Java learn java in 3 days (david chang programming )

Chapter 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF OBJECT ORIENTEDPROGRAMMING 1.1 INTRODUCTION OOP Object Oriented Programming OOP is an approach to standardize the programs by creating partitioned memory area f

Java Learn The Basic In 3 Days

David Chang

2.2 Basic features of Java

2.3 Compiler and Interpreter

5.3 Declarations while using streams

5.4 Decision Making In Java

7.3 Passing an Array to a Method

7.4 Basic Operations on Java : Searching and Sorting

8 Classes, Objects and Methods

8.6 Method Overloading 8.7 Method Overriding

9 Interfaces and Packages

12 Handling Exceptions and Errors

12.1 Exception Handling with try-catch

12.2 Exception Handling with throws keyword 12.3 Advantages of Exception Handling in Java 12.4 Errors

12.5 Difference between Errors and Exceptions

13 Some Questions and Answers

Chapter 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF OBJECT ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING

1.1 INTRODUCTION (OOP)

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is an approach to standardize the

programs by creating partitioned memory area for both data and method Ithas been developed to increase the programmer's productivity and also toovercome the traditional approach of programming The different ObjectOriented Programming languages are C++, Java, Simula-67, etc

An Object Oriented Programming (OOP) allows the data to be applied within designated program area It gives more significance to data rather than Methods which means it also provides the reusability feature to develop productive logic.

FEATURES OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

The objects can be used as a bridge to have data flow from one method

to another

It gives importance to data items rather than methods

It makes the complete program simpler by dividing it into a number ofobjects

Data can be easily modified without any change in the method

1.2 OBJECTS AND CLASSES

It can be described easily.

You can observe that the above mentioned criteria has unique identity,

definite state, or characteristics and behaviors For example consider an

object Bed:

It has the following characteristics:

It has four legs

It has a plain top

And the behaviors are:

It is used to sleep

It is used to sit.

In Payroll system, an employee may be taken as an example of object where

characteristics are name, designation, basic pay and behavior as calculating

gross pay, provident fund, printing pay slip, etc

Class is a set of different objects Class can contain fields and methods to explain about the behavior of an object Each object of a class possesses same attributes and behavior defined within the same class Class is also termed as Object factory.

For Example: If Rainbow is the class then the colors in the rainbow representthe different objects of the class Rainbow

Similarly, we can consider a class named fruit where apple, mango, orangeare members of the class fruit

If fruit is defined as a class, then the statement:

fruit apple = new fruit(); will create an object apple belonging to the classfruit

1.3 DATA ABSTRACTION

Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features (relevant data) without including background details in order to reduce

complexity and increase efficiency.

Abstraction is the absolute property of a class The class binds the data itemsand functions to promote abstraction The data members are accessed onlythrough the related methods A class uses the property of abstraction called as

abstract data type.

For Example: For driving a car, you only use the essential features withoutknowing in details the internal mechanism of the system You can applybrake to stop the car, press accelerator to speed up the car and press clutch tochange the gears

Do you ever think what changes are taking place in the machinery part of theengine? The answer is simply No This act of driving a car is termed as

abstraction.

1.4 ENCAPSULATION

Encapsulation is the system of wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit (called class).

For Data Hiding Encapsulation run on an important OOP concept In Object

Oriented Programming (OOP), data cannot move freely from method to

method They are kept in the corresponding classes in such a way that theywill not be accessible to the outside world except by using them through therelated methods

It is the most important feature of a class The functions used in a class canonly access the data items These functions provide interface between dataitems of the objects and the calling program

Such insulation of data, which cannot be accessed directly outside class

premises although they are available in the same program, is known as

DATA HIDING.

1.5 POLYMORPHISM

The literal meaning of Polymorphism is “available in many forms” Supposeyou have developed a method to perform the addition then it will find thesum of two numbers passed to the method In case the passed arguments arestrings, the function will produce the concatenated (joined) string

Hence, Polymorphism is the ability of different objects to respond, each

in its own way, to identical messages It allows the use of different

internal structure of the object by keeping the same external interface 1.6 INHERITANCE

Inheritance can be defined as the process by which objects of one class can link and share some common properties of objects from another class.

