GIỚI THIỆU VÀ HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG PSSADEPT

PSS là phần mềm phổ biến trong tính toán điều độ lưới điện phân phối. phần mềm không thể thPSS là phần mềm phổ biến trong tính toán điều độ lưới điện phân phối. phần mềm không thể thiếu của các kỹ sư vận hành lưới điện cao thếiếu của các kỹ sư vận hành lưới điện cao thế

U SERS M ANUAL

April 2004

agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement No part

of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or ical, including photocopying, for any purpose other than the purchaser’s personal use, without theexpress written permission of Shaw Power Technologies, Inc

mechan-Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Visual C++ are registered trademarks of mechan-MicrosoftCorporation

Chapter 1 - Welcome to PSS/ADEPT 5

1.1 About the PSS/ADEPT Application .1-11.1.1 Application Capabilities .1-11.1.2 Optional Features .1-11.2 Getting Help .1-21.2.1 Using This Documentation .1-21.2.2 Using the Online Help .1-31.2.3 Contacting PTI for Support .1-31.2.4 Submitting Bug Reports and Feature Requests 1-41.3 Installing and Using PSS/ADEPT 1-51.4 The PSS/ADEPT Application Window 1-61.4.1 Views 1-61.4.2 The Status Bar .1-161.4.3 The Main Menu .1-171.4.4 Toolbars 1-181.5 Setting PSS/ADEPT Program Properties 1-271.6 Setting Diagram View Properties .1-321.6.1 Setting Default Diagram Properties .1-341.6.2 Resetting Diagram Properties .1-341.7 Setting Default Item Properties .1-351.8 Opening and Saving Files in PSS/ADEPT .1-381.8.1 Opening Native PSS/ADEPT Files .1-381.8.2 Opening PSS/U Raw Data Files 1-391.8.3 Opening PSS/Engines Hub Files 1-391.8.4 Saving Files .1-401.8.5 Merging Files .1-40

1.8.5.1 Duplicate Node Names Not Allowed .1-421.8.5.2 Duplicate Node Names Allowed 1-43

Chapter 2 - Creating a Network Model

2.1 Overview: Creating a Network Model .2-12.2 Creating a New Diagram .2-12.3 Setting Network Model Properties .2-22.4 Adding a Node 2-42.5 Adding a Shunt Device .2-52.6 Adding a Branch .2-62.7 Defining a Group .2-8

2.8 Defining a Load Category 2-11 2.9 Defining Network Economics .2-14 2.10 Defining Item Ordering Method .2-15 2.11 Completing the Network Diagram 2-18 2.12 Saving the Network Model .2-19 2.13 Printing the Diagram 2-20 2.13.1 Specifying Print Options .2-20 2.13.2 Specifying Print Settings .2-21 2.13.3 Previewing the Diagram Before Printing 2-22 2.13.4 Printing a Network Diagram .2-23 2.14 Adjusting the PSS/ADEPT Display 2-23 2.14.1 Hiding Views 2-23 2.14.2 Docking Views .2-24 2.14.3 Floating the Progress View .2-25 2.14.4 Zooming the Diagram .2-26 2.14.5 Scaling/Offsetting Diagram Coordinates 2-27 2.14.6 Panning the Diagram 2-28 2.14.7 Navigating Using the Mouse Wheel .2-28 2.14.8 Centering Items in the Diagram View .2-28 2.14.9 Saving Diagram Views .2-28 2.14.10 Working with Layers .2-29 2.14.11 Importing and Exporting Image Files 2-31 2.14.12 Using Knee Points .2-32 2.14.13 Locking the Diagram .2-34 2.14.14 Working with Item Labels .2-34

2.14.14.1 Setting Multiple Label Fonts .2-36 2.14.14.2 Controlling Result Label Visibility .2-37 2.14.14.3 Configuring Point Node Labels .2-37 2.14.14.4 Applying Separate Labels to Node Names and Results 2-38 2.14.14.5 Positioning Branch Result Labels 2-38 2.15 Autopositioning Diagram Symbols .2-39 2.16 Rotating Diagram Items 2-39 2.17 Using Ports and Links .2-39

Chapter 3 - Editing a Network Model

3.1 Overview: Editing a Network Model .3-1 3.1.1 Basic Editing Features .3-1 3.1.2 Editing Item Properties .3-2 3.1.3 Using the Grid Editor .3-2

3.1.3.1 Opening the Grid Editor .3-3 3.1.3.2 Modifying Network Items .3-4 3.1.3.3 Using Copy and Paste in the Grid View .3-7 3.1.3.4 Finding Data in a Cell .3-8 3.1.3.5 Exporting the Grid View .3-8 3.1.3.6 Changing Format and Display Settings of Grid Cells .3-9 3.1.3.7 Printing the Grid View .3-11 3.1.3.8 Zooming Capabilities 3-14

3.2 Opening an Existing Network Diagram .3-15 3.3 Selecting Items .3-15 3.3.1 Selecting a Single Item 3-16 3.3.2 Selecting Multiple Adjacent Items .3-17 3.3.3 Selecting Multiple Nonadjacent Items 3-18 3.3.4 Selecting All Items .3-19 3.3.5 Deselecting All Items .3-19 3.3.6 Selecting a Group 3-19 3.3.7 Selecting an Island .3-20 3.3.8 Selecting by Load Category .3-21 3.3.9 Selecting Nodes in a Given Base Voltage Range .3-22 3.3.10 Selecting a Tree .3-23 3.3.11 Selection Filters .3-24 3.4 Annotating the Diagram 3-25 3.5 Editing Nodes .3-27 3.5.1 Moving Nodes .3-27 3.5.2 Copying Nodes .3-27 3.5.3 Resizing Nodes .3-29 3.5.4 Deleting Nodes .3-29 3.5.5 Toggling Node Symbols .3-29 3.5.6 Changing Node Properties .3-30 3.6 Editing Branches .3-32 3.6.1 Moving Branches 3-32 3.6.2 Copying Branches .3-33 3.6.3 Deleting Branches .3-33 3.6.4 Changing Line Properties .3-34 3.6.5 Changing Switch Properties .3-38 3.6.6 Changing Transformer Properties .3-41 3.6.7 Changing Series Capacitor/Reactor Properties 3-50 3.7 Editing Shunt Devices .3-54 3.7.1 Moving Shunt Devices 3-54 3.7.2 Copying Shunt Devices .3-55 3.7.3 Deleting Shunt Devices .3-55 3.7.4 Changing Static Load Properties 3-56 3.7.5 Changing MWh Load Properties .3-60 3.7.6 Changing Source Properties .3-63 3.7.7 Changing Induction Machine Properties 3-67 3.7.8 Changing Synchronous Machine Properties .3-74 3.7.9 Changing Capacitor Properties .3-81 3.7.10 Changing Standard Fault Properties .3-83 3.8 Workspace Management .3-85 3.9 Load and Machine Scaling .3-87 3.9.1 Load Scaling 3-87 3.9.2 Machine Scaling .3-89 3.9.3 MWh Load Scaling .3-90 3.9.4 Automatic Load Scaling 3-91 3.10 Rephasing the Network .3-98 3.10.1 Device Rephasing Details .3-99

Chapter 4 - Analyzing Network Models

4.1 Overview: Analyzing Network Models .4-14.1.1 PSS/ADEPT Analysis Conventions 4-24.2 Built-In Data Validation Options .4-24.2.1 Automatic Validation of Input Data .4-24.2.2 User-Initiated Network Validation 4-44.3 Viewing Results on the Diagram .4-54.3.1 Setting General Analysis Options 4-54.3.2 Color Coding the Analysis Results .4-74.3.3 Reporting Results on the Network Diagram 4-8

