IPP ted listening series

What this shows is a nation-by-nation ……… of the likely level of food waste in each country in the world.. So I took the food supply of every single country and I compared it to what was

Contents

01 Emma Watson - HEFORSHE CAMPAIGN 4

Fill in the blanks 4

Key 7

02 Rory Sutherland - PERSPECTIVE IS EVERYTHING 10

Fill in the blanks 10

Key 15

03 Jill Bolte Taylor - MY STROKE OF INSIGHT 19

Fill in the blanks 19

Key 24

04 Tristram Stuart - THE GLOBAL FOOD WASTE SCANDAL 29

Fill in the blanks 29

Key 33

05 Donald Sadoway - THE MISSING LINK TO RENEWABLE ENERGY 37

Fill in the blanks 37

Key 41

06 Kevin Robinson - DO SCHOOLS KILL CREATIVITY? 45

Fill in the blanks 45

Key 53

07 Chystia Freeland - THE RISE OF THE NEW GLOBAL SUPER-RICH 61

Fill in the blanks 61

Key 65

08 James Hansen - WHY I MUST SPEAK OUT ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE 69

Fill in the blanks 69

Key 73

09 Amanda Burden - HOW PUBLIC SPACES MAKE CITIES WORK 78

Fill in the blanks 78

Key 83

10 Maryn McKenna - WHAT DO WE DO WHEN ANTIBIOTICS DON’T WORK ANY MORE? 88

Fill in the blanks 88

Key 92

11 Wade DavisTHE WORLDWIDE WEB OF BELIEF AND RITUAL 96

Fill in the blanks 96

Key 102

12 Guy Winch - WHY WE ALL NEED TO PRACTICE EMOTIONAL FIRST AID 107

Fill in the blanks 107

Key 112

13 Simon Sinek - HOW GREAT LEADERS INSPIRE ACTIONS 117

Fill in the blanks 117

Key 123

14 Tim Urban - INSIDE THE MIND OF A MASTER PROCASTINATOR 128

Fill in the blanks 128

Key 134

15 Adam Alter - WHY OUR SCREENS MAKE US LESS UNHAPPY 139

Fill in the blanks 139

Key 143

16 Jonathan Marks - IN PRAISE OF CONFLICT 146

Fill in the blanks 146

Key 149

17 Shawn Achor - THE HAPPY SECRET TO BETTER WORK 153

Fill in the blanks 153

Key 158

18 Kelly McGonigal - HOW TO MAKE STRESS YOUR FRIEND 163

Fill in the blanks 163

Key 167

19 Amy Cuddy - YOUR BODY LANGUAGE SHAPES WHO YOU ARE 171

Fill in the blanks 171

Key 177

20 Julian Treasure - HOW TO SPEAK SO THAT PEOPLE WANT TO LISTEN 183

Fill in the blanks 183

Key 187

21 Anne Milgram - WHY SMART STATISTICS ARE THE KEY TO FIGHTING CRIME 190

Fill in the blanks 190

Key 194

22 Julie Lythcott Haims - HOW TO RAISE SUCCESSFUL KIDS WITHOUT OVER PARENTING 198

Fill in the blanks 198

Key 202

23 Naomi Oreskes - WHY WE SHOULD BELIEVE IN SCIENCE 206

Fill in the blanks 206

Key 211

24 Simon Anholt - WHICH COUNTRY DOES THE MOST GOOD FOR THE WORLD 216

Fill in the blanks 216

Key 221

01 Emma Watson - HEFORSHE CAMPAIGN

Fill in the blanks

Today we are _ a _ called for HeForShe I am _ out to you because we need your help We want to end gender _, and to do this, we need everyone _ This is the first campaign of its kind at the UN We want to try to

_ as many men and boys as possible to be _ for change And, we don’t just want to talk about it We want to try and make sure that it’s tangible

I was _ as Goodwill Ambassador for UN Women six months ago And, the more I spoke about _, the more I realized that _ for women’s rights has too often become synonymous with man- _ If there is one thing I know for certain, it is that this has to _

For the record, feminism by definition is the _ that men and women should have equal rights and _ It is the theory of political, economic and _ equality of the sexes

I started questioning gender-based _ a long time ago When I was 8, I was confused for being called _ because I wanted to _ the plays that we would put on for our parents, but the boys were not When at 14, I started to be sexualized by certain elements of the _ When at 15, my girlfriends started _ out of sports teams because they didn’t want to _ muscly When at 18, my male friends were

_ to express their _

I decided that I was a _, and this seemed _ to me But my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an _ word Women are choosing not to _ as feminists Apparently, I’m among the ranks of women whose _ are seen as too strong, too _, isolating, and anti-men _, even

Why has the word become such an _ one? I am from Britain, and I think it is right I

am paid the same as my male _ I think it is right that I should be able to make _ about my own body I think it is right that women be involved on my _

in the _ and decisions that will _ my life I think it is right that

_, I am afforded the same _ as men

But sadly, I can say that there is no one _ in the world where all women can

_ to see these rights No country in the world can yet say that they _ gender equality These rights, I _ to be human rights, but I am one of the lucky _

My life is a sheer _ because my parents didn’t love me _ because I was born a daughter My school did not _ me because I was a girl My mentors didn't assume that I would go less far because I might give _ to a child one day These _ were the gender equality ambassadors that made me who I am today They may not know it, but they are the inadvertent feminists that are changing the world today We need more of _

And if you still hate the word, it is not the word that is _ It’s the idea and the _ behind it, because not all women have _ the same rights I have In fact, statistically, very _ have

In 1997, Hillary Clinton made a _ speech in Beijing about women’s rights Sadly, many of the things that she _ to _ are still true today But what stood out for me the most was that less than _ percent of the _ were male How can

we affect change in the world when only _ of it is invited or feel welcome to

participate in the _?

Men, I would like to take this opportunity to extend your formal invitation Gender equality is your _, too Because to date, I’ve seen my father’s role as a _ being valued less by _, despite my need of his _ as a child, as much as my mother’s I’ve seen _ men suffering from mental _, unable to ask for help for fear it would make them _ of a man In fact, in the UK, _ is the biggest killer of men _ 20 to 49, eclipsing road accidents, _ and coronary heart disease I’ve seen men made _ and _ by a distorted sense of what

constitutes _ success Men don’t have the _ of equality, either

We don’t _ talk about men being imprisoned by gender _, but I can see that they are, and that when they are _, things will change for women as a

_ consequence If men don’t have to be aggressive in _ to be accepted, women won’t feel compelled to be submissive If men don’t have to _, women won’t have to be _

Both men and women should feel free to be _ Both men and women should feel free

to be _ It is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum, instead of two

_ of opposing ideals If we stop _ each other by what we are not, and start defining ourselves by who we are, we can all be _, and this is what HeForShe

is about It’s about freedom

I want men to take up this mantle so that their _, _, and _ can

be free from prejudice, but also so that their sons have _ to be vulnerable and human too, reclaim those parts of themselves they abandoned, and in doing so, be a more _ and _ version of themselves

You might be thinking, “Who is this Harry Potter girl, and what is she _

_ at the UN?” And, it’s a really good question I’ve been asking myself the same thing

All I know is that I care about this problem, and I want to make it better And, _ seen what I’ve seen, and given the _, I feel it is my _ to say something Statesman Edmund Burke said, “All that is needed for the forces of evil to triumph is for _ men and women to do _.”

In my nervousness for this speech and in my _ of doubt, I told myself firmly, “If not

me, who? If not now, when?” If you have _ doubts when opportunities are

_ to you, I hope those words will be helpful Because the _ is that if we do nothing, it will take seventy-five years, or for me to be _ 100, before women can expect to be paid the same as men for the same work 15.5 million girls will be _ in the next 16 years as children And at current _, it won't be until 2086 before all _ African girls can have a secondary education

If you believe in equality, you might be one of those inadvertent feminists that I _ of earlier, and for this, I _ you We are struggling for a uniting word, but the good _ is, we have a uniting movement It is called HeForShe I _ you to step forward, to be seen and to _ yourself, “If not me, who? If not now, when?”

Thank you very, very much

Discussion questions:

- What are the benefits of feminism to men?

- How do you define an inadvertent feminist?

Full transcript

Today we are launching a campaign called for HeForShe I am reaching out to you because

we need your help We want to end gender inequality, and to do this, we need everyone involved This is the first campaign of its kind at the UN We want to try to mobilize as many men and boys as possible to be advocates for change And, we don’t just want to talk about it

We want to try and make sure that it’s tangible

I was appointed as Goodwill Ambassador for UN Women six months ago And, the more I spoke about feminism, the more I realized that fighting for women’s rights has too often become synonymous with man-hating If there is one thing I know for certain, it is that this has to stop

For the record, feminism by definition is the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities It is the theory of political, economic and social equality of the sexes

I started questioning gender-based assumptions a long time ago When I was 8, I was

confused for being called bossy because I wanted to direct the plays that we would put on for our parents, but the boys were not When at 14, I started to be sexualized by certain elements

of the media When at 15, my girlfriends started dropping out of sports teams because they didn’t want to appear muscly When at 18, my male friends were unable to express their feelings

I decided that I was a feminist, and this seemed uncomplicated to me But my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an unpopular word Women are choosing not to identify as feminists Apparently, I’m among the ranks of women whose expressions are seen

as too strong, too aggressive, isolating, and anti-men Unattractive, even

Why has the word become such an uncomfortable one? I am from Britain, and I think it is right I am paid the same as my male counterparts I think it is right that I should be able to make decisions about my own body I think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and decisions that will affect my life I think it is right that socially, I am afforded the same respect as men

But sadly, I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to see these rights No country in the world can yet say that they achieved gender equality These rights, I consider to be human rights, but I am one of the lucky ones

My life is a sheer privilege because my parents didn’t love me less because I was born a daughter My school did not limit me because I was a girl My mentors didn't assume that I would go less far because I might give birth to a child one day These influences were the gender equality ambassadors that made me who I am today They may not know it, but they are the inadvertent feminists that are changing the world today We need more of those

And if you still hate the word, it is not the word that is important It’s the idea and the

ambition behind it, because not all women have received the same rights I have In fact, statistically, very few have

In 1997, Hillary Clinton made a famous speech in Beijing about women’s rights Sadly, many

of the things that she wanted to change are still true today But what stood out for me the most was that less than thirty percent of the audience were male How can we effect change

in the world when only half of it is invited or feel welcome to participate in the conversation?