An object of a class acquires some properties from the objects of another

class Superclass or base class is a class that used as basis for inheritance.

Subclass or derived class is known as a class that inherits from a superclass.

BENEFITS OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

Some benefits of OOP are as listed below:

You can create different modules in your project through objects.You can extend the use of existing class through inheritance

Using the concept data hiding can generate secured program

It is highly beneficial to solve complex problems

It is easy to modify and maintain software complexity

Chapter 2 INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

2.1 HISTORY OF JAVA

Java programming language was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (Broomfield, Colorado, USA) and released in 1995 as a

core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform This language was

initially called Oak (named after the Oak trees outside Gosling’s office).The

platform independence is one of the most significant advantage that JAVA

has over other languages

JAVA encapsulates many features of C++ Originally JAVA was designed to

execute applets, downloaded while Web browsing But gradually, the

language has been gaining wide acceptance as a programming language, veryoften replacing C or C++

2.2 BASIC FEATURES OF JAVA

JAVA possesses the following features:

Java is not a purely Object Oriented Programming language

Java programs are both compiled and interpreted

It can access data from a local system as well as from net

Java programming is written within a class The variables and functionsare declared and defined with the class

Java programs can create Applets (the programs which run on browsers)

Web-Java is case sensitive language It distinguishes the upper case andlower case letters

2.3 COMPILER AND INTERPRETER

All high level languages need to be converted into machine code so that thecomputer understands the program after taking the required inputs

The conversion of high-level language to machine-level language can be

done in two possible ways It can be done either by using a Compiler or anInterpreter.

The software, by which the conversion of the high level instructions is

performed line by line to machine level language, is known as an Interpreter

If an error is found on any line, further execution stops till it is corrected.This process of error correction is much easier but the program takes longertime to execute successfully

SOURCE CODE -> COMPILER/INTERPRETER -> MACHINE CODE

However, if all the instructions are converted to machine level language atonce and all the errors are listed together, then the software is known as

Compiler This process is much faster but sometimes it becomes difficult todebug all the errors together in a program

The Java source code and Java bytecodes are compiles in javac command.

Compilation Syntax: javac filename.java

2.4 THE JVM

JAVA is a high level language (HLL)and the program written in HLL iscompiled and then converted to an intermediate language called Byte Code.Byte code makes a Java program highly portable as its Bytes code can easily

be transferred from one system to another When this Byte code is to be run

on any other system, an interpreter, known as Java Virtual Machine is neededwhich translates the byte code to machine code

Java machine code varies from different platforms like Windows 98, UnixSystem, etc Hence, JVM acts as a virtual processor and converts the bytecode to the machine code for concerning platform That is why it is called

Java Virtual Machine.

Three notions of JVM are: Implementation, instance and specification The

specification document describes what’s required of JVM implementation

Single specification ensures all implementation are interoperable.

Implementation program meets the requirements of the JVM specification.JVM Instance is implementation running in process that executes a program

compiled into Java bytecode.

Thus, the Java machine uses compiler and interpreter too

2.5 JAVA RUNTIME ENVIROMENT (JRE)

Java Runtime Environment is used to provide runtime environment It is

the implementation of JVM It contains other files and set of libraries

that used at runtime by JVM It is a software package that contains what is

required to run a Java program It includes together Java Class Library

Implementation and Java Virtual Machine implementation The Oracle

Corporation, which owns the Java trademark, distributes a Java Runtime

environment with their Java Virtual Machine called HotSpot.