4.3.3.1 Flow Arrows .4-84.3.3.2 Load Flow and Short Circuit Result Options .4-94.4 Calculating Load Flow .4-154.4.1 Setting Load Flow Analysis Options .4-154.4.2 Performing a Load Flow Analysis .4-194.4.3 How PSS/ADEPT Calculates Load Flow Solutions .4-204.5 Calculating Short Circuits .4-254.5.1 Setting Short Circuit Analysis Options 4-264.5.2 Performing a Short Circuit Analysis 4-284.5.3 How PSS/ADEPT Calculates Short Circuit Solutions 4-294.5.4 Thevenin Equivalent Impedance .4-304.6 Calculating Motor Starting .4-334.6.1 Setting Motor Starting Analysis Options 4-334.6.2 Performing a Motor Starting Analysis .4-344.6.3 How PSS/ADEPT Calculates Motor Starting Solutions .4-354.7 Optimal Capacitor Placement (CAPO) .4-374.7.1 Setting CAPO Network Economics .4-374.7.2 How PSS/ADEPT Calculates CAPO Financials .4-384.7.3 Setting CAPO Analysis Options .4-394.7.4 How PSS/ADEPT Calculates Capacitor Placement .4-404.7.5 Performing an Optimal Capacitor Placement Analysis 4-434.7.6 Reporting CAPO Analysis Results .4-434.8 Tie Open Point Optimization (TOPO) 4-444.8.1 Setting TOPO Network Economics .4-454.8.2 Setting TOPO Analysis Options .4-454.8.3 Performing a Tie Open Point Optimization Analysis .4-464.8.4 Reporting TOPO Analysis Results .4-474.9 How PSS/ADEPT Calculates Voltage and Current Unbalances .4-484.9.1 Voltage Unbalance .4-484.9.2 Current Unbalance .4-514.10 How PSS/ADEPT Calculates Power Factor Limits .4-54

Chapter 5 - Results Reporting

5.1 Overview: Reporting Results 5-15.2 Selectable Tabular Reports 5-15.2.1 Branch Current Reports .5-2

5.2.2 Branch Power Report .5-25.2.3 Branch Power Losses Report 5-25.2.4 Input List of Network Data Report .5-25.2.5 Node Voltage Reports .5-25.2.6 Shunt Current Reports .5-35.2.7 Shunt Power Report .5-45.2.8 Status Reports 5-45.2.9 Network Summary Report .5-45.2.10 Power Flow Summary .5-45.2.11 Power Flow Details 5-55.2.12 Fault All Current Report 5-55.2.13 Capacitor Placement Optimization (CAPO) Report 5-55.2.14 Tie Open Point Optimization (TOPO) Report .5-55.2.15 Distribution Reliability Analysis (DRA) Report 5-55.3 Setting the Report File Location .5-55.4 Setting Report Units .5-65.5 Setting Report Options .5-85.6 Reporting on a Selection .5-95.7 Previewing the Report .5-95.8 Exporting a Report to Another Format .5-105.9 Creating and Designing Reports Using Crystal Reports .5-11

Chapter 6 - Line Properties Calculator

6.1 Overview: Line Properties Calculator .6-16.1.1 Nomenclature 6-26.2 Using the Line Properties Calculator .6-36.2.1 Corridor View 6-56.2.2 Status Bar 6-126.2.3 Menu Bar .6-12

6.2.3.1 File Menu .6-126.2.3.2 Edit Menu .6-126.2.3.3 View Menu .6-126.2.3.4 Analysis Menu .6-126.2.3.5 Options Menu .6-126.2.3.6 Window Menu .6-126.2.3.7 Help Menu .6-136.2.4 Toolbar 6-136.2.5 Zoom and Refresh Capabilities .6-136.2.6 Setting Options .6-14

6.2.6.1 Users Options .6-146.2.6.2 Circuit Options 6-166.2.6.3 Corridor Options .6-176.3 Corridor Files .6-216.3.1 Opening/Saving/Printing Corridor Files 6-21

6.3.1.1 Opening a Corridor File .6-216.3.1.2 Saving a Corridor File 6-226.3.1.3 Printing a Corridor File .6-23

6.3.2 Modifying Corridor Files .6-25

6.3.2.1 Selecting a Circuit .6-256.3.2.2 Adjusting Circuit Properties .6-266.3.2.3 Copying a Circuit .6-266.3.2.4 Pasting a Circuit .6-276.3.2.5 Deleting a Circuit .6-276.3.2.6 Deleting All Circuits .6-286.3.3 Analyzing Corridor Files .6-28

6.3.3.1 Automatic Validation .6-286.3.3.2 User-Initiated Validation .6-296.3.3.3 Performing an Analysis .6-296.3.3.4 Calculation Results .6-326.3.3.5 Saving Output to a File 6-396.3.3.6 Saving Impedances to the Construction Dictionary .6-40

Chapter 7 - Protection and Coordination

7.1 Overview: Protection and Coordination 7-17.2 Adding Protection Equipment Packs .7-17.3 Editing Protection Equipment Packs .7-37.3.1 Editing Selected Devices 7-9

7.3.1.1 Editing Fuses .7-117.3.1.2 Editing Relays .7-127.3.1.3 Editing Transformer Damage Curves 7-147.3.1.4 Editing Cable/Conductor Damage Curves .7-187.3.1.5 Editing Reclosers .7-217.3.1.6 Editing Machine Protection Curves .7-247.4 Performing a Coordination Study .7-277.4.1 Preparing for a Coordination Study .7-277.4.2 The Coordination View .7-27

7.4.2.1 The Coordination Menu Bar .7-297.4.2.2 Coordination Curve Plot Annotation .7-297.4.2.3 Changing Protective Device Settings 7-297.4.2.4 The Coordination List View .7-307.4.2.5 Printing the Coordination View .7-317.5 The Protective Device Database 7-327.5.1 Fuse Tables 7-32

7.5.1.1 Fuse 7-327.5.1.2 Fuse Catalog 7-337.5.1.3 Fuse Curve 7-347.5.2 Relay Tables .7-35

7.5.2.1 Relay 7-357.5.2.2 Relay Catalog 7-367.5.2.3 Relay Curve .7-377.5.3 Recloser Table .7-38

7.5.3.1 RecloserMfrSpecs 7-387.5.3.2 RecloserRatings 7-397.5.3.3 RecloserTCCCurve .7-407.5.4 Using the Protective Device Database Interface .7-41

7.5.4.1 Adding Fuses .7-427.5.4.2 Adding Relays .7-43

7.5.4.3 Adding Reclosers .7-447.5.4.4 Viewing and Modifying Fuses 7-457.5.4.5 Viewing and Modifying Relays .7-467.5.4.6 Viewing and Modifying Reclosers 7-477.5.4.7 Updating Device Manufacturers 7-487.5.4.8 Removing Devices .7-497.5.5 Printing the Contents of the Database .7-527.5.6 Importing Customized Database Tables 7-53

Chapter 8 - Harmonic Analysis

8.1 Overview: Harmonic Analysis 8-18.2 Adding Harmonic Injections 8-28.2.1 Adding Harmonic Injections to Shunt Items 8-38.2.2 Adding Harmonic Injections to Transformers 8-48.2.3 Adding Harmonic Injections to Nodes .8-58.3 Editing Harmonic Injections .8-68.4 Adding Harmonic Filters .8-78.5 Editing Harmonic Filters .8-88.6 Setting Harmonic Analysis Options .8-108.7 Performing a Harmonic Analysis .8-118.8 Viewing Results of a Harmonic Analysis .8-128.8.1 Harmonic Voltage .8-138.8.2 Harmonics Spectrum .8-158.8.3 Impedance versus Frequency .8-168.8.4 Nodal Impedance .8-178.9 Harmonic Models Used in PSS/ADEPT .8-188.9.1 Static Loads 8-188.9.2 Induction Machines .8-198.9.3 Synchronous Machines .8-208.9.4 Shunt Capacitors .8-218.9.5 Lines and Cables 8-228.9.6 Transformers 8-24

Chapter 9 - Distribution Reliability Analysis

9.1 Overview: Distribution Reliability Analysis (DRA) 9-19.1.1 Nomenclature 9-19.2 Using the Distribution Reliability Analysis Module 9-39.3 Using DRA Protection Equipment and Switches .9-59.3.1 Specifying Automatic Reclosing Devices .9-59.3.2 Specifying Breakers .9-59.3.3 Specifying Switches .9-69.3.4 Specifying Fuses .9-69.3.5 Specifying FuseSwitches .9-69.3.6 Specifying Tie Switches .9-69.4 Specifying Reliability Parameters and Device Types .9-7

9.4.2 Entering Reliability Parameters: Property Sheet 9-149.4.3 Entering Reliability Parameters: Construction Dictionary .9-179.4.4 Entering Reliability Parameters: Static Loads .9-199.5 Network and Analysis Limitations 9-219.6 Setting DRA Analysis Options 9-229.7 Setting DRA Analysis Result Display Options 9-249.8 Performing a DRA Analysis 9-269.9 Calculating Reliability Indices: Application Examples .9-269.9.1 Using DRA for Basic Historical Analysis 9-269.9.2 Example of Basic Analysis .9-279.9.3 Example of Predictive Analysis .9-29

