Solution manual for calculus of a single variable early transcendental functions 6th edition sample

C H A P T E R 2 Limits and Their Properties Download Full Solutions Manual for “Calculus of a Single Variable Early Transcendental Functions 6th Edition” https://getbooksolutions.com

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C H A P T E R 2 Limits and Their Properties

Download Full Solutions Manual for “Calculus of a Single Variable Early

Transcendental Functions 6th Edition”

https://getbooksolutions.com/download/solution-manual-for-calculus-of-a-single-variable-early-transcendental-functions-6th-edition

Section 2.1 A Preview of Calculus 81

Section 2.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically 82

Section 2.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically 93

Section 2.4 Continuity and One-Sided Limits 105

Section 2.5 Infinite Limits 117

Review Exercises 125

Problem Solving 133

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C H A P T E R 2 Limits and

Their Properties

1 Precalculus: (20 ft/sec)(15 sec) = 300 ft

2 Calculus required: Velocity is not constant

3 Calculus required: Slope of the tangent line at x = 2 is

the rate of change, and equals about 0.16

4 Precalculus: rate of change = slope = 0.08

5 (a) Precalculus: Area = 12 bh = 12(5)(4) = 10 sq units

You can improve your approximation of the slope

approximation by considering values of x close to 2

8 Answers will vary Sample answer:

The instantaneous rate of change of an automobile’s position is the velocity of the automobile, and can

be determined by the speedometer

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82 Chapter 2 Limits and Their Properties

9 (a) Area ≈ 5 + 52 + 53 + 54 ≈ 10.417

(b) You could improve the approximation by using more rectangles

2

( 2 3 )

2

( 3 4 )

2

( 4 )

2 (b) D = 1 + 5 + 1 + 5 − 5 + 1 + 5− 5 + 1 + 5 − 1 ≈ 2.693 + 1.302 + 1.083 + 1.031 ≈ 6.11 (c) Increase the number of line segments Section 2.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically 1.

x 3.9 3.99 3.999 4.001 4.01 4.1

f (x) 0.2041 0.2004 0.2000 0.2000 0.1996 0.1961

x − 4 ≈ 0.2000 1

lim Actual limit is

2

− 3x − 4 5 x → 4x

2.

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 0.5132 0.5013 0.5001 ? 0.4999 0.4988 0.4881

x + 1 − 1 ≈ 0.5000 1

lim Actual limit is

x 2 x → 0

3.

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 0.9983 0.99998 1.0000 1.0000 0.99998 0.9983

lim sin x ≈ 1.0000 ( Actual limit is 1.) ( Make sure you use radian mode.) x → 0 x

4.

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 0.0500 0.0050 0.0005 –0.0005 –0.0050 –0.0500

limcos x − 1 ≈ 0.0000 ( Actual limit is 0.) ( Make sure you use radian mode.) x → 0 x

5.

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 0.9516 0.9950 0.9995 1.0005 1.0050 1.0517

lim e x − 1 ≈ 1.0000 ( Actual limit is 1.)

x → 0 x

6.

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 1.0536 1.0050 1.0005 0.9995 0.9950 0.9531

lim ln( x + 1) ≈ 1.0000 ( Actual limit is 1.)

x → 0 x

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Section 2.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically 83

7.

x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1

f (x) 0.2564 0.2506 0.2501 0.2499 0.2494 0.2439

x − 2 ≈ 0.2500 1

lim Actual limit is

x 2 + x − 6 4 x →1

8. x –4.1 –4.01 –4.001 –4 –3.999 –3.99 –3.9

f (x) 1.1111 1.0101 1.0010 ? 0.9990 0.9901 0.9091

lim x + 4 ≈ 1.0000 ( Actual limit is 1.)

x2 + 9x + 20

x → −4

9.

x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1

f (x) 0.7340 0.6733 0.6673 0.6660 0.6600 0.6015

x4− 1 ≈ 2

lim 0.6666 Actual limit is

x 6 − 1 x →1 3

10.