Men, I would like to take this opportunity to extend your formal invitation Gender equality is your issue, too Because to date, I’ve seen my father’s role as a parent being valued less by society, despite my need of his presence as a child, as much as my mother’s I’ve seen young men suffering from mental illness, unable to ask for help for fear it would make them less of a man In fact, in the UK, suicide is the biggest killer of men between 20 to 49, eclipsing road accidents, cancer and coronary heart disease I’ve seen men made fragile and insecure by a distorted sense of what constitutes male success Men don’t have the benefits of equality, either

We don’t often talk about men being imprisoned by gender stereotypes, but I can see that they are, and that when they are free, things will change for women as a natural consequence If men don’t have to be aggressive in order to be accepted, women won’t feel compelled to be submissive If men don’t have to control, women won’t have to be controlled

Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive Both men and women should feel free to

be strong It is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum, instead of two sets of opposing ideals If we stop defining each other by what we are not, and start defining ourselves by who

we are, we can all be freer, and this is what HeForShe is about It’s about freedom

I want men to take up this mantle so that their daughters, sisters, and mothers can be free from prejudice, but also so that their sons have permission to be vulnerable and human too, reclaim those parts of themselves they abandoned, and in doing so, be a more true and

complete version of themselves

You might be thinking, “Who is this Harry Potter girl, and what is she doing speaking at the UN?” And, it’s a really good question I’ve been asking myself the same thing

All I know is that I care about this problem, and I want to make it better And, having seen what I’ve seen, and given the chance, I feel it is my responsibility to say something

Statesman Edmund Burke said, “All that is needed for the forces of evil to triumph is for good men and women to do nothing.”

In my nervousness for this speech and in my moments of doubt, I told myself firmly, “If not

me, who? If not now, when?” If you have similar doubts when opportunities are presented to you, I hope those words will be helpful Because the reality is that if we do nothing, it will take seventy-five years, or for me to be nearly 100, before women can expect to be paid the same as men for the same work 15.5 million girls will be married in the next 16 years as

children And at current rates, it won't be until 2086 before all rural African girls can have a secondary education

If you believe in equality, you might be one of those inadvertent feminists that I spoke of earlier, and for this, I applaud you We are struggling for a uniting word, but the good news

is, we have a uniting movement It is called HeForShe I invite you to step forward, to be seen and to ask yourself, “If not me, who? If not now, when?”

Thank you very, very much

02 Rory Sutherland - PERSPECTIVE IS EVERYTHING

Fill in the blanks

00:11

What you have here is an _ cigarette It's something that's, since it was a year or two ago, has given me untold (Laughter) A little bit of it, I think, is the nicotine, but there's something much _ than that Which is ever since, in the U.K., they _ smoking in public

places, I've never _ a drinks party ever again (Laughter) And the reason, I only _ out just the other day, which is when you go to a drinks and you stand up and you hold a glass of _ wine and you talk endlessly to people, you don't _ want to spend all the time talking It's really, really _ Sometimes you just want to stand there silently, alone with your thoughts Sometimes you just want to stand in the corner and _ out of the window Now the problem is, when you can't smoke if you stand and stare out of the window on your own, you're an

antisocial, _ idiot (Laughter) If you stand and stare out of the window

on your own with a cigarette, you're a fucking _ (Laughter)

(Applause)

01:24

So the _ of reframing things cannot be overstated What we have is exactly the same thing, the same _, but one of them makes you feel great and the other one, with just a small change _ of posture, makes you feel terrible And I think one of the problems with classical economics is it's absolutely preoccupied with _ And reality isn't a particularly good guide to human happiness Why, for example, are _ much happier than the young _? Both of them, after all, are in exactly the same stage

of life You both have too much time on your hand _ and not much money But pensioners are reportedly very, very happy, whereas the

unemployed are _ unhappy and depressed The reason, I think, is that the pensioners believe they've _ to be pensioners, _ the young unemployed feel it's been thrust upon them

(Laughter) And that's because having a son who's unemployed in Manchester is really quite _, but having a son who's unemployed in Thailand is really viewed as quite an _ (Laughter) But actually the power to re- brand things to understand that actually our experiences, _, things don't actually much depend on what they really are, but on how we view them

I _ think can't be overstated

03:06

There's an experiment I think Daniel Pink _ to where you put two dogs in a box and the box has an electric _ Every now and then an electric shock is applied to the floor, which _ the dogs The only

difference is one of the dogs has a small button in its half of the box And when

it nuzzles the button, the electric shock _ The other dog doesn't have the button It's exposed to exactly the same _ of pain as the dog in the first box, but it has no _ over the circumstances Generally the first dog can be relatively _ The second dog lapses into complete

depression

03:49

The circumstances of our lives may actually matter _ less to our

happiness than the sense of control we feel over our _ It's an

interesting question We ask the question the whole debate in the Western world is about the level of _ But I think there's another debate to be asked, which is the level of control we have _ our tax money That what costs us 10 pounds in one context can be a _ What costs us 10 pounds in a different _ we may actually welcome You know, pay 20,000 pounds in tax toward health and you're merely feeling a mug Pay

20,000 pounds to endow a _ ward and you're called a philanthropist I'm _ in the wrong country to talk about _ to pay tax

(Laughter)

04:40

So I'll give you one in return How you _ things really matters Do you call it the bailout of Greece or the bailout of a load of stupid _ which lent to Greece? Because they are actually the same thing What you call them actually affects how you _ to them, viscerally and morally I think _ value is great to be absolutely honest One of my great friends,

a professor called Nick Chater, who's the Professor of Decision _ in London, believes that we should spend far less time looking into _

hidden depths and spend much more time exploring the hidden _ I think that's true actually I think _ have an insane effect on what we think and what we do But what we don't have is a really good _model

of human psychology At least pre-Kahneman perhaps, we didn't have a really good model of human psychology to put alongside models of _, of _ economics

05:38

So people who believed in psychological _ didn't have a model We didn't have a framework This is what Warren Buffett's business _ Charlie Munger calls "a latticework on which to hang your _."

Engineers, economists, classical economists all had a very, very _ existing latticework on which practically every idea could be hung We merely have a collection of random individual _ without an overall model And what that means is that in looking at solutions, we've probably _ too much priority to what I call _ engineering solutions, Newtonian solutions, and not nearly enough to the psychological _

06:57

Why were we not given the chance to solve that problem _? I think it's because there's an _, an asymmetry, in the way we treat creative, emotionally-driven psychological ideas versus the way we treat _, numerical, spreadsheet-driven ideas If you're a _ person, I think quite rightly, you have to share all your ideas for _ with people much more rational than you You have to go in and you have to have a cost-benefit

analysis, a _ study, an ROI study and so forth And I think that's

probably right But this does not apply the other way around People who have

an _ framework, an economic framework, an engineering framework,

feel that actually is its own _ What they don't say is, "Well the numbers all seem to add up, but before I _ this idea, I'll go and show it to some really crazy people to see if they can come up with something better." And so we, artificially I think, _ what I'd call _ ideas over psychological ideas

07:57

An example of a great psychological idea: The single best _ in

passenger _ on the London Underground per pound spent came when they didn't add any extra trains nor change the _ of the trains, they put dot matrix display board on the platforms Because the nature of a wait is not just _ on its numerical quality, its duration, but on the level of

_ you experience during that wait Waiting seven minutes for a train with a _ clock is less frustrating and irritating than waiting four

minutes, knuckle-biting going, "When's this train going to damn well arrive?" 08:33

Here's a beautiful example of a psychological solution deployed in Korea

_ Red traffic lights have a countdown _ It's proven to

reduce the accident rate in experiments Why? Because road rage, impatience and general _ are massively _ when you can actually see the time you have to wait In China, not really understanding the _ behind this, they applied the same principle to green traffic lights (Laughter) Which isn't a great idea You're 200 yards away, you _ you've got five

seconds to go, you _ it (Laughter) The Koreans, very assiduously, did test both The accident _ goes down when you apply this to red traffic lights; it goes up when you apply it to green traffic _

09:18

This is all I'm asking for really in human decision making, is the _ of these three things I'm not asking for the _ primacy of one over the other I'm merely saying that when you solve problems, you should look at all three of these _ and you should _ as far as possible to find solutions which sit in the sweet spot in the middle

Questions: List all the examples that Rory mentioned and explain how these

examples helped Rory build up his arguments

Key

00:11

What you have here is an electronic cigarette It's something that's, since it was invented a year or two ago, has given me untold happiness (Laughter) A little bit of it, I think, is the nicotine, but there's something much bigger than that Which is ever since, in the U.K., they banned smoking in public places, I've never enjoyed a drinks party ever again (Laughter) And the reason, I only

worked out just the other day, which is when you go to a drinks party and you stand up and you hold a glass of red wine and you talk endlessly to people, you don't actually want to spend all the time talking It's really, really tiring