Appendix A - Modeling and File Differences Between PSS/U and PSS/ADEPT

A.1 Transformer Modeling A-1A.1.1 Transformer Changes From PSS/U to PSS/ADEPT A-1A.1.2 Transformers in PSS/ADEPT A-1A.1.3 Reading Transformers From PSS/U Raw Data File into PSS/ADEPT A-6

A.1.3.1 Conversion of Transformer Types A-6A.1.3.2 Calculation of Transformer Grounding Impedance A-8A.1.4 Transformer Conversions Not Supported A-8A.2 Transformer Modeling Rules and Hints A-10A.2.1 Specifying Transformer Size A-10A.2.2 Transformer Impedance A-10A.2.3 Three-Winding Transformers A-10A.2.4 Three-Legged Core Transformers A-11A.2.5 Regulating Transformers A-12A.2.6 Grounding Transformers A-13A.2.7 Autotransformers A-13A.3 Machine Modeling A-14A.3.1 Synchronous Machines A-14

A.3.1.1 Synchronous Machine Load Flow Behavior A-14A.3.1.2 Comparison of Synchronous Machine Load Flow Calculations A-15A.3.1.3 Synchronous Machine Short Circuit Behavior A-15A.3.1.4 Comparison of Synchronous Machine Short Circuit Calculation

Between PSS/ADEPT and PSS/U A-15A.3.1.5 Synchronous Machine Starting in PSS/ADEPT A-16A.3.1.6 Comparison of Synchronous Machine Starting Between

PSS/ADEPT and PSS/U A-18A.3.2 PSS/ADEPT Induction Machine Model and Changes from PSS/U A-18

A.3.2.1 PSS/ADEPT Induction Machine Model A-18A.3.2.2 The Basic Method to Specify an Induction Machine A-19A.3.2.3 The Available Induction Machine Designs A-20

A.3.2.3.1 NEMA Designs A-20A.3.2.3.2 IEC Designs A-21A.3.2.4 Induction Machine Loadflow Comparison

of PSS/ADEPT and PSS/U A-21A.3.2.5 Locked Rotor Codes and Motor Starting Comparison A-22

A.3.2.6 PSS/ADEPT and PSS/U Induction Machine Modeling

or Short Circuit Calculations A-23A.3.2.7 Advanced Machine Specification A-25A.3.2.8 Relationship between the New PSS/ADEPT Model

and the PSS/U Raw Data File A-26A.3.2.9 Examples of Induction Machine Specification A-27

A.3.2.9.1 Induction Machine Short Circuit Behavior A-30A.3.2.9.2 Induction Machine Starting Behavior A-30A.4 Data and Parameter File Differences A-31A.5 Editing Data Dictionaries A-31A.6 Diagram Differences A-32A.6.1 Transformer Symbol Types A-32A.6.2 Node Labels A-32A.6.3 Load and Branch Labels A-32A.6.4 Load Flow Results A-32A.6.5 Shunt Device Labels A-33A.7 Acceleration Factors A-33A.8 Unique Name Identifiers A-33A.9 Network Limits A-33A.9.1 Network Size/Number of Loops A-33A.9.2 Loads A-33A.10 MWh Loads A-34A.11 Sources A-34A.11.1 Source Angle A-34A.11.2 Multiple In-Service Sources A-34A.12 Load Categories and Device Groups A-34A.13 Network Economics A-34A.14 Load Snapshots A-34A.15 Static Loads A-35

Appendix B - PSS/U Input File Formats

B.1 PSS/U Raw Data File Format B-1B.1.1 Sample Three-Phase Feeder Raw Data File B-1B.1.2 Title Section B-2B.1.3 System Parameters Section B-2B.1.4 Node Declaration Section B-3B.1.5 Source Data Section B-3B.1.6 Branch Data Section B-4

B.1.6.1 Line or Cable Data B-4B.1.6.2 Switch Data B-5B.1.6.3 Tie Switch Data B-5B.1.6.4 Series Capacitor or Series Reactor Data B-6B.1.6.5 Transformer Data B-6

B.1.6.5.1 Rules: B-6B.1.7 Transformer Tap Changing Data Section B-7B.1.8 Transformer Type Codes B-8

B.1.9 Load Data Section B-10

B.1.9.1 Load Categories B-10B.1.9.2 Load Type Definitions B-10B.1.9.3 kW, kvar Load B-11

B.1.9.3.1 kW, kvar Load - Unbalanced

(types 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13) B-11B.1.9.3.2 kW, kvar Load - Balanced

(types 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33) B-11B.1.9.4 Machine Loads B-12

B.1.9.4.1 Rules B-12B.1.9.4.2 Asynchronous Machine Load

(types 51-90, 151-190) B-12B.1.9.4.3 Synchronous Machine Load

(types 91-99, 191-199) B-12B.1.10 MWh Load Data Section B-13

B.1.10.1 MWh Load Data - Unbalanced (types 5, 6, 15, 16) B-13B.1.10.2 MWh Load Data - Balanced (types 25, 26, 35, 36) B-14B.1.11 Capacitor Data Section B-14

B.1.11.1 Fixed Capacitors B-14B.1.11.2 Switched Capacitors B-14B.2 Construction Data Dictionary File Format B-15B.2.1 General Information B-15B.2.2 Data Assumptions B-15B.2.3 Typical Construction Dictionary Data Record B-16B.2.4 Basic Data Record B-16B.2.5 Two-Phase Data Records

(if different from three-phase values) B-17B.2.6 One-Phase Data Records

(if different from three- or two-phase values) B-17B.2.7 Rating Data Record B-17B.2.8 Reliability Data Record B-17

Appendix C - Validation Criteria

C.1 Data Validation Criteria C-1C.2 User-Specified Network Validation Criteria C-4

Appendix D - Modeling

D.1 Nodes D-1D.1.1 Three-Phase Node D-1D.2 Sources D-2D.2.1 Three-Phase Source D-2D.3 Loads D-5D.3.1 Single-Phase Load D-6D.3.2 Three-Phase Load D-6D.4 Shunt Capacitors D-7D.4.1 Three-Phase Shunt Capacitor D-7D.5 Shunt Capacitor Controllers D-8D.5.1 Controller for a Three-Phase Shunt Capacitor D-8

D.6 Synchronous Machines D-9D.6.1 Three-Phase Synchronous Machine D-10D.6.2 Short Circuit Model of Synchronous Machine D-13D.6.3 Simplified Synchronous Machine Modeling D-15D.7 Induction Machines D-16D.7.1 Three-Phase Induction Machine D-17D.8 Lines D-18D.8.1 Single-Phase Line D-18D.8.2 Three-Phase Line D-18D.9 Switches D-19D.9.1 Three-Phase Switch D-19D.10 Transformers D-20D.10.1 Transformer Node Connection D-20D.10.2 Transformer Taps D-20D.10.3 Transformer Phasing D-20D.10.4 Transformer Grounding D-21D.10.5 Summary of Transformers Types D-22D.11 Transformer Details D-26D.11.1 Wye-Wye Transformers D-26D.11.2 Delta-Delta Transformers D-27D.11.3 Wye-Delta Transformers D-27D.11.4 Delta-Wye Transformers D-29D.11.5 Wye Autotransformer D-30D.11.6 Autoregulators D-31D.11.7 Specifying the Impedance of the Autoregulator Transformers D-33D.11.8 Center-Tapped Split-Phase Transformers D-34D.11.9 Z-Wye (ZY) Transformers (Zig-zag) D-36D.11.10 All Transformers Single-Phase, Two-Phase and Three-Phase D-38D.12 Transformer Tap Controllers D-51D.13 Series Capacitor/Reactor D-52D.13.1 Three-Phase Series Capacitor/Reactor D-53D.14 Faults D-53D.14.1 Line-to-Line Fault D-53D.14.2 Line-to-Ground Fault D-54D.14.3 Line-to-Line-to-Ground Fault D-55

Appendix E - NEMA Machine Classes

Appendix F - Device Properties Summary

F.1 Network F-1F.2 Nodes F-3F.3 Lines/Cables F-4F.4 Transformers F-5F.5 Static Loads F-9F.6 MWh Loads F-11

F.7 Source F-13F.8 Induction Machines F-14F.9 Synchronous Machines F-16F.10 Shunt Capacitors F-20F.11 Switches F-22F.12 Series Capacitors/Reactors F-23F.13 Standard Faults F-24F.14 Protection Equipment F-25F.15 Fuses F-26F.16 Over Current Relays F-27F.17 Transformer Damage F-29F.18 Conductor/Cable Damage F-31F.19 Reclosers F-33F.20 Machines F-34