x –3.1 –3.01 –3.001 –3 –2.999 –2.99 –2.9

f (x) 27.91 27.0901 27.0090 ? 26.9910 26.9101 26.11

lim x3 + 27 ≈ 27.0000 ( Actual limit is 27.)

x + 3

x → −3

11.

x –6.1 –6.01 –6.001 –6 –5.999 –5.99 –5.9

f (x) –0.1248 –0.1250 –0.1250 ? –0.1250 –0.1250 –0.1252

10 − x − 4 1

lim ≈ − 0.1250 Actual limit is −

x + 6 8 x → −6

12.

x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1

f (x) 0.1149 0.115 0.1111 ? 0.1111 0.1107 0.1075

x (x + 1) − 2 3 ≈ 1

lim 0.1111 Actual limit is .

x − 2 9 x → 2

13.

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 1.9867 1.9999 2.0000 2.0000 1.9999 1.9867

limsin 2x ≈ 2.0000 ( Actual limit is 2.) ( Make sure you use radian mode.) x x → 0

14.

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 0.4950 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.4950

tan x ≈ 1

tan 2x 2 x → 0

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15.

x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2.001 2.01 2.1

f (x) 0.5129 0.5013 0.5001 0.4999 0.4988 0.4879

ln x − ln 2 ≈ 1

x − 2 2 x → 2

16.

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 3.99982 4 4 0 0 0.00018

lim 4 does not exist.

1 + e1 x

x → 0

17. lim(4 −x) = 1 25 (a) f (1)exists The black dot at (1, 2) indicates that x →3

f (1)

18. lim sec x = 1 = 2

(x) does not exist As x approaches 1 from the x → 0 (b) lim f f (x) (4−x) x →1

19. lim = lim = 2 left, f (x) approaches 3.5, whereas as x approaches 1 x → 2 x → 2

from the right, f (x) approaches 1.

20 lim f ( x ) = lim ( x2 + 3 = 4 (c) f (4)does not exist The hollow circle at x → 1 x →1 ) (4, 2) indicates thatfis not defined at 4.

21. lim x − 2 does not exist

(d) lim f(x) exists As xapproaches 4, f(x)approaches

x − 2

x → 2 x →4

x − 2 2: lim f (x) = 2

For values of x to the left of 2, = −1, whereas x → 4

( x−2) 26 (a) f (−2)does not exist The vertical dotted line

x − 2

for values of x to the right of 2, = 1 indicates that f is not defined at –2 ( x−2)

(b) lim f (x) does not exist As x approaches –2, the

4 x → −2 ( )

22. lim does not exist The function approaches values of f x do not approach a specific number 2 + e 1 x x → 0

2 from the left side of 0 by it approaches 0 from the left (c) f (0)exists The black dot at ( 0, 4) indicates that side of 0

f (0)= 4

23 lim cosx → 0 (1x) does not exist because the function (d) lim f(x) does not exist Asxapproaches 0 from the oscillates between –1 and 1 as x approaches 0. left,x →0 f (x)approaches 1, whereas as x approaches 0 24. lim tan x does not exist because the function increases 2

from the right, f (x) approaches 4 x →π2

without bound as x approaches π (e) f (2)does not exist The hollow circle at 2 from the left and

(2,1) indicates that f ( 2) is not defined

π

decreases without bound as x approaches from 2

2 (f ) lim f(x) exists As xapproaches 2, f(x)approaches the right x →2

1 : lim f (x) = 1

2 2 x→ 2

(g) f (4)exists The black dot at( 4, 2)indicates that f (4) = 2.