Sometimes you just want to stand there silently, alone with your thoughts

Sometimes you just want to stand in the corner and stare out of the window Now the problem is, when you can't smoke, if you stand and stare out of the window on your own, you're an antisocial, friendless idiot (Laughter) If you stand and stare out of the window on your own with a cigarette, you're a fucking philosopher (Laughter) (Applause)

01:24

So the power of reframing things cannot be overstated What we have is exactly the same thing, the same activity, but one of them makes you feel great and the other one, with just a small change of posture, makes you feel terrible And I think one of the problems with classical economics is it's absolutely

preoccupied with reality And reality isn't a particularly good guide to human happiness Why, for example, are pensioners much happier than the young unemployed? Both of them, after all, are in exactly the same stage of life You both have too much time on your hands and not much money But pensioners are reportedly very, very happy, whereas the unemployed are extraordinarily unhappy and depressed The reason, I think, is that the pensioners believe

they've chosen to be pensioners, whereas the young unemployed feel it's been thrust upon them

02:25

In England the upper middle classes have actually solved this problem perfectly, because they've re-branded unemployment If you're an upper-middle-class English person, you call unemployment "a year off." (Laughter) And that's because having a son who's unemployed in Manchester is really quite

embarrassing, but having a son who's unemployed in Thailand is really viewed

as quite an accomplishment (Laughter) But actually the power to re-brand

things to understand that actually our experiences, costs, things don't actually much depend on what they really are, but on how we view them I genuinely think can't be overstated

03:06

There's an experiment I think Daniel Pink refers to where you put two dogs in a box and the box has an electric floor Every now and then an electric shock is applied to the floor, which pains the dogs The only difference is one of the dogs has a small button in its half of the box And when it nuzzles the button, the electric shock stops The other dog doesn't have the button It's exposed to exactly the same level of pain as the dog in the first box, but it has no control over the circumstances Generally the first dog can be relatively content The second dog lapses into complete depression

03:49

The circumstances of our lives may actually matter less to our happiness than the sense of control we feel over our lives It's an interesting question We ask the question the whole debate in the Western world is about the level of taxation But I think there's another debate to be asked, which is the level of control we have over our tax money That what costs us 10 pounds in one

context can be a curse What costs us 10 pounds in a different context we may actually welcome You know, pay 20,000 pounds in tax toward health and you're merely feeling a mug Pay 20,000 pounds to endow a hospital ward and you're called a philanthropist I'm probably in the wrong country to talk about willingness to pay tax (Laughter)

04:40

So I'll give you one in return How you frame things really matters Do you call

it the bailout of Greece or the bailout of a load of stupid banks which lent to Greece? Because they are actually the same thing What you call them actually affects how you react to them, viscerally and morally I think psychological value is great to be absolutely honest One of my great friends, a professor called Nick Chater, who's the Professor of Decision Sciences in London,

believes that we should spend far less time looking into humanity's hidden depths and spend much more time exploring the hidden shallows I think that's true actually I think impressions have an insane effect on what we think and what we do But what we don't have is a really good model of human

psychology At least pre-Kahneman perhaps, we didn't have a really good

model of human psychology to put alongside models of engineering, of

neoclassical economics

05:38

So people who believed in psychological solutions didn't have a model We didn't have a framework This is what Warren Buffett's business partner Charlie Munger calls "a latticework on which to hang your ideas." Engineers,

economists, classical economists all had a very, very robust existing latticework

on which practically every idea could be hung We merely have a collection of random individual insights without an overall model And what that means is that in looking at solutions, we've probably given too much priority to what I call technical engineering solutions, Newtonian solutions, and not nearly

enough to the psychological ones

06:18

You know my example of the Eurostar Six million pounds spent to reduce the journey time between Paris and London by about 40 minutes For 0.01 percent

of this money you could have put WiFi on the trains, which wouldn't have

reduced the duration of the journey, but would have improved its enjoyment and its usefullness far more For maybe 10 percent of the money, you could have paid all of the world's top male and female supermodels to walk up and down the train handing out free Chateau Petrus to all the passengers You'd still have five [million] pounds in change, and people would ask for the trains to be

slowed down (Laughter)

06:57

Why were we not given the chance to solve that problem psychologically? I think it's because there's an imbalance, an asymmetry, in the way we treat

creative, emotionally-driven psychological ideas versus the way we treat

rational, numerical, spreadsheet-driven ideas If you're a creative person, I think quite rightly, you have to share all your ideas for approval with people much more rational than you You have to go in and you have to have a cost-benefit analysis, a feasibility study, an ROI study and so forth And I think that's

probably right But this does not apply the other way around People who have

an existing framework, an economic framework, an engineering framework, feel that actually logic is its own answer What they don't say is, "Well the

numbers all seem to add up, but before I present this idea, I'll go and show it to some really crazy people to see if they can come up with something better."

And so we, artificially I think, prioritize what I'd call mechanistic ideas over psychological ideas

07:57

An example of a great psychological idea: The single best improvement in passenger satisfaction on the London Underground per pound spent came when they didn't add any extra trains nor change the frequency of the trains, they put dot matrix display board on the platforms Because the nature of a wait is not just dependent on its numerical quality, its duration, but on the level of

uncertainty you experience during that wait Waiting seven minutes for a train with a countdown clock is less frustrating and irritating than waiting four

minutes, knuckle-biting going, "When's this train going to damn well arrive?" 08:33

Here's a beautiful example of a psychological solution deployed in Korea Red traffic lights have a countdown delay It's proven to reduce the accident rate in experiments Why? Because road rage, impatience and general irritation are massively reduced when you can actually see the time you have to wait In China, not really understanding the principle behind this, they applied the same principle to green traffic lights (Laughter) Which isn't a great idea You're 200 yards away, you realize you've got five seconds to go, you floor it (Laughter) The Koreans, very assiduously, did test both The accident rate goes down when you apply this to red traffic lights; it goes up when you apply it to green traffic lights

09:18

This is all I'm asking for really in human decision making, is the consideration

of these three things I'm not asking for the complete primacy of one over the other I'm merely saying that when you solve problems, you should look at all three of these equally and you should seek as far as possible to find solutions which sit in the sweet spot in the middle

03 Jill Bolte Taylor - MY STROKE OF INSIGHT

Fill in the blanks

00:11 I grew up to study the brain because I have a brother who has been _ with a brain disorder, schizophrenia And as a sister and later, as a _, I wanted to understand, why is it that I can take my dreams, I can connect them to my _, and I can make my dreams come true? What is it about my _ brain and his schizophrenia that he cannot connect his dreams to a common and shared reality, so they instead become _?

00:43 So I _ my career to research into the severe mental illnesses And I moved from my home state of Indiana to Boston, where I was working in the _ of Dr Francine Benes, in the Harvard Department of Psychiatry And in the lab, we were _ the question, "What are the _ differences between the brains of individuals who would be diagnosed as normal control, as _ with the brains of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective or bipolar _?"

01:15 So we were essentially _ the microcircuitry of the brain: which cells are communicating with which cells, with which _, and then in what quantities of those chemicals? So there was a lot of meaning in my life because I was _ this type of research _ the day, but then in the evenings and on the weekends, I traveled as an advocate for NAMI, the National Alliance on _ Illness

01:42 But on the morning of December 10, 1996, I woke up to _ that I had a brain disorder of my own A blood vessel _ in the left half of my brain And in the course

of four hours, I watched my brain completely _ in its ability to process all information On the morning of the hemorrhage, I could not walk, _, read, write or recall any of my life I essentially became an _ in a woman's body

02:16 If you've ever seen a human brain, it's _ that the two hemispheres are completely _ from one another And I have brought for you a real human brain 02:27 (Groaning, laughter)

02:35 So this is a real human brain This is the _ of the brain, the back of brain with the spinal _ hanging down, and this is how it would be positioned inside of my head And when you look at the brain, it's obvious that the two cerebral cortices are _ separate from one another

02:56 For those of you who understand computers, our right hemisphere _ like a parallel processor, while our left hemisphere _ like a serial processor The two hemispheres do _ with one another through the corpus callosum, which is made up

of some 300 million axonal _ But other than that, the two hemispheres are completely separate Because they process information _, each of our hemispheres think about different things, they _ about different things, and, dare I say, they have very different _ Excuse me Thank you It's been a joy

03:39 Assistant: It has been

03:41 (Laughter)

03:44 Our right human hemisphere is all about this _ moment It's all about "right here, right now." Our right hemisphere, it thinks in _ and it learns kinesthetically through the _ of our bodies Information, in the form of energy, streams in simultaneously through all of our sensory _ and then it explodes into this enormous collage of what this present moment looks like, what this present moment _ like and tastes like, what it feels like and what it _ like I am an energy-being connected to the energy all around me through the _ of my right hemisphere We are energy-beings connected to one another _ the consciousness of our right hemispheres as one human family And right here, right now, we are brothers and sisters on this _, here to make the world a better place And in this moment we are _, we are whole and we are beautiful

04:55 My left hemisphere, our left hemisphere, is a very different _ Our left hemisphere thinks linearly and methodically Our left hemisphere is all about the _ and it's all about the future Our left hemisphere is _ to take that enormous collage of the present moment and start _ out details, and more details about those details It then categorizes and organizes all that information, _ it with everything in the past we've ever learned, and _ into the future all of our possibilities And our left hemisphere thinks in _ It's that ongoing brain chatter that connects me and my internal world to my external world It's that little _ that says to me, "Hey, you've got

to remember to pick up _ on your way home I need them in the morning." It's that calculating _ that reminds me when I have to do my laundry But perhaps most important, it's that little _ that says to me, "I am I am."

