Français: BIRD Español: IBRD IBOR: See Interbank Offered Rate.. Français: Certificat d’importation Español: Certificado de importación, declaración de importación... Français: Certific
Trang 1IBRD:
Abbreviation for International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Français: BIRD
Español: IBRD
IBOR:
See Interbank Offered Rate
Français: IBOR
Español: IBOR
ICOR:
See Capitaloutput ratio
Français: ICOR
Español: ICOR
IDA:
bbreviation for International Development Association
Français: IDA
Español: IDA
IFC:
Abbreviation for International Finance Corporation
Français: IFC
Español: IFC
IMF:
International Monetary Fund
Français: FMI
Español: IMF
Import certificate:
A means by which the government of the country of final destination monitors and controls the importation of the goods covered by the certificate
Français: Certificat d’importation
Español: Certificado de importación, declaración de importación
Trang 2
A document required and issued by some governments to allow the importation of goods into their countries
Français: Licence d’importation
Español: Licencia de importación, permiso de importación
Import quota:
A quantitative restriction by a government on its country’s imports. Once the total amount of the goods to be allowed for import during a specified period has been determined, the authorities may issue a number of licenses to importers, assigning each one a quota. Import licenses may also specify the country from which the importers must purchase the goods
Français: Quota d’importation
Español: Contingente de importación, cupo de importación
Import substitution:
An economic policy and development strategy focusing on the replacement of imports with domestically produced goods, usually accomplished through protectionism, as the route to economic growth. Compare with export oriented strategy
Français: Importation de substitution
Español: Sustitución de importaciones
Import tariff:
A duty placed on goods entering a country
Français: Taxe d’importation
Español: Arancel de importación
In bond:
A term applied to merchandise admitted temporarily into a country without payment of duties, either for storage in a bonded warehouse or for transshipment to another point where duties will eventually be imposed
Français: En dépôt
Español: Bajo control aduanero
Inbond industry:
An industry specialised in the processing of imported raw materials and components allowed to enter the country free of duty, provided that they will be reexported
Français: Industrie en dépôt
Español: Industria de zona franca
In case of need:
A term used of the agent or representative of a shipper abroad, to whom a bank may apply for instructions if so instructed by the shipper
Trang 3Español: En caso de necesidad
Income statement (USA); Profit and loss account (UK):
The statement of revenues received and expenses incurred by a firm during a particular time period, leading to the calculation of net income or net profit
Français: Compte de pertes et profits
Español: Estado de pérdidas y ganancias
Income warrant:
A warrant which carries preagreed interest at the time of issue
Français: Certificat d’option à revenu
Español: Warrant de ingresos
INCOTERMS:
Rules developed by the International Chamber of Commerce to standardize international trade practices, facilitate trade and minimise misunderstandings over commercial terminology. The terms used in foreign trade contracts are codified to define which parties incur the costs and at what specific point the costs are incurred. They are usually referred to in the contact of sale or are implicit according to international trade practices
Français: INCOTERMS
Español: INCOTERMS
Indemnity:
An undertaking issued by a beneficiary or his bank to reimburse a settling bank if the documents are rejected
Français: Indemnité
Español: Indemnización, compensación, reparación
Indemnity clauses:
This refers to the indemnity provisions inserted in a lease or loan contract
Français: Clauses d’indemnité
Español: Cláusulas de indemnización
Indexation:
An automatic revision of the nominal prices to take account of inflation. Wages, unemployment benefits, the value of financial assets and other sources of income are revised upwards to keep
in line with inflation and protect their real value
Français: Indexation
Español: Indización, indexación
Trang 4Contracts for future delivery based on the development of a share or price index within a specified period. See also Financial futures; share index
Français: Indice sur les contrats à terme
Español: Indice de futuros
Indirect quote:
A foreign exchange quote expressed in terms of the number of units of foreign currency for one unit of domestic currency. Also known as European terms. Compare with Direct quote
Français: Cotation indirecte
Español: Cotización indirecta
Indirect selling:
A selling method whereby the manufacturer deals through another domestic firm before entering the international markets
Français: Vente indirecte
Español: Venta o exportación indirecta
Inflation Rate Coverage:
An insurance or guarantee cover which protects the supplier against a significant increase in the manufacturing costs of capital goods, when a long lead time between the signing of the contract and the delivery of the final products is entailed. It is also known as cost escalation coverage
Français: Couverture du taux d’inflation
Español: Cobertura del índice de inflación, cobertura de la tasa de inflación
Inland Bill of Lading:
A bill of lading issued in connection with the transport of goods overland to the exporter's international carrier. Although a through bill of lading may sometimes be used, it is usually necessary to prepare both an inland bill of lading andocean bill of lading for export shipments. Compare with air waybill, ocean bill of lading and through bill of lading
Français: Connaissement sur l’intérieur
Español: Conocimiento de embarque terrestre
Inland Carrier:
A carrier who hauls export or import traffic between ports and inland points
Français: Transporteur sur l’intérieur
Español: Transportista interno
Insolvency:
The inability of a borrower to honour debts when due. Opposite: Solvency
Français: Insolvabilité
Español: Insolvencia
Trang 5
Inspection certification:
A statement, required by some buyers or importing countries, issued and signed by the appropriate authority (a governmental entity or a private independent inspection company) providing evidence that the shipment has been inspected, and giving specifications of the shipped goods
Français: Certificat d’inspection
Español: Certificado de inspección
Instalment credit:
A loan which is repaid over time through a specified series of regular and equal instalments. Instalment credits are often used in consumer credit, while they are relatively rare in trade financing
Français: Crédit à tempérament
Español: Crédito para compras a plazos
Insurance:
A contract whereby the insurer undertakes to reimburse the policyholder in the event of a specified contingency or peril, against the payment of a premium. See also export credit insurance and Export Credit Agency
Français: Assurance
Español: Seguro
Insurance certificate:
A certificate assuring the consignee that insurance is provided to cover loss or damage to the cargo while this is in transit
Français: Certificat d’assurance
Español: Certificado de seguro
Intangible assets:
Intangible items such as goodwill, patents and patent rights, deferred charges, etc
Français: Actifs intangibles, incorporels
Español: Activos intangibles, bienes inmovilizados
InterAmerican Development Bank (IADB):
An international financial organization established in 1959 aimed at improving economic and social conditions in Latin America and the Caribbean, primarily by providing funds for public projects
Français: Banque InterAméricaine de Développement
Español: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)
Trang 6
Also known as the interbank rate, this is the interest rate applied on short term loans between banks and which serves as a reference rate for other types of loans, including buyer
credit or supplier credit. The interest rate terms are calculated daily and determined according to the length of and currency of the loan. A number of financial centres offer an IBOR, including London (LIBOR), Paris (PIBOR), Singapore (SIBOR), Zurich (ZIBOR), etc. The US Federal Funds Rate is also an example of an interbank rate
Français: Taux interbancaire offert
Español: Tasa de oferta interbancaria, tipo de oferta interbancaria
Interbank market:
A market where banks borrow and lend to each other, usually for very shortterm periods
Français: Marché interbancaire
Español: Mercado interbancario
Interbank transactions:
Foreign exchange or lending transactions between banks as opposed to transactions between banks and nonbank clients
Français: Transactions interbancaires
Español: Transacciones interbancarias
Interest arbitrage:
A type of arbitrage consisting of investment in interestbearing instruments in different
currencies, with the aim of earning a profit by taking advantage of existing or expected interest rate and exchange rate differentials
Français: Intérêt d’arbitrage
Español: Arbitraje de intereses
Interest charge:
Interested charged i.e. negative interest. See also Negative charge
Français: Charge d’intérêts
Español: Interest charge
Interest during construction (IDC), Precommissioning interest:
Interest on loans accruing during the performance of the supply contract, which are in general capitalized and added to the principal amount outstanding
Français: Intérêts pendant la construction
Español: Intereses intercalarios
Interest makeup agreement (IMU):
Trang 7An arrangement involving an export credit agency or an EXIMBANK whereby these make possible the granting of a concessional fixed rate loan to support exporters. See also Interest Rate Equalization
Français: Interest makeup agreement (IMU)
Español: Acuerdo de composición de los intereses
Interest rate:
(1) The rate at which interest is due on any obligation, or is paid on interest bearing assets (2) The interest charged to the customers of a bank for the opportunity of borrowing other people's money. Conversely the interest paid to the bank’s customers for agreeing to lend their money to someone else