(h) lim f (x) does not exist Asxapproaches 4, the x →4

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< 0.01

6 x − 1 x − 1

5 3 Let δ = 1 If 0< x − 2 < 1, then 4 101 101

2 f

1

1 1 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5 x − < x − 2 < ⇒ 1 − < x − 1 < 1 + 101 101 101 101 − 1

− 2 100 102 < x lim f (x) exists for all values of c≠ 4 ⇒ 101 − 1 < 101

x → c

100 28. y ⇒ x − 1 >101 2 and you have

f ( x ) − 1 = 1 − 1 = 2 − x 1 101 1 1 x − 1 x − 1 < 100 101 = 100 − π π x

= 0.01

π

2 2

− 1

33 You need to findδsuch that 0 < x − 1 < δ implies lim f (x) exists for all values of c ≠ π f ( x ) − 1 = 1 − 1 < 0.1 That is, x → c x

29 One possible answer is −0.1 <1 − 1 < 0.1 y x

6

1 − 0.1 < 1 < 1 + 0.1 5 x 4

f

9 < 1 < 11 2 10 x 10 1

10 10

x

> x > − 2 − 1

9 11 1 2 3 4 5

− 1

30 One possible answer is 10 − 1 >x − 1 >10 − 1 9

1 > 11

y x − 1 > − 1 4 9 11

3

So take δ = 1 Then 0 < x − 1 < δ implies 2 11

1

1 x − < x − 1 < − 3− 2 − 1 1 2 11 11 − 1 1 1. − < x − 1 < 31 You need f (x) − 3 = (x+1)− 3 = x − 2 < 0.4 11 9

Using the first series of equivalent inequalities, you So, take δ= 0.4 If 0 <x − 2 < 0.4, then obtain

x − 2 = (x + 1) − 3 = f (x)− 3 < 0.4, as desired f ( x ) −1= 1 − 1 < 0.1 x

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= x2 − 1 − 3 = x2− 4 < 0.2 That is,

−0.2 < x2 − 4 < 0.2

4 − 0.2 < x2 < 4 + 0.2

3.8 < x2 < 4.2

3.8 < x < 4.2

3.8 − 2 < x − 2 < 4.2 − 2 So take δ = 4.2 − 2 ≈ 0.0494 Then 0 <

x − 2 < δ implies

− ( 4.2 − 2) < x − 2 < 4.2 − 2 3.8 − 2 < x − 2 < 4.2− 2 Using the first series of equivalent inequalities, you obtain f (x)−3 = x2 − 4 < 0.2

35. lim (3x+2) = 3(2) + 2 = 8 = L x → 2

( 3x+2) −8 < 0.01

3x − 6 < 0.01

3 x −2 < 0.01

0 < x −2 < 0.01 ≈ 0.0033 = δ

3

0.01

x −2

So, if 0 < < δ =

, you have

3

3 x − 2 < 0.01

3 x − 6 < 0.01

( 3x+2 ) − 8 < 0.01

f ( x ) − L < 0.01

36. − x = 6 − 6 = 4 =

L

lim 6

3

x → 6

− x − 4 < 0.01

6

3

2 − x < 0.01

3

− 13(x − 6) < 0.01 x − 6 < 0.03 0 < x − 6 < 0.03 = δ So, if 0 < x − 6 < δ = 0.03, you have

− 1 (x − 6) < 0.01

3

2 − x < 0.01

3

6 − x − 4 < 0.01 3

f ( x ) − L < 0.01

37. x → 2 ( x2− ) = 22 − 3 = 1 = L

lim 3

(

x2 )

− 1 < 0.01

− 3

x2 − 4 < 0.01

( x+2)( x−2) < 0.01

x + 2 x − 2 < 0.01

x − 2 < 0.01

x + 2

If you assume 1 < x < 3, then δ ≈0.01 5=0.002 So, if 0 < x − 2 < δ ≈ 0.002, you have

x − 2 < 0.002 = 1

( 0.01) < 1

( 0.01)

5 x +2

x + 2 x − 2

< 0.01

x2 − 4 < 0.01

( )

− 1 < 0.01

x2 − 3

f ( x ) − L < 0.01

38. x → 4( x2+ 6 ) = 42 + 6 = 22 = L

lim

( x2 + 6)

− 22 < 0.01

x2 − 16 < 0.01

( x+4)( x−4) < 0.01

x − 4 < 0.01

x + 4 0.01

If you assume 3 < x < 5, then δ = 9 ≈ 0.00111.