Appendix G - Database Field Formats

G.1 Branch Results G-1G.1.1 Filename: branch.dbf G-1G.2 Capacitor Placement Optimization Results G-4G.2.1 Filename: capo.dbf G-4G.3 Capacitor Placement Optimization Summary G-4G.3.1 Filename: caposum.dbf G-4G.4 Capacitor Placement Optimization Switching Schedule G-5G.4.1 Filename: caposw.dbf G-5G.5 Capacitor Properties G-5G.5.1 Filename: cap.dbf G-5G.6 Device Groups G-6G.6.1 Filename: group.dbf G-6G.7 Device Limits G-6G.7.1 Filename: limits.dbf G-6G.8 Fault All Current Results G-7G.8.1 Filename: fault.dbf G-7G.9 Induction Machine Properties G-8G.9.1 Filename: indmach.dbf G-8G.10 Line/Cable Properties G-9G.10.1 Filename: line.dbf G-9G.11 Load Flow Summary G-10G.11.1 Filename: lfsum.dbf G-10

G.12 Load Properties G-11G.12.1 Filename: load.dbf G-11G.12.2 Filename: mwh.dbf G-11G.13 Load Snapshots G-12G.13.1 Filename: snap.dbf G-12G.14 Network Economics G-12G.14.1 Filename: econ.dbf G-12G.15 Node Properties G-13G.15.1 Filename: bus.dbf G-13G.16 Node Results G-13G.16.1 Filename: node.dbf G-13G.17 Series Capacitor/Reactor Properties G-15G.17.1 Filename: reactor.dbf G-15G.18 Shunt Status G-16G.18.1 Filename: shunt.dbf G-16G.19 Source Properties G-18G.19.1 Filename: source.dbf G-18G.20 Standard Fault Properties G-19G.20.1 Filename: stdfault.dbf G-19G.21 Static Load Summary G-19G.21.1 Filename: lsum.dbf G-19G.22 MWh Load Summary G-20G.22.1 Filename: mwhsum.dbf G-20G.23 Switch Properties G-21G.23.1 Filename: switch.dbf G-21G.24 Synchronous Machine Properties G-22G.24.1 Filename: synmach.dbf G-22G.25 System Totals G-23G.25.1 Filename: count.dbf G-23G.26 Tie Open Point Optimization Results G-24G.26.1 Filename: topo.dbf G-24G.27 Titles and Comments G-25G.27.1 Filename: comment.dbf G-25G.28 Transformer Properties G-25G.28.1 Filename: trnsfrmr.dbf G-25G.29 Voltage Levels G-28G.29.1 Filename: volts.dbf G-28G.30 Distribution Reliability Analysis Results G-28G.30.1 Filename: dra.dbf G-28

Appendix H - Conductor Database

Figure 1-1 Report a Bug or Feature Request Window 1-4Figure 1-2 PSS/ADEPT Application Window Views .1-6Figure 1-3 View Drop-Down Menu 1-7Figure 1-4 Diagram View Pop-Up Menu .1-8Figure 1-5 Equipment List View .1-10Figure 1-6 Item Type Level, Equipment List View Pop-Up Menu .1-11Figure 1-7 Expanded Item Type Level, Equipment List View Pop-Up Menu .1-12Figure 1-8 Individual Item Level, Equipment List View Pop-Up Menu .1-13Figure 1-9 Progress View .1-14Figure 1-10 Progress View Pop-Up Menu .1-14Figure 1-11 Report Preview Window .1-15Figure 1-12 Application View After a Load Flow Analysis 1-16Figure 1-13 Main Menu and Available Toolbars .1-17Figure 1-14 Network Diagram with Tooltips .1-19Figure 1-15 Customize Dialog: Toolbars Tab .1-20Figure 1-16 Save Workspace Dialog 1-22Figure 1-17 File Toolbar 1-23Figure 1-18 Diagram Toolbar 1-23Figure 1-19 Program Settings Dialog 1-24Figure 1-20 Analysis Toolbar .1-25Figure 1-21 Zoom Toolbar .1-26Figure 1-22 Results Toolbar .1-26Figure 1-23 Reports Toolbar 1-27Figure 1-24 Program Settings: Selecting a Dictionary .1-29Figure 1-25 Tooltip Settings Dialog 1-31Figure 1-26 Diagram Property Sheet .1-32Figure 1-27 Default Items Options 1-35Figure 1-28 Default Node Property Sheet 1-36Figure 1-29 Default Transformer Property Sheet 1-37Figure 1-30 Selecting a PSS/ADEPT File 1-38Figure 1-31 Merging Feeders .1-41Figure 1-32 Common Tie Switch List 1-42Figure 1-33 Duplicate Node Names Allowed .1-43Figure 2-1 Network Property Sheet: System Tab .2-2Figure 2-2 Network Property Sheet: Reliability Tab 2-3Figure 2-3 Diagram Toolbar: Node Symbols .2-4

Figure 2-4 Creating a Vertical Node on the Diagram 2-5Figure 2-5 Diagram Toolbar: Shunt Device Symbols 2-5Figure 2-6 Creating Shunt Devices 2-6Figure 2-7 Diagram Toolbar: Branch Symbols 2-6Figure 2-8 Creating a Multipoint Branch .2-7Figure 2-9 Groups Dialog 2-8Figure 2-10 Group Membership Dialog 2-9Figure 2-11 Add Item(s) to Group Dialog 2-10Figure 2-12 Load Categories Dialog .2-11Figure 2-13 Load Category Membership Dialog .2-12Figure 2-14 Add Load(s) to Category Dialog .2-13Figure 2-15 Economics Dialog 2-14Figure 2-16 Sample Network to Illustrate Item Ordering Methods 2-16Figure 2-17 Ordering Method Dialog .2-17Figure 2-18 Completed Sample Network Diagram .2-18Figure 2-19 Save As Dialog .2-19Figure 2-20 Print Options Dialog 2-20Figure 2-21 Print Setup Dialog 2-21Figure 2-22 Print Preview Window 2-22Figure 2-23 Progress View "Docked" in PSS/ADEPT Application Window .2-24Figure 2-24 Progress View "Floated" in PSS/ADEPT Application Window .2-25Figure 2-25 Zooming the Diagram .2-26Figure 2-26 Zoom Toolbar .2-26Figure 2-27 Adjust Coordinates Dialog .2-27Figure 2-28 Saved Views Dialog 2-28Figure 2-29 Layers Dialog 2-30Figure 2-30 Image Property Sheet 2-31Figure 2-31 Knee Points .2-32Figure 2-32 Knee Point Selected 2-33Figure 2-33 Knee Point Selection for Delete 2-34Figure 2-34 Label Property Sheet 2-35Figure 2-35 Apply Font Dialog .2-36Figure 2-36 Label Configurations 2-38Figure 2-37 Ports and Links 2-40Figure 2-38 Port After Selection of Line Segment .2-40Figure 3-1 Grid Editor View 3-3Figure 3-2 Transformer Grid Editor View .3-4Figure 3-3 Drop Down List .3-5Figure 3-4 Sorting Data in a Column 3-6Figure 3-5 Accessing a Network Item Property Sheet 3-7Figure 3-6 Find Dialog .3-8Figure 3-7 Cell Format Dialog 3-9

Figure 3-8 Display Settings Dialog 3-10Figure 3-9 Page Setup Dialog 3-11Figure 3-10 Header/Footer Options Dialog 3-13Figure 3-11 Print Preview Window 3-14Figure 3-12 Open Dialog 3-15Figure 3-13 Single Item Selected 3-16Figure 3-14 Multiple Adjacent Item Selection .3-17Figure 3-15 Multiple Nonadjacent Item Selection .3-18Figure 3-16 Select Groups Dialog 3-19Figure 3-17 Select Load Categories Dialog .3-21Figure 3-18 Select Nodes Dialog .3-22Figure 3-19 Select Tree Dialog .3-23Figure 3-20 Selection Filters Dialog 3-24Figure 3-21 Diagram Showing Annotations 3-25Figure 3-22 Text Annotation Property Sheet .3-26Figure 3-23 Copying and Pasting a Node 3-28Figure 3-24 Node Property Sheet 3-30Figure 3-25 Moving a Branch 3-32Figure 3-26 Line Property Sheet: Main Tab 3-34Figure 3-27 Line Property Sheet: Harmonics Tab .3-36Figure 3-28 Line Property Sheet: DRA Tab .3-37Figure 3-29 Switch Property Sheet: Main Tab .3-38Figure 3-30 Switch Property Sheet: DRA Tab .3-40Figure 3-31 Transformer Property Sheet: Main Tab .3-41Figure 3-32 Transformer Property Sheet: Tap Control Tab .3-44Figure 3-33 Transformer Property Sheet: Regulation Tab 3-45Figure 3-34 Delta Autoregulator with AB Phasing .3-47Figure 3-35 Transformer Property Sheet: Harmonics Tab 3-48Figure 3-36 Transformer Property Sheet: DRA Tab .3-49Figure 3-37 Series Capacitor/Reactor Property Sheet: Main Tab .3-50Figure 3-38 Series Capacitor/Reactor Property Sheet: Harmonics Tab 3-52Figure 3-39 Series Capacitor/Reactor Property Sheet: DRA Tab 3-53Figure 3-40 Moving a Shunt Device 3-54Figure 3-41 Static Load Property Sheet: Main Tab 3-56Figure 3-42 Static Load Property Sheet: Harmonics Tab .3-58Figure 3-43 Static Load Property Sheet: DRA Tab .3-59Figure 3-44 Mwh Load Property Sheet .3-61Figure 3-45 Source Property Sheet: Main Tab .3-64Figure 3-46 Source Property Sheet: Harmonics Tab 3-66Figure 3-47 Induction Machine Property Sheet: Main Tab 3-68Figure 3-48 Induction Machine Property Sheet: Impedances Tab 3-70Figure 3-49 Induction Machine Property Sheet: Start-Up Tab .3-72

