illegal dow nloading
3 I spend а / an hour on Facebook every m orning
before I go to college
4 My sister starts a / - university in September.
5 Can you im agine the / - life w ithout an / the
Internet?
6 I found a / the brilliant website last night I’ve
em ailed all my friends about the / a site.
7 Do you have the / - argum ents w ith your fam ily
about who can use your hom e computer?
8 The / A first th ing to do w hen you w ant to start
a blog is to decide on the topic
9 - / The quickest way to contact the / - friends is
by texting them
10 - / The young are always keen to try new
technology
© Complete the follow ing paragraph w ith a, an, the
or - (if there is no article).
It is extraordinary how quickly (1 ) Ike- Internetand email have become ( 2 ) enormouspart of everyone’s lives Not so many years ago,people didn’t have ( 3 ) PCs and ( 4 ) computers were very big objects that only existed
in ( 5 ) big companies and organisations.When it was ( 6 ) new invention, only(7 ) rich could afford ( 8 ) PC
But now almost everyone has ( 9 ) homecomputer and they have changed (10 )
people’s lives Instead of making (11)
phone call or writing (1 2 ) letter, they send(1 3) email They use them at (14) work and (1 5 ) children use them at(16) school In a very short time, they havebecome (17) most important tool in
(1 8) world
New media (29)
Trang 31The world in
Questions 7-10
Complete the table below.
Write ONE WORD for each answer.
our hands
О Look at the first task, Questions 1-6.
Which questions might need a num ber only for the
answ er?
© ^ Now listen and answ er Questions 1-10.
Q uestions 1-6
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR
A NUMBER for each answer.
The Volunteer Agency
• has recruited 1 people forenvironm ental projects
2 or going into the rain forest
• m ajor project for dealing w ith
Name of organisation Numbers Example volunteer activity
7 of wildlife
Trang 32Nature, th e en viro n m e n t o r th e co u n try sid e ?
Tourist or to u rism ?
Q Complete the sentences by putting nature,
environm ent, countryside, tourist or tourism in
each gap.
countries
2 If you are a ‘resp o n sib le you try
to m ake sure th at you don’t do dam age to the
in the country you are visiting
3 People who l ik e enjoy getting out of
cities and going to t h e
4 From our room we had a w onderful view over
s p e c ta c u la r
5 Increases i n can som etim es have a
bad effect on places
1 Solving th at environm ental problem is a big
акйЯ&гwg-6 and will take a long tim e
2 You have to create a p ro p e r for the
supply of alternative energy supplies
3 W hat kind of p o w e r should be built
6 After reducing em issions, the n e x t
is to use alternative energy supplies
© Complete the sentences below connected w ith environm ental issues, using words from the wordsearch.
1 W hat can be done to protect the
e-.udcmff&md species of th e world before
they die out?
2 Is it possible to cut dow n on the use of
fuels?
3 W h ic h energy sources canreplace the energy sources currently used?
4 Is it possible to stop t h e ofrainforests?
5 Has the problem of c lim a te been caused by h um an activity?
6 A lot of dam age is done w hen greenhouse gases are released into t h e
7 It is becom ing harder for some species to survive
in their n a tu r a l
8 Scientists and designers are trying to design cars
w ith z e r o
9 There are w ild life
program m es to protect various species
10 There is some evidence th at rising sea
are happening in various
p a rts of the world
!
The world in our hands (31
Trang 33Reading Section 2
О Read through the text about Russia’s boreal
forests briefly and look at Questions 6-9.
In which sections of the text are the scientists on the
list m entioned?
@ Now read the text carefully and answ er Questions
1-13.
Russia’s boreal forests and
wild grasses could combat
climate change
A Scientists believe Russia’s ancient forests are the
country’s best natural weapon against climate change,
even though the stockpile of carbon beneath the ground
also makes these areas vulnerable to carbon release A
recent study found that half the world’s carbon is stored
within land in the permafrost region, about two-thirds of
which lies in Russia Overlying former glaciers, they are
a coniferous mix called the boreal forest ‘There’s a lot of
carbon there and it’s very vulnerable,’ says Josep Canadell,
co-author of the study ‘If the permafrost thaws, we could
be releasing ten percent more carbon a year for several
centuries more than our previous models predicted It’s
going to cost a lot to reduce our emissions by that much -
but it will cost more in damage if we don’t.’