x − 4 0.01

So, if 0 < < δ ≈

, you have

9

x − 4 < 0.01 < 0.01

9 x + 4

( x + 4)( x − 4) < 0.01

x2 − 16 < 0.01

( x2+ 6 )

− 22 < 0.01

f ( x ) − L < 0.01

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Section 2.2

39 lim( x + 2) = 4 + 2 = 6

x → 4

Given ε >0:

x − 4 < ε

( x+2) −6 < ε

f ( x ) − L < ε

40. lim ( 4x + 5)= 4(− 2) + 5 = −3 x → −2

Given ε > 0:

( 4x +5) −(−3) < ε

4x + 8 < ε

4 x + 2 < ε

x + 2 < ε = δ

4

So, let δ = ε

4

So, if 0 < x + 2 < δ =ε , you have

x + 2

< ε 4

4

4x + 8

< ε

(4x + 5) − (−3) < ε

f ( x ) − L < ε.

41. lim 1x − 1 = 1 ( − 4) − 1 = −3 2 x → −4 ( ) 2

Given ε > 0:

1 x − 1 − ( − 3) < ε

( 2 )

1

x + 2 < ε

2

1 x − ( −4) < ε

2 x − ( −4) < 2ε

So, let δ = 2ε

So, if 0 < x − (− 4) < δ= 2ε , you have

x − ( − 4) < 2ε

1 x + 2 < ε

2

1 x − 1 + 3 < ε

( 2 )

f ( x ) − L < ε

42 limx→3(3

(3

3

4 x − 94 < ε

3

4 x − 3 < ε

So, let δ = 43ε

So, if 0 < x − 3 < δ = 43ε , you have

3

4 x − 3 < ε

3

4 x − 94 < ε (

3

x+ 1) −134<ε

43 lim 3 = 3

x → 6

Given ε > 0:

3 − 3 < ε

0 < ε

for any δ > 0, you have

44 lim (−1) = −1

x → 2

0 < ε

So, for any δ > 0, you have

(−1) − (−1) <ε

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45 lim 3x = 0

x → 0

Given ε > 0: 3 x −0 < ε

3 x < ε

So, let δ = ε3 x < ε3 = δ

So, for 0 x −0 δ = ε3, you have 3 x < ε 3

x < ε

3 x− 0 < ε

f ( x )− L < ε.

46 lim x = 4 = 2

x → 4

Given ε > 0: x − 2 < ε

x − 2 x + 2 < ε x + 2 x − 4 < ε x + 2 Assuming 1 < x < 9, you can choose δ = 3ε Then, 0 < x − 4 < δ = 3ε ⇒ x − 4 < ε x + 2

x ⇒ − 2 < ε 47 lim x − 5 = (− 5) − 5 = − 10 = 10 x → −5

x − 5

Given ε > 0:

− 10 < ε

− ( x − 5) − 10 < ε ( x− 5< 0)

− x − 5 < ε

So, let δ = ε

x − ( − 5) < ε

So for x − ( − 5) < δ = ε , you have

−( x + 5) < ε

− ( x − 5) − 10 < ε

( becausex−5<0)

x − 5 − 10 < ε

f ( x ) − L < ε

48 lim x − 3 =3 − 3 = 0

x →3

x − 3 − 0 < ε Given ε > 0:

x − 3 < ε

So, let δ = ε So, for 0 < x − 3 < δ = ε , you have

x − 3 < ε

x − 3 − 0 < ε

f ( x ) − L < ε.

49. x →1 ( x2 )

+ 1 = 2

lim + 1 = 12

Given ε >0: (

x2 + ) − 2 < ε

1

x2 − 1 < ε

( x+1)( x−1) < ε

x − 1 < ε

< x x + 1

If you assume 0 < 2, thenδ = ε 3 So for 0 <x − 1 < δ = ε , you have

3

x − 1 < 1ε < 1 ε

x + 1

3

x2

− 1 < ε

( x2 )

− 2

+ 1 < ε

f ( x ) − 2 < ε.