Figure 3-50 Induction Machine Property Sheet: Harmonics Tab .3-73Figure 3-51 Synchronous Machine Property Sheet: Main Tab .3-74Figure 3-52 Synchronous Machine Property Sheet: Impedances Tab .3-76Figure 3-53 Synchronous Machine Property Sheet: Start-Up Tab 3-79Figure 3-54 Synchronous Machine Property Sheet: Harmonics Tab 3-80Figure 3-55 Capacitor Property Sheet: Main Tab .3-81Figure 3-56 Fault Property Sheet 3-84Figure 3-57 Open Workspace Dialog 3-85Figure 3-58 Scale Loads Dialog: Magnitude Scaling .3-87Figure 3-59 Scale Loads Dialog: Reactive Power Scaling 3-88Figure 3-60 Scale Machines Dialog .3-89Figure 3-61 Scale MWh Loads Dialog .3-90Figure 3-62 Automatic Load Scaling Dialog 3-93Figure 3-63 Warning Message 3-93Figure 3-64 Options Dialog .3-95Figure 3-65 Load Scaling Results Dialog 3-96Figure 3-66 Continue Dialog .3-97Figure 3-67 Example of Incorrect Rephasing .3-98Figure 3-68 Unbalanced Load Changes for "Rotate Forward" Situation .3-99Figure 3-69 Rephasing Dialog .3-101Figure 3-70 Load Snapshots Dialog .3-102Figure 4-1 Raw Data File Validation .4-3Figure 4-2 Network Validation 4-4Figure 4-3 Analysis Options Property Sheet: General Tab 4-5Figure 4-4 Diagram Property Sheet: Color Tab .4-7Figure 4-5 Diagram Result Display Options 4-9Figure 4-6 Analysis Options: Reports Tab .4-12Figure 4-7 TOPO Diagram Displaying New Configuration Results 4-13Figure 4-8 CAPO Diagram Displaying Optimized Network Results 4-14Figure 4-9 Analysis Options Property Sheet: Load Flow Tab .4-15Figure 4-10 Detailed Convergence Monitor Progress Messages .4-16Figure 4-11 Solution Paused Dialog 4-16Figure 4-12 Graphical Convergence Monitor 4-18Figure 4-13 Sample Load Flow Analysis Diagram 4-19Figure 4-14 Reactive Capability Curve for a Synchronous Machine .4-22Figure 4-15 Analysis Options Property Sheet: Short Circuit Tab 4-26Figure 4-16 Sample Short Circuit Analysis Diagram 4-28Figure 4-17 Thevenin Equivalent .4-30Figure 4-18 Use of Thevenin Equivalent to Get Short Circuit Current .4-31Figure 4-19 Line-to-Line Fault Currents 4-32Figure 4-20 Analysis Options Property Sheet: Motor Starting Tab .4-33Figure 4-21 Sample Motor Starting Analysis Diagram 4-34

Figure 4-22 Machine Property Sheet Showing Series Starting Autotransformer Option .4-36Figure 4-23 Analysis Options Property Sheet: CAPO Tab .4-39Figure 4-24 Diagram and Progress Views After Optimal Capacitor Placement 4-43Figure 4-25 Analysis Options Property Sheet: TOPO Tab .4-45Figure 4-26 Diagram and Progress Views After TOPO Analysis 4-47Figure 5-1 Voltage Profile .5-3Figure 5-2 Report Units Dialog .5-6Figure 5-3 Report Options Dialog .5-8Figure 5-4 Report Preview Window .5-9Figure 5-5 Export Dialog .5-10Figure 5-6 Open File Dialog 5-11Figure 6-1 Example Corridor for Illustration of Line Property Calculations .6-3Figure 6-2 Initial Corridor View 6-4Figure 6-3 Add New Circuit Dialog 6-5Figure 6-4 Initial Circuit View 6-6Figure 6-5 Circuit_1 Properties Sheet 6-7Figure 6-6 Circuit_2 Properties Sheet 6-8Figure 6-7 Conductor Bundle Diagram 6-9Figure 6-8 Select Conductor Type Dialog 6-10Figure 6-9 Corridor View 6-11Figure 6-10 LineProp Menu Bar 6-12Figure 6-11 LineProp Toolbar .6-13Figure 6-12 LineProp Options Dialog: User Tab 6-14Figure 6-13 LineProp Options Dialog: Circuit Tab .6-16Figure 6-14 LineProp Options Dialog: Corridor Tab 6-17Figure 6-15 Equivalent Circuit for Short Transmission Line 6-18Figure 6-16 Pi-Form Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit 6-18Figure 6-17 "Exact" Pi-Equivalent Circuits for 400-Mile Length of Example

Transmission Line at 60 and 65 Hz (Skin Effect Neglected) .6-19Figure 6-18 Difference Between 60 and 65 Hz Values of Rex, Lex, and Cex

as a Function of Line Length .6-20Figure 6-19 Open Dialog 6-21Figure 6-20 Save As Dialog .6-22Figure 6-21 Print Preview .6-23Figure 6-22 Print Dialog .6-24Figure 6-23 Selected Circuit View 6-25Figure 6-24 Current Circuit Properties Sheet 6-26Figure 6-25 Copy Circuit Dialog .6-27Figure 6-26 Verify Circuit to Delete Message Box .6-27Figure 6-27 Verify to Delete All Circuits Message Box .6-28Figure 6-28 Validation of Circuit Properties 6-29Figure 6-29 Corridor Circuit Data 6-30

Figure 6-30 Sample Zero- and Positive-Sequence Impedances Report .6-32Figure 6-31 Sample Zero- and Positive-Sequence Admittance Report 6-33Figure 6-32 Sample Self and Mutual Impedances Report .6-34Figure 6-33 Sample Self and Mutual Admittances Report 6-35Figure 6-34 Sample Average Mutual Impedance and Admittance Report 6-36Figure 6-35 Sample Corridor Impedance Report 6-37Figure 6-36 Sample Corridor Admittance Report 6-38Figure 6-37 Save Results Dialog .6-39Figure 6-38 Update Construction Dictionary Dialog 6-40Figure 7-1 Branch with Two Protection Equipment Packs 7-2Figure 7-2 Protection Equipment Pack Property Sheet 7-4Figure 7-3 Curve Plot View .7-5Figure 7-4 Protection Equipment Pack Plot Options Tab .7-7Figure 7-5 Plot Options Tab 7-9Figure 7-6 More Info Tab .7-10Figure 7-7 Fuse Property Sheet 7-11Figure 7-8 Overcurrent Relay Property Sheet .7-12Figure 7-9 Transformer Damage Curve Tab 7-16Figure 7-10 Conductor Damage Curve Tab 7-20Figure 7-11 Protection Equipment Pack Showing Two Recloser Curves 7-22Figure 7-12 Recloser Properties Sheet 7-23Figure 7-13 Machine Starting Curve Property Sheet 7-25Figure 7-14 Coordination View .7-28Figure 7-15 Coordination View Menu .7-29Figure 7-16 Print Parameters Dialog 7-31Figure 7-17 Prompt to Print the List View .7-31Figure 7-18 Main Switchboard .7-41Figure 7-19 Add Fuse Form 7-42Figure 7-20 Add Relay Form 7-43Figure 7-21 Add Recloser Manufacturer Form .7-44Figure 7-22 Add Recloser Form 7-44Figure 7-23 View/Modify Fuse Form 7-45Figure 7-24 View/Modify Relay Form 7-46Figure 7-25 View/Modify Recloser Form 7-47Figure 7-26 Delete Fuse Records Form .7-49Figure 7-27 Delete Relay Records Form .7-50Figure 7-28 Delete Recloser Records Form .7-51Figure 7-29 Verify Removal of Recloser Ratings Records 7-51Figure 7-30 Delete Recloser Curve Form .7-52Figure 8-1 Harmonic Injection Symbol on a Shunt Item .8-3Figure 8-2 Harmonic Injection Symbol on a Transformer .8-4Figure 8-3 Harmonic Injection Symbol on a Node .8-5