06:06 And as soon as my _ hemisphere says to me "I am," I become separate I become a single _ individual, separate from the energy flow around me and separate from you And this was the portion of my brain that I lost on the morning of my _ 06:23 On the morning of the stroke, I woke up to a pounding pain _ my left eye And

it was the kind of caustic _ that you get when you bite into ice cream And it just gripped me and then it released me And then it just gripped me and then it _

me And it was very unusual for me to ever _ any kind of pain, so I thought, "OK, I'll just start my normal _."

06:50 So I got up and I _ onto my cardio glider, which is a full-body, full-exercise machine And I'm jamming away on this thing, and I'm _ that my hands look like primitive claws _ onto the bar And I thought, "That's very peculiar." And I looked down at my body and I _ "Whoa, I'm a weird-looking thing." And it was as though

my consciousness had shifted away from my normal _ of reality, where I'm the person on the machine having the experience, to some esoteric space where I'm _ myself having this experience

07:27 And it was all very peculiar, and my _ was just getting worse So I get off the machine, and I'm walking across my living room floor, and I realize that everything _

of my body has slowed way down And every step is very _ and very deliberate There's no fluidity to my _, and there's this constriction in my area of perception, so

I'm just focused on internal systems And I'm standing in my _ getting ready to step into the shower, and I could actually hear the _ inside of my body I heard a little voice saying, "OK You muscles, you've got to _ You muscles, you relax."

08:03 And then I lost my balance, and I'm propped up _ the wall And I look down

at my arm and I realize that I can no longer _ the boundaries of my body I can't define where I begin and where I end, because the atoms and the _ of my arm blended with the atoms and molecules of the wall And all I could _ was this energy energy

08:29 And I'm asking _, "What is wrong with me? What is going on?" And in that moment, my left hemisphere brain chatter went totally _ Just like someone took a remote control and pushed the _ button Total silence And at first I was shocked to find myself inside of a silent mind But then I was immediately _ by the magnificence

of the energy around me And because I could no longer _ the boundaries of my body, I felt _ and expansive I felt at one with all the energy that was, and it was beautiful there

09:09 Then all of a sudden my left hemisphere comes back _ and it says to me, "Hey! We've got a problem! We've got to get some _." And I'm going, "Ahh! I've got a problem!"

09:18 (Laughter)

09:19 So it's like, "OK, I've got a problem." But then I _ drifted right back out into the consciousness and I affectionately refer to this _ as La La Land But it was beautiful there Imagine what it would be like to be totally _ from your brain chatter that connects you to the external _

09:39 So here I am in this space, and my job, and any stress _ to my job it was gone And I felt _ in my body And imagine all of the relationships in the external world and any stressors related to any of those they were gone And I felt this _ of peacefulness And imagine what it would feel like to lose 37 years of _ baggage! (Laughter) Oh! I felt euphoria euphoria It was _

10:14 And again, my left hemisphere comes online and it _, "Hey! You've got to pay attention We've got to get help." And I'm thinking, "I've got to get help I've got to _."

So I get out of the shower and I _ dress and I'm walking around my apartment, and I'm thinking, "I've got to get to work Can I _?"

10:31 And in that moment, my right _ went totally paralyzed by my side Then I realized, "Oh my gosh! I'm having a stroke!" And the next thing my _ says to me is, Wow! This is so _!

10:44 (Laughter)

10:46 This is so cool! How many brain scientists have the _ to study their own brain from the inside out?"

10:53 (Laughter)

10:55 And then it crosses my mind, "But I'm a very _ woman!"

10:59 (Laughter)

11:00 "I don't have time for a stroke!" So I'm like, "OK, I can't stop the stroke from _,

so I'll do this for a week or two, and then I'll get back to my _ OK So I've got to call help I've got to call work." I couldn't _ the number at work, so I remembered, in my office I had a business _ with my number So I go into my business room, I pull out

a three-inch stack of business cards And I'm looking at the card on _ and even though

I could see clearly in my mind's _ what my business card looked like, I couldn't tell

if this was my card or not, because all I could see _ pixels And the pixels of the words _ with the pixels of the background and the pixels of the symbols, and I just couldn't tell And then I would wait for what I call a wave of _ And in that moment,

I would be able to reattach to _ reality and I could tell that's not the card that's not the card It took me 45 minutes to get one inch down _ of that stack of cards In the meantime, for 45 minutes, the hemorrhage is getting _ in my left hemisphere I do not understand numbers, I do not understand the _, but it's the only plan I have 12:07 So I take the phone pad and I put it right here I take the business card, I put it right here, and I'm matching the _ of the squiggles on the card to the shape of the squiggles on the phone pad But then I would drift back out into La La Land, and not _ when I came back if I'd already dialed _ numbers So I had to wield my paralyzed _ like a stump and cover the numbers as I went along and _ them, so that as I would come back to normal reality, I'd be able to tell, "Yes, I've already _ that number."

12:40 Eventually, the whole number gets dialed and I'm _ to the phone, and my colleague picks up the phone and he _ to me, "Woo woo woo woo." (Laughter) 12:50 (Laughter)

12:53 And I think to myself, "Oh my gosh, he _ like a Golden Retriever!"

12:58 (Laughter)

13:00 And so I say to him _ in my mind, I say to him: "This is Jill! I need help!" And what _ out of my voice is, "Woo woo woo woo woo." I'm thinking, "Oh my gosh, I sound like a Golden Retriever." So I couldn't know I didn't _ that I couldn't speak or understand language until I tried So he _ that I need help and he gets me help

13:21 And a little while later, I am riding in an _ from one hospital across Boston to [Massachusetts] General Hospital And I curl up into a _ fetal ball And just like a balloon with the last bit of air, just right out of the balloon, I just felt my _ lift and just I felt my _ surrender

13:46 And in that _, I knew that I was no longer the choreographer of my life And either the doctors _ my body and give me a second chance at life, or this was perhaps

my moment of _

14:05 When I woke later that afternoon, I was shocked to _ that I was still alive When I felt my spirit surrender, I said goodbye to my life And my mind was now _ between two very opposite planes of reality _ coming in through my sensory systems felt like pure pain Light burned my brain like wildfire, and sounds were so _ and chaotic that I could not pick a voice out from the _ noise, and I just wanted to escape Because I could not _ the position of my body in space, I felt enormous and expansive, like a genie just liberated from her _ And my spirit soared free, like a great whale gliding through the sea of _ euphoria Nirvana I found Nirvana And I remember thinking, there's no way I would ever be able to squeeze the _ of myself back inside this _ little body

15:24 But then I _, "But I'm still alive! I'm still alive, and I have found Nirvana And

if I have found Nirvana and I'm still alive, then _ who is alive can find Nirvana." And

I pictured a world _ with beautiful, peaceful, compassionate, loving people who knew that they could come to this space at any time And that they could _ choose to step

to the right of their left hemispheres and find this _ And then I realized what a _ gift this experience could be, what a stroke of insight this could be to how we live our lives And it _ me to recover

16:20 Two and a half weeks after the hemorrhage, the _ went in, and they removed

a blood clot the size of a golf ball that was pushing on my language _ Here I am with

my mama, who is a true _ in my life It took me eight years to completely recover 16:39 So who are we? We are the life-force _ of the universe, with manual dexterity and two cognitive _ And we have the power to choose, moment by moment, who and how we want to be in the world Right here, right now, I can _ into the consciousness of my right hemisphere, _ we are I am the life-force power of the universe I am the life-force power of the 50 trillion beautiful molecular _ that make

up my _, at one with all that is Or, I can choose to step into the consciousness of my left hemisphere, where I become a single individual, a solid Separate from the _, separate from you I am Dr Jill Bolte Taylor: _, neuroanatomist These are the "we" inside of me Which would you choose? Which do you choose? And when? I _ that the more time we spend choosing to run the _ inner-peace circuitry of our right hemispheres, the more peace we will _ into the world, and the more peaceful our planet will be And I thought that was an idea worth _

18:12 Thank you

18:13 (Applause)

Key

00:11 I grew up to study the brain because I have a brother who has been diagnosed with a brain disorder, schizophrenia And as a sister and later, as a scientist, I wanted to understand, why is it that I can take my dreams, I can connect them to my reality, and I can make my dreams come true? What is it about my brother's brain and his schizophrenia that he cannot connect his dreams to a common and shared reality, so they instead become delusion?

00:43 So I dedicated my career to research into the severe mental illnesses And I moved from

my home state of Indiana to Boston, where I was working in the lab of Dr Francine Benes, in the Harvard Department of Psychiatry And in the lab, we were asking the question, "What are the biological differences between the brains of individuals who would be diagnosed as normal control, as compared with the brains of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder?"