50. x → −4 ( x2 +4x )

= (− 4)2 + 4(− 4) = 0 lim

> 0:(x2 + 4x)

Given ε − 0 < ε

x (x + 4) < ε

x + 4 < ε

If you assume −5 < x x ε .

< −3, thenδ =

5

So for 0 < x − (− 4) < δ = ε , you have

ε 1

5

x + 4 < <

ε

5 x

x(x + 4)

< ε

( x2 + 4x)

− 0 < ε

f ( x ) − L < ε.

51. lim f (x) = lim 4 = 4

x → π x → π

52. lim f (x) = lim x = π

x → π x → π

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x →9

10

0

The domain is all x ≥ 0 except x = 9 The graphing

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as x gets closer and closer to 8.

x → c sides of c, but does not have to be defined at c itself The

value of f at c has no bearing on the limit as x approaches c.

61 (i) The values of f approach different numbers as x

approaches c from different sides of c:

62 (a) No The fact that f (2) = 4 has no bearing on the

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7 x → c

(b) lim f (x) exists for all c ≠ −2, 0

x → c 3 (0, 2.7183) 69 False The existence or nonexistence of f (x)at 2

x = c has no bearing on the existence of the limit 1

− 1 x of f (x)as x → c. 1 2 3 4 5 − 3 − 2 − 1 x f (x) x f (x)

–0.1 2.867972 0.1 2.593742 –0.01 2.731999 0.01 2.704814 –0.001 2.719642 0.001 2.716942 –0.0001 2.718418 0.0001 2.718146 –0.00001 2.718295 0.00001 2.718268 –0.000001 2.718283 0.000001 2.718280

66 f(x)= x + 1 − x − 1

x

x –1 –0.5 –0.1 0 0.1 0.5 1.0

f(x) 2 2 2 Undef 2 2 2

70 True 71 False Let f ( x ) = x − 4, x ≠ 2 x = 2 0, f (2 ) = 0 lim f (x) = lim(x−4) = 2 ≠ 0 x → 2 x →2 72 False Let

f ( x )=x − 4, x ≠ 2 x = 2 0, lim f (x) = lim(x−4) = 2 and f (2 ) = 0 ≠ 2 x → 2 x →2 73 f(x) = x

lim x = 0.5 is true x → 0.25 lim f (x) = 2 x → 0 Note that for −1 < x < 1, x ≠ 0, f ( x ) = (x+1) + (x−1) = 2 x As x approaches 0.25 = 14 from either side, f (x) = x approaches 21 = 0.5 74 f(x) = x

y lim x= 0 is false

3 x → 0

f (x) = x is not defined on an open interval 1 containing 0 because the domain of f is x ≥ 0. − 2 − 1 x 75 Using a graphing utility, you see that 1 2 sin x = 1 − 1 lim

x → 0 x

67. 0.002 lim sin 2x = 2, etc.

x → 0 x (1.999, 0.001)

sin nx = (2.001, 0.001) So, lim n.

x → 0 x

1.998 2.002 0 Using the zoom and trace feature, δ = 0.001 So (2−δ, 2+δ ) = (1.999, 2.001) Note: x 2 − 4 = x + 2 for x ≠ 2. x− 2 76 Using a graphing utility, you see that lim tan x = 1

x x →0

lim tan 2x = 2, etc x x →0

So, lim tan(nx) =n. x → 0 x

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>

0suchthat

δ

equalthesmallerof

g

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Thatis,

x

intheinter

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>

0,asdesired.2

8 1

Theradius

O P

hasa

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z

ofthe

h

So,

z

=1

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You can verify this with a graphing utility.