Figure 8-4 Harmonic Injection Property Sheet 8-6Figure 8-5 Harmonic Filter Property Sheet .8-8Figure 8-6 Analysis Options Property Sheet: Harmonics Tab .8-10Figure 8-7 Sample Harmonics Analysis Diagram .8-11Figure 8-8 Harmonic Plot Dialog 8-12Figure 8-9 Harmonics Toolbar .8-12Figure 8-10 Harmonic Voltage Waveform 8-13Figure 8-11 Harmonic Voltage Waveform (extra detail) 8-14Figure 8-12 Harmonics Spectrum .8-15Figure 8-13 Impedance versus Frequency .8-16Figure 8-14 Nodal Impedance Plot .8-17Figure 9-1 Illustration of Protection Zones .9-3Figure 9-2 Default Items – Tree View .9-8Figure 9-3 Default Items Expanded – Tree View .9-9Figure 9-4 Default Line Properties Sheet 9-10Figure 9-5 Default Line Properties Sheet - Modifying the Construction Type .9-11Figure 9-6 Default Line Properties Sheet – DRA Tab, from the Construction Dictionary .9-12Figure 9-7 Default Line Properties Sheet – DRA Tab, New Values

for the Reliability Parameters 9-13Figure 9-8 Line Property Sheet: Main Tab 9-14Figure 9-9 Line Property Sheet: DRA Tab, New Values for Reliability Parameters 9-15Figure 9-10 Selecting a Construction Type 9-18Figure 9-11 DRA Tab Indicating Parameters Obtained from Dictionary .9-19Figure 9-12 Static Load Property Sheet: DRA Tab .9-21Figure 9-13 DRA Analysis Options Property Sheet 9-22Figure 9-14 DRA Result Options .9-24Figure 9-15 Example of a Simple Distribution System 9-27Figure 9-16 Fault at Line9 9-27Figure 9-17 Fault at Line3 9-28Figure 9-18 Expansion of the Circuit Mainline .9-29Figure 9-19 DRA Results Shown with Text Labels and Color-Coding .9-30Figure 9-20 Expansion of the Circuit Mainline with Protection Added .9-31Figure 9-21 DRA Results with New Protection Device Added .9-32Figure 9-22 DRA Results with Specified Customers Served .9-33Figure A-1 Transformer Conversion During the Read Operation A-9Figure A-2 Modeling of Three-Winding Transformer A-11Figure A-3 Induction Machine Model A-19Figure A-4 ISO and US Transformer Types A-32Figure A-5 Power Flow A-33Figure B-1 Node Name Orientation Key B-3Figure B-2 PSSUT Transformer Bank Connections B-9Figure D-1 Nodes D-1

Figure D-2 Sequence Representation of a Three-Phase Source D-3Figure D-3 Three-Phase Representation of Source D-4Figure D-4 Single-Phase and Three-Phase Loads D-6Figure D-5 Shunt Capacitors D-7Figure D-6 Phase Representation of Synchronous Machine D-11Figure D-7 Sequence Representation of a Synchronous Machine D-12Figure D-8 Sequence Representation of Induction Machine D-16Figure D-9 Single-Phase and Three-Phase Lines D-18Figure D-10 Three-Phase Switches D-19Figure D-11 Wye-Wye Transformer with ABC Phasing D-26Figure D-12 Delta-Delta Transformer with ABC Phasing D-27Figure D-13 Delta-Delta Transformer with A Phasing D-27Figure D-14 Wye-Delta Transformer with ABC Phasing D-28Figure D-15 Wye-Delta Transformer with A Phasing D-28Figure D-16 Wye-Delta +30° Transformer with ABC Phasing D-29Figure D-17 Delta-Wye Transformer with ABC Phasing D-29Figure D-18 Wye Autotransformer with ABC Phasing D-30Figure D-19 Delta Autoregulator with ABC Phasing D-31Figure D-20 Delta Autoregulator with AB Phasing D-32Figure D-21 Center-Tapped Delta with A Phasing D-35Figure D-22 "A Phase" Center-Tapped Delta and "BC Phase" Delta-Delta

in Parallel to make a Three-Phase Bank D-35Figure D-23 Center-Tapped Wye with A Phasing D-36Figure D-24 Center-Tapped Delta -30° with A Phasing D-36Figure D-25 Z-Wye -30° Transformer with Voltage on the TO Side 30° Behind FROM Side D-37Figure D-26 Three-Phase Series Capacitors/Inductors D-52Figure D-27 Line-to-Line Faults D-53Figure D-28 Line-to-Ground Faults D-54Figure D-29 Line-to-Line-to-Ground Faults D-55Figure E-1 Induction Machine Equivalent Circuit E-1

Table 2-1 Iteration Order of Nodes 2-16Table 2-2 Iteration Order of Branches 2-17Table 3-1 Device Rephasing Starting from ABC

for All Devices but Wye-Delta and Delta-Wye Transformers 3-99Table 3-2 Changes to Delta-Wye Transformers 3-100Table 3-3 Changes to Wye-Delta Transformers 3-100Table 7-1 Transformer Categories

Minimum Nameplate kVA 7-14Table 7-2 Transformer Damage Curve Points 7-15Table 7-3 ANSI Factors 7-15Table 7-4 Recommended Conductor Temperatures 7-18Table 7-5 Fuse Table 7-32Table 7-6 Fuse Catalog Table 7-33Table 7-7 Fuse Curve Table 7-34Table 7-8 Relay Table 7-35Table 7-9 Relay Catalog Table 7-36Table 7-10 Relay Curve 7-37Table 7-11 RecloserMfrSpecs 7-38Table 7-12 RecloserRatings Table 7-39Table 7-13 RecloserTCCCurve Table 7-40Table 9-1 Data Item Requirements for DRA 9-7Table 9-2 Sample Reliability Data 9-7Table 9-3 Construction Type Mapping 9-17Table A-1 PSS/ADEPT Transformer Types A-2Table A-2 Conversion of Transformers from PSS/U Raw Data File into PSS/ADEPT A-6Table A-3 PSS/U Transformer/Phasing That Will Be Changed After PSS/ADEPT

Read Operation on Raw Data File A-9Table A-4 Synchronous Machine Short Circuit Calculation Results A-16Table A-5 A-20Table A-6 A-21Table A-7 A-22Table A-8 A-24Table A-9 A-25Table A-10 PSS/U Dictionary A-29Table B-1 System Parameters B-2Table B-2 Node Data B-3

Table B-4 Line or Cable Data B-4Table B-5 Switch Data B-5Table B-6 Tie Switch Data B-5Table B-7 Series Capacitor or Series Reactor Data B-6Table B-8 Transformer Data B-7Table B-9 Transformer Tap Changing Data Section B-7Table B-10 PSS/U Transformer Types B-8Table B-11 Load Categories B-10Table B-12 kW, kvar Load - Unbalanced (types 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13) B-11Table B-13 kW, kvar Load - Balanced (types 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33) B-12Table B-14 Asynchronous Machine Load (types 51-90, 151-190) B-12Table B-15 Synchronous Machine Load (types 91-99, 191-199) B-13Table B-16 MWh Load Data - Unbalanced (types 5, 6, 15, 16) B-13Table B-17 MWh Load Data - Balanced (types 25, 26, 35, 36) B-14Table B-18 Fixed Capacitors or Switched Capacitors Data B-15Table B-19 Basic Data Record B-16Table B-20 Two-Phase Data Record B-17Table B-21 One-Phase Data Records B-17Table B-22 Rating Data Record B-17Table B-23 Reliability Data Record B-18Table E-1 Impedance Values for NEMA Machines E-2Table F-1 Network Properties: System F-1Table F-2 Network Properties: Reliability F-2Table F-3 Node Properties F-3Table F-4 Lines/Cables Properties F-4Table F-5 Transformer Properties: General F-5Table F-6 Transformer Properties: Tap Control F-7Table F-7 Transformer Properties: Regulation F-8Table F-8 Load Properties: Rectangular Representation F-9Table F-9 Load Properties: Polar Representation F-10Table F-10 MWh Load Properties F-11Table F-11 Source Properties F-13Table F-12 Induction Machines: General F-14Table F-13 Induction Machines: Impedances F-15Table F-14 Induction Machines: Start-Up F-15Table F-15 Synchronous Machines: General F-16Table F-16 Synchronous Machines: Impedances F-18Table F-17 Synchronous Machines: Start-Up F-19Table F-18 Shunt Capacitor Properties F-20Table F-19 Switch Properties F-22Table F-20 Series Capacitors/Reactors Properties F-23Table F-21 Fault Properties F-24