01:15 So we were essentially mapping the microcircuitry of the brain: which cells are communicating with which cells, with which chemicals, and then in what quantities of those chemicals? So there was a lot of meaning in my life because I was performing this type of research during the day, but then in the evenings and on the weekends, I traveled as an advocate for NAMI, the National Alliance on Mental Illness

01:42 But on the morning of December 10, 1996, I woke up to discover that I had a brain disorder of my own A blood vessel exploded in the left half of my brain And in the course of four hours, I watched my brain completely deteriorate in its ability to process all information

On the morning of the hemorrhage, I could not walk, talk, read, write or recall any of my life

I essentially became an infant in a woman's body

02:16 If you've ever seen a human brain, it's obvious that the two hemispheres are completely separate from one another And I have brought for you a real human brain

02:27 (Groaning, laughter)

02:35 So this is a real human brain This is the front of the brain, the back of brain with the spinal cord hanging down, and this is how it would be positioned inside of my head And when you look at the brain, it's obvious that the two cerebral cortices are completely separate from one another

02:56 For those of you who understand computers, our right hemisphere functions like a parallel processor, while our left hemisphere functions like a serial processor The two hemispheres do communicate with one another through the corpus callosum, which is made up

of some 300 million axonal fibers But other than that, the two hemispheres are completely separate Because they process information differently, each of our hemispheres think about different things, they care about different things, and, dare I say, they have very different personalities Excuse me Thank you It's been a joy

03:39 Assistant: It has been

03:41 (Laughter)

03:44 Our right human hemisphere is all about this present moment It's all about "right here, right now." Our right hemisphere, it thinks in pictures and it learns kinesthetically through the movement of our bodies Information, in the form of energy, streams in simultaneously through all of our sensory systems and then it explodes into this enormous collage of what this present moment looks like, what this present moment smells like and tastes like, what it feels like and what it sounds like I am an energy-being connected to the energy all around me through the consciousness of my right hemisphere We are energy-beings connected to one another through the consciousness of our right hemispheres as one human family And right here, right now,

we are brothers and sisters on this planet, here to make the world a better place And in this moment we are perfect, we are whole and we are beautiful

04:55 My left hemisphere, our left hemisphere, is a very different place Our left hemisphere thinks linearly and methodically Our left hemisphere is all about the past and it's all about the future Our left hemisphere is designed to take that enormous collage of the present moment and start picking out details, and more details about those details It then categorizes and organizes all that information, associates it with everything in the past we've ever learned, and projects into the future all of our possibilities And our left hemisphere thinks in language It's that ongoing brain chatter that connects me and my internal world to my external world It's that little voice that says to me, "Hey, you've got to remember to pick up bananas on your way home I need them in the morning." It's that calculating intelligence that reminds me when I have to do my laundry But perhaps most important, it's that little voice that says to me, "I am

I am."

06:06 And as soon as my left hemisphere says to me "I am," I become separate I become a single solid individual, separate from the energy flow around me and separate from you And this was the portion of my brain that I lost on the morning of my stroke

06:23 On the morning of the stroke, I woke up to a pounding pain behind my left eye And it was the kind of caustic pain that you get when you bite into ice cream And it just gripped me and then it released me And then it just gripped me and then it released me And it was very unusual for me to ever experience any kind of pain, so I thought, "OK, I'll just start my normal routine."

06:50 So I got up and I jumped onto my cardio glider, which is a full-body, full-exercise machine And I'm jamming away on this thing, and I'm realizing that my hands look like primitive claws grasping onto the bar And I thought, "That's very peculiar." And I looked down at my body and I thought, "Whoa, I'm a weird-looking thing." And it was as though my consciousness had shifted away from my normal perception of reality, where I'm the person on the machine having the experience, to some esoteric space where I'm witnessing myself having this experience

07:27 And it was all very peculiar, and my headache was just getting worse So I get off the machine, and I'm walking across my living room floor, and I realize that everything inside of

my body has slowed way down And every step is very rigid and very deliberate There's no fluidity to my pace, and there's this constriction in my area of perception, so I'm just focused

on internal systems And I'm standing in my bathroom getting ready to step into the shower,

and I could actually hear the dialogue inside of my body I heard a little voice saying, "OK You muscles, you've got to contract You muscles, you relax."

08:03 And then I lost my balance, and I'm propped up against the wall And I look down at my arm and I realize that I can no longer define the boundaries of my body I can't define where I begin and where I end, because the atoms and the molecules of my arm blended with the atoms and molecules of the wall And all I could detect was this energy energy

08:29 And I'm asking myself, "What is wrong with me? What is going on?" And in that moment, my left hemisphere brain chatter went totally silent Just like someone took a remote control and pushed the mute button Total silence And at first I was shocked to find myself inside of a silent mind But then I was immediately captivated by the magnificence of the energy around me And because I could no longer identify the boundaries of my body, I felt enormous and expansive I felt at one with all the energy that was, and it was beautiful there

09:09 Then all of a sudden my left hemisphere comes back online and it says to me, "Hey! We've got a problem! We've got to get some help." And I'm going, "Ahh! I've got a problem!" 09:18 (Laughter)

09:19 So it's like, "OK, I've got a problem." But then I immediately drifted right back out into the consciousness and I affectionately refer to this space as La La Land But it was beautiful there Imagine what it would be like to be totally disconnected from your brain chatter that connects you to the external world

09:39 So here I am in this space, and my job, and any stress related to my job it was gone And I felt lighter in my body And imagine all of the relationships in the external world and any stressors related to any of those they were gone And I felt this sense of peacefulness And imagine what it would feel like to lose 37 years of emotional baggage! (Laughter) Oh! I felt euphoria euphoria It was beautiful

10:14 And again, my left hemisphere comes online and it says, "Hey! You've got to pay attention We've got to get help." And I'm thinking, "I've got to get help I've got to focus." So

I get out of the shower and I mechanically dress and I'm walking around my apartment, and I'm thinking, "I've got to get to work Can I drive?"

10:31 And in that moment, my right arm went totally paralyzed by my side Then I realized,

"Oh my gosh! I'm having a stroke!" And the next thing my brain says to me is, Wow! This is

10:59 (Laughter)

11:00 "I don't have time for a stroke!" So I'm like, "OK, I can't stop the stroke from happening,

so I'll do this for a week or two, and then I'll get back to my routine OK So I've got to call help I've got to call work." I couldn't remember the number at work, so I remembered, in my office I had a business card with my number So I go into my business room, I pull out a three- inch stack of business cards And I'm looking at the card on top and even though I could see clearly in my mind's eye what my business card looked like, I couldn't tell if this was my card

or not, because all I could see were pixels And the pixels of the words blended with the pixels

of the background and the pixels of the symbols, and I just couldn't tell And then I would wait for what I call a wave of clarity And in that moment, I would be able to reattach to normal reality and I could tell that's not the card that's not the card It took me 45 minutes to get one inch down inside of that stack of cards In the meantime, for 45 minutes, the hemorrhage is getting bigger in my left hemisphere I do not understand numbers, I do not understand the telephone, but it's the only plan I have

12:07 So I take the phone pad and I put it right here I take the business card, I put it right here, and I'm matching the shape of the squiggles on the card to the shape of the squiggles on the phone pad But then I would drift back out into La La Land, and not remember when I came back if I'd already dialed those numbers So I had to wield my paralyzed arm like a stump and cover the numbers as I went along and pushed them, so that as I would come back to normal reality, I'd be able to tell, "Yes, I've already dialed that number."

12:40 Eventually, the whole number gets dialed and I'm listening to the phone, and my colleague picks up the phone and he says to me, "Woo woo woo woo." (Laughter)

13:21 And a little while later, I am riding in an ambulance from one hospital across Boston to [Massachusetts] General Hospital And I curl up into a little fetal ball And just like a balloon with the last bit of air, just right out of the balloon, I just felt my energy lift and just I felt my spirit surrender

13:46 And in that moment, I knew that I was no longer the choreographer of my life And either the doctors rescue my body and give me a second chance at life, or this was perhaps my moment

of transition

14:05 When I woke later that afternoon, I was shocked to discover that I was still alive When

I felt my spirit surrender, I said goodbye to my life And my mind was now suspended between

two very opposite planes of reality Stimulation coming in through my sensory systems felt like pure pain Light burned my brain like wildfire, and sounds were so loud and chaotic that I could not pick a voice out from the background noise, and I just wanted to escape Because I could not identify the position of my body in space, I felt enormous and expansive, like a genie just liberated from her bottle And my spirit soared free, like a great whale gliding through the sea of silent euphoria Nirvana I found Nirvana And I remember thinking, there's no way I would ever be able to squeeze the enormousness of myself back inside this tiny little body

15:24 But then I realized, "But I'm still alive! I'm still alive, and I have found Nirvana And if

I have found Nirvana and I'm still alive, then everyone who is alive can find Nirvana." And I pictured a world filled with beautiful, peaceful, compassionate, loving people who knew that they could come to this space at any time And that they could purposely choose to step to the right of their left hemispheres and find this peace And then I realized what a tremendous gift this experience could be, what a stroke of insight this could be to how we live our lives And it motivated me to recover

16:20 Two and a half weeks after the hemorrhage, the surgeons went in, and they removed a blood clot the size of a golf ball that was pushing on my language centers Here I am with my mama, who is a true angel in my life It took me eight years to completely recover

16:39 So who are we? We are the life-force power of the universe, with manual dexterity and two cognitive minds And we have the power to choose, moment by moment, who and how we want to be in the world Right here, right now, I can step into the consciousness of my right hemisphere, where we are I am the life-force power of the universe I am the life-force power

of the 50 trillion beautiful molecular geniuses that make up my form, at one with all that is Or,

I can choose to step into the consciousness of my left hemisphere, where I become a single individual, a solid Separate from the flow, separate from you I am Dr Jill Bolte Taylor: intellectual, neuroanatomist These are the "we" inside of me Which would you choose? Which

do you choose? And when? I believe that the more time we spend choosing to run the deep inner-peace circuitry of our right hemispheres, the more peace we will project into the world, and the more peaceful our planet will be And I thought that was an idea worth spreading 18:12 Thank you