В The study was published in Global Biogeochemical
Cycles Researchers found that the region contains 1,672
billion tons of organic carbon, much of it several feet
underground, that ‘would account for approximately
50 percent of the estimated global below-ground organic
carbon’ Another paper published in Nature found that
old forests, which make up perhaps half of the boreal
forest, ‘continue to accumulate carbon, contrary to the
long-standing view that they are carbon-neutral’ Even
though fires and insect infestations destroy entire swaths
of forest and release into the atmosphere the carbon they
contain, old-growth forests still take in more than these
natural disturbances release, says lead author Sebastiaan
Luyssaert, a biologist at the University of Antwerp in
Belgium ‘This is all the more reason to protect Russia’s
boreal forests,’ which take in 500 million tons of carbon
a year, or about one-fifth of the carbon absorbed by the
world's landmass, says Mr Canadell, who is executive
director of the Global Carbon Project, based in Canberra
С Jing Ming Chen, a University of Toronto geography professo
who specialises in climate modelling for the boreal region, says: ‘Cutting boreal trees increases the amount of carbon in the atmosphere and it takes 50 to 100 years to put that carbon back in the ground.’ Luysaaert and Chen argue there’s a strong case for conserving the old-growth forests ‘It’s better to keep as much carbon in the forest
as possible right now,’ Mr Luyssaert explains ‘If we want
to avoid irreversible processes like melting permafrost or changing ocean currents, we absolutely have to control our emissions in the next two or three decades It’s a case where you need to be short-sighted to be far-sighted.’ ‘The threats to the boreal forests don’t seem significant right now,’ explains Nigel Roulet, a carbon cycle specialist at McGill University in Montreal, ‘but I’m convinced pressure will increase as the region gets warmer and it gets easier
to operate there Also, I expect these resources to become more valuable as others are exhausted.’
D Scientists say Russia and Kazakhstan could make a
unique contribution to the fight against global warming
by harvesting wild grasses that have overgrown 100,000 square miles of agricultural lands abandoned in the nineties, and using them to make ethanol - or, better yet, burn them in coal-fuelled power plants According to Nicolas Vuichard, principal author of a paper published in
Environmental Science and Technology of Washington, DC,
using the grasses to make ethanol would sequester in the ground, over 60 years, about 10 million tons of carbon a year - one-quarter as dead root matter in the soil and the rest in producing ethanol as a substitute for petroleum- based fuels ‘That’s not huge on a world scale, but it's substantial,’ he says Fossil fuels emit about eight billion
• tons of carbon a year, of which about two billion tons are absorbed by plants and soil
Trang 34: ghelato, visiting research fellow at the
.-r: : / of Reading and former chairman of the
1 : L=id Trust, agrees ‘Given that it would take
Шг: d's entire supply of arable land to replace
p r * • :-thirds of our transport fuel needs,’ he says,
^ i are not a practicable long-term solution for
rars:zrta tion emissions What we need is carbon-
% - '.5 But in the case of abandoned croplands,
is r g grasses as biofuels could make a contribution,’
- r i:s Study co-author Adam Wolf, of the Carnegie
on for Science at Stanford University, cites a
s: : : , Elliott Campbell in Science magazine that
that burning grasses in a coal-fuelled plant
ac'-i 5s the savings in carbon emissions compared to
:ie same grasses to make ethanol I f biofuels
: г z: ig to reduce emissions, using abandoned
- : : r d s to make electricity and offset coal use is our
TESi Det.’ he says ‘Both of these countries have coal-.
t: power plants, so the process could start soon.’
Russia and Kazakhstan are now in a position
*: :e:ome leaders in green energy, and could use the
l osses to export clean electricity in addition to oil and
I'S according to Mr Wolf
Questions 1-5
The reading passage has five paragraphs, A-E.
W hich p aragraph contains the following
inform ation?
Write the correct letter, A-E.
NB You m ay use any letter more than once.
1 a view concerning w hat can and w hat cannot
replace som ething
2 a m ention of the am ount by w hich carbon
em issions m ight increase in the future
3 a reference to an established belief th at
researchers say is incorrect
4 evidence from one study th at supports the
conclusions of another study
5 how m uch carbon is currently located in a
p articu lar p a rt of the world
!
Questions 10-13
Complete the sum m ary below.
Choose NQ MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer.
Wild grasses in Russia and Kazakhstan
Scientists believe that wild grasses which arecurrently growing on former 1 0 inRussia and Kazakhstan could be useful in combating environmental problems There are two different ideas concerning how this could happen
With the first idea, approximately ten million tons
of carbon would be stored in the ground, and three-quarters of this would create
1 1 that could be used instead
of petroleum-based fuels The second idea is
to burn the grasses in 1 2 powerplants Supporters of this idea say that the effect
in reducing carbon emissions would be twice
as great as if the first idea was carried out The
grasses would be used to produce 1 3
and production of this could begin in a short period of time
Questions 6 -9
Look at the following statem ents (Questions 6-9)
a n d the list o f scientists below.
Match each statem ent with the correct scientist,
9 The dam age done by destroying boreal forests
lasts for a very long tim e
List of scientists
A Josep Canadell С Jing Ming Chen
The world in our hands 33