2.6 JAVA DEVELOPMENT KIT (JDK)

Java Development Kit (JDK) contains JRE and development tools JDK

Tools such as the compilers and debuggers are necessary for developingapplications and applets

java.lang : to support classes containing String, Character,

Math, Integer,Thread etc

java.net : to support classes for network related operations and

dealing with URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

java.txt : for supporting text elements such as date, times and

currency etc

java.math : to support mathematical functional such as square

roots (integer & decimal both)

java.applet : to support classes to generate applet – specific

environment

java.awt : to support abstract window tool kit and managing GUI

(Graphic User Interface)

2.7 RESERVED WORDS

Reserved words or keywords are those words which are preserved with thesystem These words cannot be applied as a variable name in any program.Java also has reserved words Some of the reserved/key words are listedbelow:

catch if new package goto

while short public private float

Comment Statements in Java Programming

There are some cases where it becomes difficult for a user to understand thelogic applied in a program particularly when any other person has developed

it In such cases, the programmer keeps mentioning the purpose and actionbeing taken in different steps by applying comment statement in the program.There are three ways to give a comment in Java programming

1 // : used for single line comment

2 /* comments to be written */ : used for multi line comment

3 /** documenting comment */

Output Statement in Java Programming

System.out.println() and System.out.print() are the statements that are used

to get the output of the program or to display messages on the screen

While using System.out.println() statement, the cursor skips the line and

passes to the next line after displaying the required result

And, when you use System.out.print() statement, the cursor remains on the

same line after displaying the result

Syntax: System.out.println(“Welcome to Java”);

System.out.println(“The product of two numbers is” +a);

Note:

The message is to be written within double quotes (“ “)

enclosed within braces

When a message is to be displayed along with a variable, then theyare to be separated with ‘+’ (plus) sign

Chapter 3 DATA TYPE AND TOKENS IN JAVA

3.1 DATA TYPES

Data types are predefined types of data, which are supported by the

programming language It specifies the size and type of values that can bestored in a variable In Java Programming we have to deal with various types

of data, hence it becomes necessary for a programmer to select an appropriatedata type according to the data taken in a program

The data type has been divided into two types:

Primitive Type

Non-Primitive Type

Primitive Data Types

Primitive data types are pre-defined or built-in data types, which are

independent of any other type For eg int, long, float, double etc

Integer Type

Integer types can hold whole numbers such as 123 and −96 The values size

can depend on stored integer type that we choose It does not contain decimalpoint There are two types of declarations under this heading:

int : applied for short integer number

Bit size -> 32 bits, Format -> int a; a=10; or int a=10;

long : applied for large integer number

Bit size -> 64 bits, Format -> long b; b=345678; or

long b=345678;

Floating Type

Floating point data types are used to represent numbers with a

fractional part There are two types of declarations under this heading:float : applied for small range of decimal values

Bit size -> 32 bits, Format -> float m; m=32.65; or float m=32.65;

double : applied for wide range of decimal values

Bit size -> 64 bits, Format -> double n; n=0.0006547839; or doublen=0.0006547839;

Character Type

It stores character constants in the memory and contains a single

character A character is enclosed in single quotes (‘ ‘).Strings areenclosed in double quotes(“ “)

The character types in Java are as follows:

Non Numeric Character

type

Bit Size Format

Single character char 16 bits(2 bytes) char c; c=’A’;

char d; d=’*’;char c =’A’;More than one

Boolean Type

Boolean data types are used to store values with two states: true orfalse These are non-figurative constants You can use Boolean typevariable to set true or false in order to ensure whether a logical

condition is satisfied or not It assumes one of the values true or falsewithout quotes

For Example: boolean flag=true; or boolean flag=false;

Non-Primitive Data Type

Classes

A class, in the context of Java, are templates that are used to create

objects, and to define object data types and methods

For Example:

public class MyFirstJavaProgram {

/*

This is my first java program.

This will print ‘Welcome’ as the output.

*/

public static void main (String[] args){

System.out.println(“Welcome”); // prints Welcome

}

Let's look at how to save the file, compile, and run the program−

Open notepad and add the code as above

Save the file as: MyFirstJavaProgram.java

Open a command prompt window and go to the directory where yousaved the class Assume it's C:\

Type 'javac MyFirstJavaProgram.java' and press enter to compileyour code If no errors in code then command promptwill process to next line Then, type ' javaMyFirstJavaProgram ' and press enter to run your program

You will be able to see ' Welcome ' printed on the window

We will study later about Arrays in chapter 7

Real Literals : They represent numbers with decimal points e.g 24.6,0.0045, etc.