18:13 (Applause)

04 Tristram Stuart - THE GLOBAL FOOD WASTE SCANDAL

Fill in the blanks

00:11 The job of uncovering the global food ……… scandal started for me when I was 15 years old I bought some pigs I was living in Sussex And I started to ……… them in the most traditional and environmentally …… way I went to my school kitchen, and I said,

"Give me the scraps that my school ……… have turned their noses up at." I went to the local baker and took their stale bread I went to the local greengrocer, and I went to a ………… who was throwing away potatoes because they were the wrong shape or size for ……… This was great My pigs turned that food waste into ……… pork I sold that pork to my school friends' parents, and I made a good pocket money addition to my teenage ………

00:52 But I ……… that most of the food that I was giving my pigs was in fact fit for human consumption, and that I was only ……… the surface, and that right the way up the food supply chain, in supermarkets, greengrocers, bakers, in our …………, in factories and farms,

we were hemorrhaging out food Supermarkets didn't even want to ………… to me about how much food they were ………… I'd been round the back I'd seen bins full of food

being locked and then trucked off to landfill sites, and I thought, surely there is something

more ……… to do with food than waste it

01:24 One morning, when I was feeding my …………, I noticed a particularly tasty-looking

……… tomato loaf that used to crop up from time to time I grabbed hold of it, sat down, and ate my ……… with my pigs (Laughter) That was the first act of what I later learned to call freeganism, really an exhibition of the ………… of food waste, and the provision of the

………… to food waste, which is simply to sit down and eat food, rather than throwing it away That became, as it were, a way of ………… large businesses in the business of wasting food, and ………, most importantly, to the public, that when we're talking about food being thrown away, we're not talking about ………… stuff, we're not talking about stuff that's ………… the pale We're talking about good, fresh food that is being wasted on a colossal ………

02:11 Eventually, I set about writing my book, really to ………… the extent of this problem

on a global scale What this shows is a nation-by-nation ……… of the likely level of food waste in each country in the world Unfortunately, ……… data, good, hard stats, don't exist, and therefore to prove my point, I first of all had to find some ……… way of

………… how much food was being wasted So I took the food supply of every single country and I compared it to what was actually likely to be being ……… in each

country That's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on levels of ………… , it's based on a range of factors that gives you an ……… guess as to how much food is actually

going into people's mouths That black line in the middle of that table is the likely level of

……… with an allowance for certain levels of ……… waste There will always be waste I'm not that ……… that I think we can live in a waste-free world

But that black line shows what a food supply should be in a country if they allow for a good,

stable, secure, ……… diet for every person in that country Any ………

above that line, and you'll quickly notice that that includes most countries in the world,

represents unnecessary ………., and is likely to reflect levels of waste in each

country

03:33 As a country gets richer, it ……… more and more in getting more and more surplus into its shops and restaurants, and as you can see, most ……… and North American countries fall between 150 and 200 percent of the nutritional ……… of their populations So a country like America has ……… as much food on its shop shelves and in its restaurants than is ……… required to feed the American people

03:59 But the thing that really ……… me, when I plotted all this data, and it was a lot

of numbers, was that you can see how it ……… Countries rapidly shoot towards that

150 mark, and then they level off, and they don't really go on rising as you might

……… So I decided to ……… that data a little bit further to see if that was true or false And that's what I came up with If you ……… not just the food that ends

up in shops and restaurants, but also the food that people feed to ………., the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat but choose to ……… livestock instead to

produce increasing amounts of meat and dairy products, what you find is that most

……… countries have between three and four times the amount of food that their

……… needs to feed itself A country like America has four times the amount of food

that it needs

04:52 When people talk about the need to increase ……… food production to feed those

nine billion people that are expected on the planet by 2050, I always think of these

………… The fact is, we have an ………… buffer in rich countries between ourselves and hunger We've never had such ……… surpluses before In many ways, this is a great success story of human ……… , of the agricultural surpluses that we set out to achieve

12,000 years ago It is a success story It has been a success story But what we have to

……… now is that we are reaching the ……… limits that our planet can

bear, and when we chop down forests, as we are every day, to grow more and more food,

when we ……… water from depleting water reserves, when we emit ……… fuel emissions in the quest to grow more and more food, and then we ……… so much

of it, we have to think about what we can start saving

05:51 And yesterday, I went to one of the local supermarkets that I often visit to ………….,

if you like, what they're throwing away I found quite a few ……… of biscuits amongst all the fruit and ……… and everything else that was in there And I thought, well this could serve as a ……… for today

06:09 So I want you to ……… that these nine biscuits that I found in the bin represent the global food supply, okay? We start out with nine That's what's in ……… around the world every single year The first ……… we're going to lose before we even leave the farm That's a problem ……… associated with developing work agriculture, whether it's a lack of ………, refrigeration, pasteurization, grain stores, even basic fruit crates, which means that food goes to waste before it even leaves the ……… The next three

biscuits are the foods that we decide to feed to livestock, the maize, the wheat and the

………… Unfortunately, our beasts are ………… animals, and they turn two-thirds of that

into feces and heat, so we've lost those two, and we've only kept this one in meat and

……… products Two more we're going to throw away directly into ……… This is what most of us think of when we think of food waste, what ends up in the ………… , what

ends up in supermarket bins, what ends up in restaurant bins We've lost another two, and

we've left ……… with just four biscuits to feed on That is not a superlatively efficient

use of global …………., especially when you think of the billion ……… people that

exist already in the world

07:23 Having gone through the ………., I then needed to demonstrate where that food ends

up Where does it end up? We're used to seeing the ……… on our plates, but what about all the stuff that goes ……… in between?

07:34 Supermarkets are an easy place to start This is the result of my ……… , which

is unofficial bin inspections (Laughter) ……… you might think, but if we could rely

on ……… to tell us what they were doing in the back of their stores, we wouldn't need

to go sneaking around the back, opening up bins and having a look at what's ………… But this is what you can see more or less on every street corner in ………, in Europe, in North America It represents a ……… waste of food, but what I discovered whilst I was writing my book was that this very evident ………… of waste was actually the tip of the iceberg When you start going up the supply ………., you find where the real food

waste is happening on a gargantuan scale

08:19 Can I have a show of hands if you have a loaf of ………… bread in your house? Who lives in a household where that ………… that slice at the first and last end of each loaf who lives in a household where it does get eaten? Okay, most people, not ………… , but most people, and this is, I'm ………… to say, what I see across the world, and yet has anyone seen a supermarket or sandwich shop anywhere in the world that serves ………… with crusts on it? (Laughter) I certainly haven't So I kept on ………… , where do those crusts go? (Laughter) This is the answer, ……… : 13,000 slices of fresh bread

coming out of this one single factory every single day, day-fresh bread In the same year that

I visited this ………, I went to Pakistan, where people in 2008 were going hungry as a result of a ……… on global food supplies We contribute to that squeeze by

……… food in bins here in Britain and elsewhere in the world We take food off the market ……… that hungry people depend on

09:20 Go one step up, and you get to farmers, who throw away sometimes a third or even

more of their ……… because of cosmetic standards This farmer, for example, has invested 16,000 pounds in growing ………., not one leaf of which he harvested, because

there was a little bit of grass growing in amongst it Potatoes that are cosmetically

………… , all going for pigs Parsnips that are too small for supermarket ………… ,

tomatoes in Tenerife, oranges in Florida, bananas in Ecuador, where I visited last year, all

being ……… This is one day's waste from one banana ……… in Ecuador All being discarded, perfectly ………., because they're the wrong shape or size

10:01 If we do that to fruit and ………., you bet we can do it to animals too Liver, lungs, heads, tails, kidneys, testicles, all of these things which are ………… , delicious and nutritious parts of our ……… go to waste Offal consumption has halved in Britain and America in the last 30 years As a result, this stuff gets fed to dogs at best, or is ………… This man, in Kashgar, Xinjiang province, in Western China, is ……… up his national dish It's called sheep's ……… It's delicious, it's nutritious, and as I learned when I went

to Kashgar, it ……… their taboo against food waste I was sitting in a roadside cafe A chef came to talk to me, I finished my bowl, and ……… through the conversation, he stopped talking and he started frowning into my bowl I thought, "My ………, what

taboo have I broken? How have I insulted my host?" He pointed at three ………… of rice at the bottom of my bowl, and he said, "………." (Laughter) I thought, "My God, you know, I go around the world telling people to stop wasting food This guy has ………

me at my own game." (Laughter)

11:06 But it gave me faith It gave me ……… that we, the people, do have the power

to stop this ……… waste of resources if we regard it as socially unacceptable to waste

food on a colossal scale, if we make noise about it, tell corporations about it, tell

……… we want to see an end to food waste, we do have the ……… to bring

about that change

11:26 Fish, 40 to 60 percent of European ………… are discarded at sea, they don't even get landed In our homes, we've lost touch with food This is an ……… I did on three

lettuces Who keeps lettuces in their fridge? Most people The one on the left was kept in a

………… for 10 days The one in the middle, on my kitchen table Not much

……… The one on the right I treated like cut flowers It's a living ………,

cut the slice off, stuck it in a vase of water, it was all right for another two weeks after this

11:57 Some food waste, as I said at the beginning, will inevitably ………., so the

question is, what is the ……… thing to do with it? I answered that question when I was