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Section 2.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically 93

12.

x →1 2x3

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15. lim ( x+3) 2

= 1

x → −4

16. lim( 3x−2) 4 = ( 3(0) − 2)4 = (− 2)4 = 16 x → 0

17. lim 1 = 1

x

x → 2 2

18. lim 5 = 5 = −5

− 5 + 3 2 x → −5 x + 3

19.lim x = 1 = 1

x2 + 4 12 + 4

x →1 5

20.lim 3x + 5 = 3(1) + 5 = 3 + 5 =8 = 4 x + 1 1 + 1

2 x →1 2

21.lim 3x = 3(7) = 21 = 7

x + 2 7 + 2 3 x → 7

22.lim x + 6 = 3 + 6 = 9 =3 x + 2

5 5 x →3 3 + 2

23. lim sin x = sin π = 1

x → π 2 2

24. lim tan x = tan π = 0

x →π

25.lim cos π x = cos π = 1

3

3 2

x →1

26. lim sinπ x = sin π (2) = 0

2

x → 2

27. lim sec 2x = sec 0 = 1

x → 0

28. lim cos 3x = cos 3π = −1

x → π

29. lim sin x = sin 5π =1

6

x →5 π 6 2

41 (a) lim 5 g (x ) = 5 lim g (x) = 5( 2) = 10 x → c x → c

(b) lim f(x ) + g (x ) = lim f (x ) + lim g (x) = 3 + 2 = 5 x → c x → c x → c (c) limf ( x ) g( x ) = limf ( x ) limg( x ) = ( 3)( 2) =6 x → c x → c x → c f ( x ) lim f ( x ) 3

(d) lim =x → c = lim g( x ) x→c g( x ) 2 x → c

30. lim cos x= cos 5π =1 3 2 x → 5 π 3 31. lim tan π x= tan 3π = −1 4 x → 3 4

π x 7π −2 3 32 lim sec = sec = 6 6 3 x → 7

33.lim e x cos 2x = e0 cos 0 = 1

x → 0

34.lim e −x sin π x = e0 sin 0 = 0

x → 0 (

)

35. x →1 ln 3 x + e x = ln 3 + e

lim

36. x 1

= ln e−1

lim ln

= ln = −1 x

x →1 e e

37.(a) lim f(x) = 5 − 1 = 4

x →1

(b) lim g (x) = 43 = 64

x → 4 (

( ) )

( ( ) ) ( ) (c) x →1 f x =g = g 4 = 64 lim g f 1

38.(a) lim f(x) = (− 3)+ 7 = 4

x → −3

(b) lim g (x) = 4 2 = 16

x → 4 ( ( )) ( )

(c) x → −3 f x = g = 16

lim g 4

39.(a) lim f(x) = 4 − 1 = 3

x →1

(b) lim g (x) = 3 + 1 = 2

x →3 (

( ) )

( )

(c) x →1 f x =g

lim g 3 = 2

40.(a) lim f (x) = 2(4 2) − 3( 4)+ 1 = 21 x → 4

(b) lim g (x) = 321 + 6 = 3

x → 21 ( ( ))

( )

(c) x → 4 g f x = g = 3

lim 21

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42 (a) lim 4 f ( x ) = 4 lim f ( x ) = 4(2) = 8

x → c x → c

(b) limf ( x ) +g( x ) = lim f ( x ) + lim g( x ) = 2 + 3 = 11 4 4 x → c x → c x → c

(c) limf ( x ) g( x ) = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = 23 =3

x → c 4 2 x → c x → c

f ( x ) lim f ( x )

2

8

(d) lim = x → c = =

lim g( x ) ( 3 4) 3

x→c g( x )

x → c

43 (a) limf ( x ) 3 =lim f ( x ) 3 = ( 4)3 =64

x → c

(b) lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = 4 = 2

x → c x → c

(c) lim 3 f (x ) = 3 lim f (x) = 3( 4) = 12

x → c x → c

(d) limf ( x ) 3 2 =lim f ( x )3 2 = ( 4)3 2 = 8

x → c

44 (a) lim 3 f ( x ) =3 lim f ( x ) = 3 27 = 3

x → c x → c

f ( x ) lim f ( x ) 27

3

(b) lim = x → c = =

18 lim 18 18 2

x → c

(c) lim f( x ) 2 =lim f ( x ) 2 = ( 27)2 =729

x → c

(d) lim f( x ) 2 3 =lim f ( x )2 3 = ( 27)2 3 = 9

x → c

45 f(x) = x2 − 1 =(x + 1)(x − 1) and

x + 1 g (x ) = x − 1 agree except at x + 1 x = −1

Section 2.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically 95 47 f ( x ) = x3 − 8 and g(x) = x2 + 2x + 4 agree except x − 2 at x = 2 lim f ( x ) = lim g( x )= lim x2 + 2x + 4 ) x → 2 x → 2 x → 2( = 22 + 2(2) + 4 = 12 12