Character Literals : The constants which are alphanumeric in nature arecalled character literals e.g ‘A’, ‘b’, ‘1’, ‘*’ etc

String Literals : String is a set of alphanumeric characters

e.g “Year 2017”, etc

Identifiers (Variables)

Identifiers are also called variables in Java programming A variable is anamed memory location, which contains a value A variable can betreated by any combination of letters without spaces We can declaremore than one variables of the same type in a statement

Syntax: datatype variable name;

e.g int a; float a,b,c;

Assignments

Assignment token assigns the value on its right to the operand on its left

To assign object references operator can also be used.

e.g int speed = 0; int gear = 1;

The operators are the symbols used to perform arithmetical or logical

operations in Java programming e.g +,-,*,/,||,&&,<,> etc.

Note: We have Detail Explain about Operators in Next Chapter

Chapter 4 OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS

An operator is basically a symbol or token, which performs logical orarithmetical operations and gives meaningful result The values which areinvolved in the operation, are termed as operands

For example :[ a + b * c] where a b and c are operands, + and * are theoperators

4.1 TYPES OF OPERATORS

Basically, there are three types of operators in Java which are as follows:

Arithmetical Relational Logical ARITHMETICAL OPERATORS

The operators, which are applied to perform arithmetical calculations in a program, are known as arithmetical operators like +,-,*,etc.

Unary Increment and Decrement Operators:

Unary Increment Operator (++) increases the value of an operand by onewhereas Unary Decrement Operator ( ) decreases the value of anoperand by one

Example:

1 i = i + 1

By applying increment operator it can be written as i++ or ++i

2 j = j – 1

By applying decrement operator it can be written as j or j

Unary Increment/Decrement Operators:

Prefix

Postfix

Prefix

When increment or decrement operators are applied before the operand, it

is known as prefix operators This operator works on the principle

‘CHANGE BEFORE ACTION’ It means the value of the variable

changes before the action takes place

When increment or decrement operators are applied after the operand, it

is known as postfix operators This operator works on the principle

‘CHANGE AFTER THE ACTION’ It means the value of the variable

changes after performing the operation

Binary Arithmetic Operators

An arithmetic operator, which deals with two operands is known asBinary Arithmetic Operators e.g a + b, a – b, etc

Ternary Operators (Conditional Operator)

Ternary Operators takes three operands It is also called conditionaloperator because the value assigned to a variable depends upon a logicalexpression

Syntax: variable = (test expression)? Expression 1:Expression 2;

The variable contains the result of expression 1 if the test condition is trueotherwise expression 2

e.g a = 4; b = 2;

max = (a>b)? a:b;

Here, the condition is true so the output will be 4 as the value of a is 4

Nested Ternary Operator

You can use ternary operator in nested form as shown below :

e.g Program to find maximum among three numbers:

int a = 4, b = 10, c = 2;

max = (a>b)? (a>c)? a:b : (b>c)? b:c;

Test condition Expression 1 Expression 2

Since, the test condition is false, it will operate expression 2 whichenables value 12 to be stored in max Hence, max = 12

Java uses logical operators AND(&&), OR(||) or NOT(!) These operators

yield 1 or 0 depending upon the output of different expressions.

An expression which includes different types of variables or values toyield a result is called as Mixed Expression.

e.g int a; float b; double c;

double z = a + b * c;

Implicit Type Conversion

In mixed expression, the data type of the result gets convertedautomatically into its higher type without intervention of the user This

type conversion is known as Implicit Type Conversion.

Explicit Type Conversion

When the data type gets converted to another type after user intervention,the type conversion is known as Explicit Type Conversion

e.g int a, b;

float x = (float) (a+b);

Chapter 5 CONDITIONAL AND DECISION MAKING STATEMENTS

In the first part of the chapter, we will discuss about unconditionalstatements, which will help to give a detailed idea of writing Javainstructions in a program

In order to perform a specified task in a program you need to providesome values, which can be used during execution of the program Thestatement, which accepts the values from the users, is known as inputstatement Java provides various ways to use input statements inprogramming They are as follows:

By assigning the values

By using input streams

By using Command line arguments

5.1 PROGRAMMING BY USING ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT

By using assignment statement, you can take values of data of your own

or mentioned in the program

Example: A program in Java to find the sum of two numbers using

}

Output:

The sum of the two numbers = 60

5.2 PROGRAMMING USING STREAMS

Package in Java is basically a collection of classes Each package

includes related built-in functions, which may be used while developing

programming logic

Buffer

CPU or processor is the fastest device in a computer Other peripheraldevices are comparatively slower then processor Due to speeddifferences it becomes difficult to have data communication betweenprocessor and peripheral devices Hence, a high speed memory is appliedbetween I/O devices and processor used as a bridge to synchronize theirspeeds This high-speed temporary storage (cache memory) is termed asBuffer You need to activate the buffer before any input/output operation

Activating Buffer in Java

InputStreamReader <object name1> = new InputStreamReader (System.in);

BufferedReader <object name2> = new BufferedReader (<object name1>)

OR

DataInputStream<object name> = new DataInputStream(System.in);

Main function

The next step is to declare a main function as given below:

public static void main (string args[])throws IOException

The main function is issued to execute a program Thereafter, throwsIOException eliminates I/O errors in the program(if any) It passes areport on I/O errors to the exception handler of Java System

5.3 DECLARATIONS WHILE USING STREAMS

1 At first Java library package needs to be defined

Syntax: import java.io.*; or

import java.io.lang or may be both the packages

2 Two statements are essentially needed, when you are using Inputstream to activate buffer

DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(System.in);

OR

public static void main(String args[])throws IOException

InputStreamReader read = new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(read);

3 A message is to be displayed before Input statement in order to enable

input editor.

Syntax: System.out.println(“Enter your name”);

4 The Syntax of Input statement in Java programming:

n = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());

This statement will accept only integer from the user whereas :

n = Float.parseFloat(in.readLine());

will accept fractional numbers from the user

Example: A Java program to accept perpendicular and base of a Rightangled triangle

calculating and displaying the hypotenuse and area of the triangle

float p,b;

double area=0,hyp=0;

InputStreamReader read = new InputStreamReader(System.in);

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(read);

System.out.println(“Enter perpendicular and base”);

5.4 DECISION MAKING IN JAVA

Sometimes our program needs to take a decision based on whether a

particular condition has occurred or not Then our program will executecertain statements based on this decision

Decision making in Java can be achieved using any of the following

You can use if statement to check a specified condition It performs a course

of action if the condition is true otherwise, the action is ignored

Syntax: if(condition)

{ Statement 1

Statements that need to be executed always

Example: public class IfElseStatement

{

{

//Declaring a variable "test" and initializing it with a value 10

If none of the conditions are true, the code inside the else block will execute.Example:

Statements execute if none of the conditions in condition-x, conditiony,

…condition-z are true

Nested if…else statement

When you combine multiple if / if-else /if-else-if ladders then lot sequencedecisions are involved You have to take care of program executes,

instructions when sequence conditions are encountered

/*This block will be executed only if

a is equal to 5 and b is equal to 3 */

System.out.println("Hi, a is 5 and b is 3");

}

else

{

/*This block will be executed only if

a is equal to 5 and b is some value other than 3 */

System.out.println("Hi, a is 5 and b is some value other than 3");

/*This block will be executed only if

a is equal to 3 and b is equal to 2 */

System.out.println("Hi, a is 3 and b is 2");

}

}

else

{

/*This block will be executed only if

a is some value other than 5,4,3*/

System.out.println("Hi, a is some value other than 5,4,3");

}

}

}

Output: Hi, a is 3 and b is 3

Switch case statement

Switch case statement is a multiple branching statement In this system thecontrol jumps to perform a particular action out of a number of actionsdepending upon a switch value A switch statement is associated with anumber of blocks Each block is defined under a specific case The controlgets transferred to a particular case, which matches with the given switchvalue Each case ends with a break statement, which can be used as a caseterminator Break statement passes the control out of the switch block You can use a special case called default case which is automaticallyfollowed if no case matches with the given switch value

Example: A Java program to accept two numbers and find the sum,

difference or product according to user’s choice

InputStreamReader read = new InputStreamReader(System.in);

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(read);

System.out.println(“Enter two numbers”);