15 In fact, humans answered that question 6,000 years ago: We domesticated ……… to turn food waste back into food And yet, in Europe, that ……… has become illegal since 2001 as a result of the foot-and-mouth outbreak It's ……… It's unnecessary If

you cook food for pigs, just as if you cook food for humans, it is rendered safe It's also a

……… saving of resources At the moment, Europe depends on ………

millions of tons of soy from South America, where its production contributes to global

warming, to ………., to biodiversity loss, to feed ……… here in Europe

At the same time we throw away millions of tons of food waste which we could and should

be ……… them If we did that, and fed it to pigs, we would save that amount of

……… If we feed our food waste which is the current government favorite way of getting rid of food waste, to anaerobic ………., which turns food waste into gas to produce electricity, you save a ……… 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide per ton of food waste It's much better to feed it to pigs We knew that during the ………

(Laughter)

13:15 A silver lining: It has kicked off globally, the quest to ……… food waste

Feeding the 5,000 is an ……… I first organized in 2009 We fed 5,000 people all on

food that otherwise would have been wasted Since then, it's happened again in

………, it's happening internationally, and across the country It's a way of

……… coming together to ……… food, to say the best thing to do with food is to eat and enjoy it, and to stop wasting it For the sake of the ……… we live on, for the sake of our children, for the sake of all the other ……… that share our planet

with us, we are a terrestrial animal, and we depend on our land for food At the moment, we

are ……… our land to grow food that no one eats Stop wasting food Thank you

very much (Applause) (Applause)

Key

00:11 The job of uncovering the global food waste scandal started for me when I was 15 years old I bought some pigs I was living in Sussex And I started to feed them in the most traditional and environmentally friendly way I went to my school kitchen, and I said, "Give

me the scraps that my school friends have turned their noses up at." I went to the local baker and took their stale bread I went to the local greengrocer, and I went to a farmer who was throwing away potatoes because they were the wrong shape or size for supermarkets This was great My pigs turned that food waste into delicious pork I sold that pork to my school friends' parents, and I made a good pocket money addition to my teenage allowance

00:52 But I noticed that most of the food that I was giving my pigs was in fact fit for human consumption, and that I was only scratching the surface, and that right the way up the food supply chain, in supermarkets, greengrocers, bakers, in our homes, in factories and farms, we were hemorrhaging out food Supermarkets didn't even want to talk to me about how much food they were wasting I'd been round the back I'd seen bins full of food being locked and then trucked off to landfill sites, and I thought, surely there is something more sensible to do

with food than waste it

01:24 One morning, when I was feeding my pigs, I noticed a particularly tasty-looking dried tomato loaf that used to crop up from time to time I grabbed hold of it, sat down, and ate my breakfast with my pigs (Laughter) That was the first act of what I later learned to call freeganism, really an exhibition of the injustice of food waste, and the provision of the solution to food waste, which is simply to sit down and eat food, rather than throwing it away That became, as it were, a way of confronting large businesses in the business of wasting food, and exposing, most importantly, to the public, that when we're talking about food being thrown away, we're not talking about rotten stuff, we're not talking about stuff that's beyond the pale We're talking about good, fresh food that is being wasted on a colossal scale

sun-02:11 Eventually, I set about writing my book, really to demonstrate the extent of this problem on a global scale What this shows is a nation-by-nation breakdown of the likely level of food waste in each country in the world Unfortunately, empirical data, good, hard stats, don't exist, and therefore to prove my point, I first of all had to find some proxy way of uncovering how much food was being wasted So I took the food supply of every single country and I compared it to what was actually likely to be being consumed in each country That's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on levels of obesity, it's based on a range of factors that gives you an approximate guess as to how much food is actually going into people's mouths That black line in the middle of that table is the likely level of consumption with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste There will always be waste I'm not that unrealistic that I think we can live in a waste-free world But that black line shows what

a food supply should be in a country if they allow for a good, stable, secure, nutritional diet for every person in that country Any dot above that line, and you'll quickly notice that that includes most countries in the world, represents unnecessary surplus, and is likely to reflect

levels of waste in each country

03:33 As a country gets richer, it invests more and more in getting more and more surplus into its shops and restaurants, and as you can see, most European and North American countries fall between 150 and 200 percent of the nutritional requirements of their

populations So a country like America has twice as much food on its shop shelves and in its restaurants than is actually required to feed the American people

03:59 But the thing that really struck me, when I plotted all this data, and it was a lot of numbers, was that you can see how it levels off Countries rapidly shoot towards that 150 mark, and then they level off, and they don't really go on rising as you might expect So I decided to unpack that data a little bit further to see if that was true or false And that's what I came up with If you include not just the food that ends up in shops and restaurants, but also the food that people feed to livestock, the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat but choose to fatten livestock instead to produce increasing amounts of meat and dairy products, what you find is that most rich countries have between three and four times the amount of food that their population needs to feed itself A country like America has four

times the amount of food that it needs

04:52 When people talk about the need to increase global food production to feed those nine billion people that are expected on the planet by 2050, I always think of these graphs The fact is, we have an enormous buffer in rich countries between ourselves and hunger We've never had such gargantuan surpluses before In many ways, this is a great success story of human civilization, of the agricultural surpluses that we set out to achieve 12,000 years ago

It is a success story It has been a success story But what we have to recognize now is that

we are reaching the ecological limits that our planet can bear, and when we chop down forests, as we are every day, to grow more and more food, when we extract water from depleting water reserves, when we emit fossil fuel emissions in the quest to grow more and more food, and then we throw away so much of it, we have to think about what we can start

saving

05:51 And yesterday, I went to one of the local supermarkets that I often visit to inspect, if you like, what they're throwing away I found quite a few packets of biscuits amongst all the fruit and vegetables and everything else that was in there And I thought, well this could serve as a symbol for today

06:09 So I want you to imagine that these nine biscuits that I found in the bin represent the global food supply, okay? We start out with nine That's what's in fields around the world every single year The first biscuit we're going to lose before we even leave the farm That's a problem primarily associated with developing work agriculture, whether it's a lack of

infrastructure, refrigeration, pasteurization, grain stores, even basic fruit crates, which means that food goes to waste before it even leaves the fields The next three biscuits are the foods that we decide to feed to livestock, the maize, the wheat and the soya Unfortunately, our beasts are inefficient animals, and they turn two-thirds of that into feces and heat, so we've lost those two, and we've only kept this one in meat and dairy products Two more we're going to throw away directly into bins This is what most of us think of when we think

of food waste, what ends up in the garbage, what ends up in supermarket bins, what ends up

in restaurant bins We've lost another two, and we've left ourselves with just four biscuits to feed on That is not a superlatively efficient use of global resources, especially when you think of the billion hungry people that exist already in the world

07:23 Having gone through the data, I then needed to demonstrate where that food ends up Where does it end up? We're used to seeing the stuff on our plates, but what about all the stuff that goes missing in between?

07:34 Supermarkets are an easy place to start This is the result of my hobby, which is

unofficial bin inspections (Laughter) Strange you might think, but if we could rely on corporations to tell us what they were doing in the back of their stores, we wouldn't need to

go sneaking around the back, opening up bins and having a look at what's inside But this is what you can see more or less on every street corner in Britain, in Europe, in North America

It represents a colossal waste of food, but what I discovered whilst I was writing my book was that this very evident abundance of waste was actually the tip of the iceberg When you start going up the supply chain, you find where the real food waste is happening on a

gargantuan scale

08:19 Can I have a show of hands if you have a loaf of sliced bread in your house? Who lives

in a household where that crust that slice at the first and last end of each loaf who lives

in a household where it does get eaten? Okay, most people, not everyone, but most people, and this is, I'm glad to say, what I see across the world, and yet has anyone seen a

supermarket or sandwich shop anywhere in the world that serves sandwiches with crusts on it? (Laughter) I certainly haven't So I kept on thinking, where do those crusts go? (Laughter) This is the answer, unfortunately: 13,000 slices of fresh bread coming out of this one single factory every single day, day-fresh bread In the same year that I visited this factory, I went

to Pakistan, where people in 2008 were going hungry as a result of a squeeze on global food supplies We contribute to that squeeze by depositing food in bins here in Britain and

elsewhere in the world We take food off the market shelves that hungry people depend on

09:20 Go one step up, and you get to farmers, who throw away sometimes a third or even

more of their harvest because of cosmetic standards This farmer, for example, has invested 16,000 pounds in growing spinach, not one leaf of which he harvested, because there was a little bit of grass growing in amongst it Potatoes that are cosmetically imperfect, all going for pigs Parsnips that are too small for supermarket specifications, tomatoes in Tenerife, oranges in Florida, bananas in Ecuador, where I visited last year, all being discarded This is one day's waste from one banana plantation in Ecuador All being discarded, perfectly edible, because they're the wrong shape or size

10:01 If we do that to fruit and vegetables, you bet we can do it to animals too Liver, lungs, heads, tails, kidneys, testicles, all of these things which are traditional, delicious and

nutritious parts of our gastronomy go to waste Offal consumption has halved in Britain and America in the last 30 years As a result, this stuff gets fed to dogs at best, or is incinerated This man, in Kashgar, Xinjiang province, in Western China, is serving up his national dish It's called sheep's organs It's delicious, it's nutritious, and as I learned when I went to

Kashgar, it symbolizes their taboo against food waste I was sitting in a roadside cafe A chef came to talk to me, I finished my bowl, and halfway through the conversation, he stopped talking and he started frowning into my bowl I thought, "My goodness, what taboo have I broken? How have I insulted my host?" He pointed at three grains of rice at the bottom of

my bowl, and he said, "Clean." (Laughter) I thought, "My God, you know, I go around the world telling people to stop wasting food This guy has thrashed me at my own game."