− 9 9 0 48 f ( x ) = x3 + 1 and g(x) = x2 − x + 1 agree except at x + 1 x = −1 lim f (x) = lim g(x) = lim (x2 − x + 1) x → −1 x → − 1 x → −1 = (− 1)2 − (− 1) + 1 = 3 7 lim f (x) = lim g(x) = lim (x − 1) = − 1 − 1 = −2 − 4 4 x → −1 x → −1 x → −1 − 1 3 − 3 4 − 4 46. f ( x ) = 3x2 + 5x − 2 = (x + 2)(3x − 1) and x + 2x + 2 g (x ) = 3 x − 1 agree except atx= −2 lim f (x) = lim g(x) = lim (3x − 1) x → −2 x → −2 x → −2 = 3(− 2) − 1 = − 7 3

− 4 5 49.f ( x ) =(x+4)ln(x+6) andg ( x ) =ln(x+ 6) x 2 − 16 x − 4 agree except at x = − 4 lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) =ln 2 ≈ − 0.0866 −8 x → − 4 x → −4 1

− 7 3

− 2

− 3

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50 f(x) =e2 x− 1and g( x ) = e x + 1 agree except at

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Section 2.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically 97

= (1 − cos x)

= ( 3)( 0) = 0lim lim3

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Section 2.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically 99

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100 Chapter 2 Limits and Their Properties

It appears that the limit is 3

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Section 2.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically 101

101 (a) Two functions f and g agree at all but one point (on

interval except for x = c, where c is in the interval (b) f ( x ) = x

2

− 1

(Other answers possible.)

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102 An indeterminant form is obtained when evaluating a

limit using direct substitution produces a meaningless

fractional expression such as 0 0 That is,

103 If a functionfis squeezed between two functionshandg, h

When the x-values are “close to” 0 the magnitude of f is

approximately equal to the magnitude of g So,

106 f(x) = x, g( x ) = sin2 x, h( x ) =sin

2 x x

14

When the x-values are “close to” 0 the magnitude of g is

“smaller” than the magnitude of f and the magnitude of

g is approaching zero “faster” than the magnitude of f.

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108 s(t)= −16t2 +500=

−s ( t )

The velocity of the object when it hits the ground is about 62.6 m/sec

111 Let f (x ) = 1 x and g(x) = −1/ x lim f (x) and lim g(x) do not exist However,

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112 Suppose, on the contrary, that lim g(x) exists Then,

113 Given f ( x ) = b, show that for everyε > 0 there exists

114 Given f ( x ) = x n , n is a positive integer, then

115 If b = 0, the property is true because both sides are

lim f ( x ) = lim 4 = 4

x → 0 x → 0

x → 0

120 The graphing utility was set in degree mode, instead of

radian mode

121 The limit does not exist because the function approaches

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Section 2.4 Continuity and One-Sided Limits 105

125 False The limit does not exist because f ( x )approaches

3 from the left side of 2 and approaches 0 from the right

The domain is not

2

x = 0 is not apparent.

− 2

126 False Let f ( x ) = 12 x2 and g( x ) = x2

Then f ( x ) < g ( x ) for all x ≠ 0 But

No matter how “close to” 0 x is, there are still an infinite

number of rational and irrational numbers so that

x →0 = (1) 1= 1

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has discontinuities at x = −2 and x = 2

39 f (x ) = 3 x − cos x is continuous for all realx.

40 f (x) = x2 − 4x + 4 is continuous for all real x

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44 f(x)

has a nonremovable discontinuity at x = 3 because

has a nonremovable discontinuity at x = 5 because

Therefore, f has a nonremovable discontinuity at x = 2.

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