Table F-22 Protection Equipment Properties F-25Table F-23 Fuses: General F-26Table F-24 Fuses: Plot Options F-26Table F-25 Over Current Relays: General F-27Table F-26 Over Current Relays: Plot Options F-28Table F-27 Transformer Damage Curves: General F-29Table F-28 Transformer Damage Curve: Plot Options F-30Table F-29 Conductor/Cable Damage Curve: General F-31Table F-30 Conductor/Cable Damage Curve: Plot Options F-32Table F-31 Reclosers: General F-33Table F-32 Reclosers: Plot Options F-33Table F-33 Machines: General F-34Table G-1 Branch Results G-1Table G-2 Capacitor Placement Optimization Results G-4Table G-3 Capacitor Placement Optimization Summary G-4Table G-4 Capacitor Placement Optimization Switching Schedule G-5Table G-5 Capacitor Properties G-5Table G-6 Device Groups G-6Table G-7 Device Limits G-6Table G-8 Fault All Current G-7Table G-9 Induction Machine Properties G-8Table G-10 Line/Cable Properties G-9Table G-11 Load Flow Summary G-10Table G-12 Load Properties G-11Table G-13 Load Snapshots G-12Table G-14 Network Economics G-12Table G-15 Node Properties G-13Table G-16 Node Results G-13Table G-17 Series Capacitor/Reactor Properties G-15Table G-18 Shunt Status G-16Table G-19 Source Properties G-18Table G-20 Standard Fault Properties G-19Table G-21 Static Load Summary G-19Table G-22 MWh Load Summary G-20Table G-23 Switch Properties G-21Table G-24 Synchronous Machine Properties G-22Table G-25 System Totals G-23Table G-26 Tie Open Point Optimization Results G-24Table G-27 Titles and Comments G-25Table G-28 Transformer Properties G-25Table G-29 Voltage Levels G-28Table G-30 Distribution Reliability Analysis Results G-28

Welcome to PSS/ADEPT 5

1.1 About the PSS/ADEPT Application

The Power System Simulator/Advanced Distribution Engineering Productivity Tool (PSS/ADEPT)software was developed for engineers and technical personnel who design and/or analyze elec-trical distribution systems PSS/ADEPT enables you to graphically create, edit, and analyze powersystem models and diagrams

PSS/ADEPT is available in stand-alone and network configurations for Microsoft® Windows 2000and Windows XP Compatibility with PSS/U (Power System Simulator for Utilization) is providedthrough raw data files and an associated Construction Dictionary PSS/ADEPT is the next genera-tion of the PSS/U product line

1.1.1 Application Capabilities

PSS/ADEPT offers a full spectrum of design and analysis capabilities Using PSS/ADEPT, you can:

• Create and modify power network models graphically

• Perform engineering analyses using multiple sources and unlimited nodes

• Display the results of engineering analyses on the network diagram

• Obtain output reports that display the results of a previously solved engineeringanalysis

• Define and update single and multiple system component data via property sheets

1.1.2 Optional Features

Several optional features are not included in the base PSS/ADEPT application package, but may

be purchased at any point after installation Optional features include:

• Tie Open Point Optimization: Finds the minimum loss configuration for a three-phase

radial system For more information, refer to Chapter 4, Section 4.8

• Optimal Capacitor Placement: Places fixed and switched three-phase capacitor

banks of specified size to minimize system losses For more information, refer to

Chapter 4, Section 4.7

• Line Properties Calculator: Calculates transmission line constants For more

infor-mation, refer to Chapter 6

• Protection and Coordination: Performs a coordination study on a given network For

• Harmonics: Performs harmonic analysis on a given network For more information,

refer to Chapter 8

• Distribution Reliability Analysis (DRA): Performs reliability analysis For more

infor-mation, refer to Chapter 9

1.2 Getting Help

Help for the PSS/ADEPT application is available in several forms:

• Printed manual or CD

• Online context-sensitive help

• PTI Customer Support

1.2.1 Using This Documentation

This users manual is structured to help you learn to build an electrical distribution network, ning with the basics (how to add a node/shunt/branch), and progressing to the analysis features ofPSS/ADEPT A network building exercise will give you hands-on practice using the PSS/ADEPTsoftware

begin-For PSS/ADEPT, this documentation is also available on CD in Adobe® Acrobat® Reader format(*.pdf files) Use the online manuals for quick intermanual references using the hypertext link fea-ture and for printing reference material

To view the CD documentation, place the CD in the CD-ROM drive The readme.txt file has mation on installing the Adobe Acrobat reader and accessing the CD documentation

infor-Conventions used in this documentation (and in the CD version) include:

bold italic text denotes a menu option the user must select, or a button the user must click

Examples:

Choose File>Open from the Main Menu.

Click the Open button on the File Toolbar.

Italic text is used to emphasize a word or phrase.

Indicates additional information of interest

"Click" is a user instruction to click the left mouse button.

"Double-click" is a user instruction to click twice the left mouse button.

"Right-click" is a user instruction to click the right mouse button

Abbreviations for engineering units used throughout this user manual include:

pu: per unit

pf: power factor, leading/lagging

S: apparent power (kVA)

P: real power (kW)

Q: reactive power (kvar)

1.2.2 Using the Online Help

PSS/ADEPT provides context-sensitive online help while you are working in the application.Related topics are "hot-linked" for quick access

To access PSS/ADEPT Help:

1 Choose Help>Help Topics from the Main Menu The Help Topics window displays.

2 To locate the help topic you want, click the Contents tab to display a hierarchical list of

topic headings from which you may select or click the Index tab to look up topics betically or click the Find tab to perform a word search

alpha-3 Follow the online instructions to navigate to and display the help topic you want

4 To return to the PSS/ADEPT application and close the Help Topics window, press the

Esc key

To access Help for a dialog or property sheet in which you are working, press the F1 key or click the Help button (if available) The appropriate help topic will display.

To view PSS/ADEPT version information (including a list of required DLLs), choose

Help>About PSS/ADEPT from the Main Menu or click the Help button on the standardWindows Toolbar

1.2.3 Contacting PTI for Support

The PSS/ADEPT documentation will assist you with the installation and use of the application Ifafter consulting the documentation and online help you need more information, you may contact PTI

by any of the following methods:

• Send e-mail for technical support to: adept.support@shawgrp.com

1.2.4 Submitting Bug Reports and Feature Requests

Included in PSS/ADEPT is a feedback tool that you may use to report bugs, request an ment, or request technical support assistance This feedback tool is called SoloBug You can

enhance-directly access SoloBug from the Main Menu under Help>Report a problem… Once you have

selected this option the SoloBug report a bug or feature request window displays (Figure 1-1)

Figure 1-1 Report a Bug or Feature Request Window

At this point, you will be asked to enter personal information such as your name, your companyname, your e-mail address and your phone and fax numbers Next, you will be asked for your com-puter configuration such as the operating system you have and other information regarding yourhardware setup After you have specified all of the information above to the best of your knowledge,you are now ready to enter a bug or feature request In the case of a bug report, you may enter adescription of the problem and how to reproduce it If you desire, you may also attach a file con-taining an example of the problem that our technical support services can use to help diagnosewhether the problem is in fact a bug If you are submitting a feature request, use the descriptionarea to describe what enhancement you would like us to consider implementing in future releases

In addition, make sure that you specify a summary of the problem or feature, the product name thatyou are using, the type of problem, the severity of the problem, and the version number of the appli-cation that you are currently using The version number of the application may be found in the About

box by selecting Help>About PSS/ADEPT

When you have finished entering the information, save the bug/feature report to a SoloBug file( * s b g ) T h e n e x t s t e p i s t o e - m a i l t h i s s b g f i l e t o t h e f o l l o w i n g a d d r e s s :adept.support@shawgrp.com Once we receive the e-mail message, you will be automaticallylogged into our technical support database This is the fastest and most convenient way for you tosubmit problems and feature requests into our technical support queue

For further information regarding SoloBug, including more documentation on how you can useSoloBug to report bugs and request features, look for the SoloBug help file under your PSS/ADEPTinstallation under the short cut labeled SoloBug Help You may also access the SoloBug executablefrom outside the application by using the short cut labeled SoloBug

1.3 Installing and Using PSS/ADEPT

You can install PSS/ADEPT on your stand-alone PC for single-user access, or on a network drivefor multiuser access For information on installing PSS/ADEPT on your PC or on the network, and

on hardware and software requirements, refer to the Installation Guide.