(Laughter)

11:06 But it gave me faith It gave me faith that we, the people, do have the power to stop this tragic waste of resources if we regard it as socially unacceptable to waste food on a colossal scale, if we make noise about it, tell corporations about it, tell governments we want

to see an end to food waste, we do have the power to bring about that change

11:26 Fish, 40 to 60 percent of European fish are discarded at sea, they don't even get landed

In our homes, we've lost touch with food This is an experiment I did on three lettuces Who keeps lettuces in their fridge? Most people The one on the left was kept in a fridge for 10 days The one in the middle, on my kitchen table Not much difference The one on the right

I treated like cut flowers It's a living organism, cut the slice off, stuck it in a vase of water, it

was all right for another two weeks after this

11:57 Some food waste, as I said at the beginning, will inevitably arise, so the question is, what is the best thing to do with it? I answered that question when I was 15 In fact, humans answered that question 6,000 years ago: We domesticated pigs to turn food waste back into food And yet, in Europe, that practice has become illegal since 2001 as a result of the foot- and-mouth outbreak It's unscientific It's unnecessary If you cook food for pigs, just as if you cook food for humans, it is rendered safe It's also a massive saving of resources At the moment, Europe depends on importing millions of tons of soy from South America, where its production contributes to global warming, to deforestation, to biodiversity loss, to feed livestock here in Europe At the same time we throw away millions of tons of food waste which we could and should be feeding them If we did that, and fed it to pigs, we would save that amount of carbon If we feed our food waste which is the current government favorite way of getting rid of food waste, to anaerobic digestion, which turns food waste into gas to produce electricity, you save a paltry 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide per ton of food waste It's much better to feed it to pigs We knew that during the war (Laughter)

13:15 A silver lining: It has kicked off globally, the quest to tackle food waste Feeding the 5,000 is an event I first organized in 2009 We fed 5,000 people all on food that otherwise would have been wasted Since then, it's happened again in London, it's happening

internationally, and across the country It's a way of organizations coming together to

celebrate food, to say the best thing to do with food is to eat and enjoy it, and to stop wasting

it For the sake of the planet we live on, for the sake of our children, for the sake of all the other organisms that share our planet with us, we are a terrestrial animal, and we depend on our land for food At the moment, we are trashing our land to grow food that no one eats

Stop wasting food Thank you very much (Applause) (Applause)

05 Donald Sadoway - THE MISSING LINK TO RENEWABLE ENERGY Fill in the blanks

00:15 The electricity powering the lights in this theater was just moments ago Because the way things stand today, electricity must be in constant balance with electricity supply If in the time that it took me to walk out here on this , some tens

of megawatts of wind power stopped into the grid, the difference would have to be made up from other generators But coal plants, nuclear plants can't respond fast enough A giant battery could With a giant , we'd be able to address the problem of intermittency that prevents wind and solar from to the grid in the same way that coal, gas and nuclear do today

01:05 You see, the battery is the enabling device here With it, we could draw electricity from the sun even when the sun doesn't shine And that everything Because then such as wind and solar come out from the wings, here to center stage Today I want to tell you about such a It's called the liquid metal battery It's a new form of energy storage that I at MIT along with a team of my students and post- docs

01:40 Now the of this year's TED Conference is Full Spectrum The OED defines spectrum as "The range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from the longest radio waves to the gamma rays of which the range of visible light is only a small part." So I'm not here today only to tell you how my at MIT has drawn out of nature a solution to one of the world's great problems I want to go full and tell you how, in the process of developing this new technology, we've some surprising heterodoxies that can serve as lessons for , ideas worth spreading And you know, if we're going to get this country out of its current energy , we can't just conserve our way out; we can't just drill our way out; we can't our way out We're going to do it the old-fashioned American way, we're going to our way out, working together 02:43 (Applause)

02:46 Now let's get started The battery was about 200 years ago by a professor, Alessandro Volta, at the University of Padua in Italy His invention gave to a new field of , electrochemistry, and new technologies such as electroplating Perhaps overlooked, Volta's invention of the battery for the first time also the utility of a professor (Laughter) Until Volta, nobody could a professor could be of any use

03:19 Here's the first battery a stack of coins, zinc and silver, by cardboard soaked in brine This is the starting point for a battery two electrodes, in this case metals of different , and an electrolyte, in this case salt dissolved in water The science is that simple Admittedly, I've left out a few

03:45 Now I've taught you that battery science is and the need for grid-level

storage is , but the fact is that today there is simply no battery technology capable

of meeting the demanding performance of the grid namely uncommonly high

power, long service and super-low cost We need to think about the problem differently We need to think big, we need to think

04:17 So let's abandon the paradigm of let's search for the chemistry and then hopefully we'll chase down the cost curve by just lots and lots of product Instead, let's invent to the price point of the electricity market So that means that parts of the periodic table are off-limits This battery needs to be made out of earth-

abundant I say, if you want to make something dirt cheap, make it out of dirt (Laughter) preferably dirt that's locally And we need to be able to build this thing using simple manufacturing techniques and factories that don't cost us a

05:04 So about six years ago, I started thinking about this And in order to adopt a fresh perspective, I sought from beyond the field of electricity storage In fact, I looked to a technology that stores nor generates electricity, but instead consumes electricity, huge of it I'm talking about the production of aluminum The process was invented in 1886 by a of 22-year-olds Hall in the United States and Heroult

in France And just a few short years following their , aluminum changed from a precious metal costing as much as silver to a common material

05:47 You're looking at the house of a modern aluminum smelter It's about 50 feet wide and recedes about half a mile row after row of cells that, inside, Volta's battery, with three important Volta's battery works at room temperature It's fitted with solid electrodes and an electrolyte that's a of salt and water The Hall-Heroult cell operates at high temperature, a temperature high that the aluminum metal product is liquid The electrolyte is not a solution of salt and water, but rather salt that's melted It's this of liquid metal, molten salt and high temperature that allows us to send high current this thing Today, we can produce virgin metal from ore at a cost

of less than 50 cents a pound That's the economic of modern electrometallurgy

06:44 It is this that caught and held my to the point that I became obsessed with inventing a battery that could capture this economy of scale And I did I made the battery all liquid liquid for both electrodes and a molten salt for the electrolyte I'll show you how So I put low-density metal at the top, put a high-density liquid metal at the , and molten salt in between

07:43 So now, how to choose the metals? For me, the design always begins here with the periodic , enunciated by another professor, Dimitri Mendeleyev

Everything we know is made of some combination of what you see here And that includes our own bodies I recall the very one day when I was searching for a pair

of metals that would meet the of earth abundance, different, opposite density and high mutual reactivity I felt the thrill of when I knew I'd come upon the answer Magnesium for the top layer And antimony for the bottom You know, I've got to tell you, one of the greatest of being a professor: colored chalk

08:44 (Laughter)

08:47 So to produce current, magnesium loses two electrons to magnesium ion, which then across the electrolyte, accepts two electrons from the antimony, and

then mixes with it to form an alloy The electrons go to work in the real out here, powering our devices Now to the battery, we connect a source of electricity It could be something like a wind farm And then we the current And this forces magnesium to de-alloy and return to the upper electrode, restoring the constitution

of the battery And the current passing between the electrodes enough heat to keep

it at

09:47 It's pretty cool, at least in theory But does it really work? So what to do ?

We go to the laboratory Now do I hire seasoned professionals? No, I hire a and mentor him, teach him how to think about the problem, to see it from my and then turn him loose This is that student, David Bradwell, who, in this , appears to be wondering if this thing will ever work What I didn't David at the time was I

myself wasn't it would work

10:26 But David's young and he's smart and he wants a Ph.D., and he to build (Laughter) He proceeds to build the first ever liquid metal battery of this And based on David's initial promising results, which were paid with seed at MIT, I was able to attract major research funding from the private and the federal

government And that allowed me to my group to 20 people, a mix of graduate students, post-docs and even some

11:02 And I was able to attract really, really good people, people who share my for science and service to society, not science and for career building And if you ask these people why they work on liquid metal battery, their answer hearken back to President Kennedy's at Rice University in 1962 when he said and I'm taking liberties here "We choose to work on grid-level , not because it is easy, but because it is hard."

11:32 (Applause)

11:39 So this is the of the liquid metal battery We start here with our workhorse one watt-hour cell I called it the shotglass We've over 400 of these, perfecting their with a plurality of chemistries not just magnesium and antimony Along the way we scaled up to the 20 watt-hour I call it the hockey puck And we got the same results And then it was onto the saucer That's 200 watt-hours The

technology was proving itself to be and scalable But the pace wasn't fast enough for us So a year and a half ago, David and I, along with another research -member, formed a company to accelerate the rate of progress and the race to product 12:25 So today at LMBC, we're building cells 16 inches in diameter with a of one kilowatt-hour 1,000 times the capacity of that shotglass cell We call that the pizza And then we've got a four kilowatt-hour cell on the It's going to be 36 inches in diameter We call that the bistro , but it's not ready yet for prime-time viewing And one variant of the technology has us stacking bistro tabletops into modules, aggregating the modules into a giant battery that fits in a 40-foot

container for placement in the And this has a nameplate capacity of two

megawatt-hours two million watt-hours That's enough energy to the daily electrical needs of 200 American households So here you have it, grid-level :