Yo u m u s t h a v e a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f b a s i c M S W i n d o w s c o n c e p t s ( f o r e x a m p l e ,windows/dialogs/menus/toolbars/scroll bars/etc., navigating with the mouse, open/save/close files,select files/text, cut/copy/paste, etc.) to use the PSS/ADEPT application successfully

If you are not familiar with MS Windows, check locally (schools, libraries, computer stores, etc.) tofind an introductory class that covers: starting and exiting MS Windows; the screen, common icons,and scroll bars; opening, saving, and closing files; switching between windows; using the keyboard;using the mouse to select and drag objects; etc Alternatively, check your local library or bookstorefor books on MS Windows

New users should begin by reading Chapter 2, Creating a Network Model, and Chapter 3, Editing

a Network Model, and reviewing the sample files provided with your PSS/ADEPT installation The

sample files are located in the \Example subdirectory The default path for the sample files is:

\Program Files\PTI\PSS-ADEPT\Example

Converting/updating users should refer to AppendixA, Modeling and File Differences BetweenPSS/U and PSS/ADEPT for information on importing existing PSS/U networks into PSS/ADEPT,and exporting PSS/ADEPT networks to PSS/U

Starting PSS/ADEPT

To start the PSS/ADEPT application, select Start>Programs>PSS-ADEPT 5.0>PSS-ADEPT A

blank diagram displays

If you want to display an existing network diagram, choose File>Open from the Main Menu

or, click the Open button on the File Toolbar, and select the filename

Exiting PSS/ADEPT

To exit the PSS/ADEPT application, choose File>Exit from the Main Menu If you have not yet

saved your system data, the program will prompt you to save before exiting

1.4 The PSS/ADEPT Application Window

The PSS/ADEPT application window contains several main elements:

• Views containing application processing information, graphical and tree

representa-tions of your network

• A Status Bar that displays program status information while PSS/ADEPT is running.

• A Main Menu that provides access to all PSS/ADEPT functions.

• Toolbars that provide quick access to PSS/ADEPT functions.

1.4.1 Views

The PSS/ADEPT application window contains four views (Figure 1-2):

• Diagram View (always displays)

• Equipment List View (you may hide the view)

• Progress View (you may hide the view)

• Report Preview (displays when you request a report of analysis results)

Figure 1-2 PSS/ADEPT Application Window Views

Each view displays certain information about the data contents and/or operation of the PSS/ADEPTapplication All views except the Report Preview have a pop-up menu that provides quick access

to additional features

Progress View

The Diagram View is the main view in the PSS/ADEPT application window It displays wheneveryou are using PSS/ADEPT (for example, whenever you open an existing diagram or create a newone) The Report Preview displays only when you have requested a report You can toggle on andoff (show or hide) the display of the Equipment List and Progress Views.

To set the display of the Equipment List and/or Progress Views:

1 Choose View from the Main Menu The drop-down View Menu displays (Figure 1-3)

Figure 1-3 View Drop-Down Menu

2 Click in the box that precedes Equipment List and/or Progress View A check mark infront of the option indicates that the view will display in the application window Anempty box indicates that the view will not show in the application window

In the Equipment List or Progress View, you may also right-click and then click the Hide option

to hide the view

The Diagram View

The Diagram View displays a graphical representation of the network power system You create andmodify a network model in the Diagram View by selecting the network symbols from the item toolbarand placing them on the diagram Additionally, you can view analysis results in the Diagram View.The Diagram View pop-up menu (Figure 1-4) provides access to additional editing functions avail-able only in the Diagram View Right-click anywhere in the diagram to view this menu

"Grayed" options are not available for use, usually because an item has not been selectedbefore the pop-up menu displays Refer to Chapter 3, Section 3.3

Figure 1-4 Diagram View Pop-Up Menu

Cut: Cut current selection (network and diagram items) to an internal clipboard used only

by PSS/ADEPT

Copy: Copy current selection (network and diagram items) to an internal clipboard used

only by PSS/ADEPT

Copy to Clipboard: Copies entire image of the current view to the Windows clipboard The

copied image can then be pasted into other Windows applications, Word for example

Paste: Paste the contents of the clipboard.

Delete: Delete a selected device A device may be deleted only when all devices

con-nected to it have been removed For example, to delete a node, you must delete all branches and shunt items connected to it first

Undo: Undo the previous editing action (item creation, deletion, cut/paste, relink,

reloca-tion, zoom/pan) The number of levels of undo can be specified in the Program Settings log

dia-Select All: dia-Select all items in the diagram.

Toggle: Specify to toggle hidden items, show items, or hide items.

• In-service: Indicate item is in-service or out-of-service.

• Autoposition: Indicate autoposition option is on or off for the selected item Add Items to:

• Group: Add selected item to a group.

• Layer: Add selected item to a layer.

• Load Category: Add selected item to a load category.

• Motor Starting: Add selected item to motor starting analysis.

• CAPO: Add selected item to capacitor optimization analysis.

Z order:

• Send to Front: Renders selected diagram component on "top" of all other

compo-nents within its layer

• Send to Back: Renders selected diagram component on the "bottom" of all other

components within its layer

• Center: Centers the selected items in the diagram.

Re-phase: Selects re-phasing analysis on the selected branch.

Properties : Display the property sheet for the selected device.

Load Flow: Perform load flow analysis.

Fault: Perform fault analysis.

Motor Starting: Perform motor starting analysis.

Diagram Properties : Display Diagram Properties sheet.

Lock Diagram: Disables editing operations such as item creation, relocation, or deletion Print : Print a hard copy of the diagram.

The Equipment List View

Within the Equipment List View (Figure 1-5), the Network tab provides a hierarchical display of eachmajor type of network item – nodes, branches, and shunts Additionally, there are different types ofbranches and shunt devices that may be specified in the network diagram:

• Branches may contain lines/cables, switches, transformers, and series capacitors.Branches may also contain protection equipment packs, which define protectivedevices

• Shunt devices may contain capacitors, machines, static loads, MWh loads, harmonicsinjections, harmonic filters, and standard faults

• Defaults contain the default properties for node, branch and shunt devices Defaultproperties are used when a new device is placed on the diagram

Figure 1-5 Equipment List View

Each network item in the Equipment List View has its own icon that is the same as the symbol used

to represent the item in the Diagram View Notice the + and – symbols in front of each network itemtype Click the + symbol to expand the tree display; and click the – symbol to collapse the tree dis-play For example:

• Click the + symbol in front of Nodes to display a list of each individualhorizontal/vertical/point node in the diagram Click the – to collapse the view to its orig-inal state

• Click the + symbol in front of Sources to display a list of individual sources Click the –symbol in front of Sources to collapse the tree

If an individual network item symbol is "grayed" in the tree hierarchy, the item is not in service

If there is no symbol in front of the item, it is not drawn on the diagram This situation monly arises when there are nodes in a PSS/U raw data file with x- and y-coordinates at (0,0).The item will display in the Equipment List View as [ ], indicating an undrawn device This item can

com-be drawn by right-clicking on the item and selecting Draw Item(s) from the pop-up menu.

The Equipment List pop-up menu provides access to additional features, depending on your currentlevel and position in the Equipment List View For example:

1 Right-click on Network to position at the network level and display the Equipment List

View’s pop-up menu (Figure 1-6) Here you can dock or hide the Equipment List View,and access the Network Property sheet ("Grayed" menu options are not available atthe Network level.)

Figure 1-6 Item Type Level, Equipment List View Pop-Up Menu

2 Right-click on Static Loads to position at the type level and display the Equipment List

View’s pop-up menu (Figure 1-7) Here you can dock or hide the Equipment List View,sort the individual static load items, and toggle the display of the item nodeconnections: FROM/TO for branches and node location for shunts, or device names.("Grayed" menu options are not available at this level.) For example:

Figure 1-7 Expanded Item Type Level, Equipment List View Pop-Up Menu