Français: Taux d’intérêt
Español: Tipo de interés, tasa de interés
Interest Rate Coverage:
(1) The extent of coverage granted by an insurance policy or guarantee facility on loan interest specified in a guarantee/insurance facility
(2) Coverage against adverse fluctuations in interest rates
Français: Couverture du taux d’intérêt
Español: Cobertura del tipo de interés
Interest rate differential:
The spread between two different facilities or between spot and forward rates. (An indicator of future changes in the spot exchange rate)
Français: Différence entre les taux d’intérêt
Español: Diferencial de los tipos de interés
Interest Rate Equalization:
A service offered by Export Credit Agencies or EXIMBANKS providing commercial banks with the difference between the subsidized rate payable on the bank’s ECA supported loan and the bank’s market cost of funds, plus an agreed interest spread. Also called subsidization or make up
Français: Egalisation des taux d’intérêts
Español: Igualación del tipo de interés
Intermediation:
An activity performed by banks and other financial institutions, aimed at matching the financial needs of certain companies with the financial surpluses of other companies. Banks can purchase direct claims from deficit units, while issuing secondary claims to depositors.
Opposite: disintermediation
Français: Intermediation
Español: Intermediación
Trang 8The bank, forwarding agent or other intermediary, acting as agent in the foreign country on behalf of the exporter, purchaser or ultimate consignee, charged with the delivery of the exported merchandise to the ultimate consignee
Français: Consignataire intermédiaire
Español: Consignatario intermedio
Intermodal transport:
The ability to use different means of transport for a shipment, such as from ship to train to truck etc
Français: Modes de transport multiples
Español: Transporte multimodal, transporte plurimodal, transporte combinado
Internal rate of return:
A measure used in project evaluation. It is the annual percentage of profitability on the initial investment
Français: Taux de rendement interne
Español: Tasa de rentabilidad interna (TRI)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD):
A multigovernment owned bank, set up in 1945 as part of the World Bank group. It aims to promote projects in developing countries, primarily in infrastructure and agriculture, through the extension of low interest rate loans and guarantees on private loans
Français: Banque Internationale pour la Reconstruction et le Développement (BIRD)
Español: Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento (BIRF)
International Chamber of Commerce:
A private, politically independent organization set up in 1919 in Paris, France, to facilitate and improve trade and business relations between countries. It also represents private business interests at national and international levels. Its activities include the definition of INCOTERMS
Français: Chambre Internationale de Commerce
Español: Cámara de Comercio Internacional (CCI)
International Development Association (IDA):
A multigovernment owned organization of the World Bank group to which industrialised countries assign funds to be lent to developing countries on more liberal terms than ordinary development loans. The IDA provides soft loans, i.e. loans which bear no interest and with long repayment periods
Français: Association Internationale de Développement
Español: Asociación Internacional de Fomento
International Finance Corporation (IFC):
Trang 9Established in 1956, it is a member of the World Bank group and provides loans to promote private sector investment in LDCs and developing countries. The loans are extended at market rates and the IFC seeks profitable returns from its investments
Français: Société Internationale de Financement
Español: Corporación Financiera Internacional
International Monetary Fund (IMF):
A multigovernment organization established in 1945 at Bretton Woods, it is the most important organization for international monetary policy cooperation. It acts as the banker of last resort for countries experiencing foreign exchange deficiencies and balance of payments deficits, and monitors the monetary and foreign exchange policies of its member states. Each member of the IMF has a quota, expressed in Special Drawing Rights, which determines its voting power and access to the Fund’s financial resources. See also World Bank and Group of Ten
Français: Fonds Monétaire International (FMI)
Español: Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)
International Standards Organization (ISO):
Established in 1947 in Geneva as a worldwide federation of national standardisation bodies, the ISO is a system for the establishment of voluntary quality standards at international level. For instance, ISO 9000 is the general name for the quality standard accepted within the European Community, covering activities such as design, development, production, installation, servicing, inspection, testing, etc
Français: Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO)
Español: Organización Internacional de Normalización (ISO)
International Trade Administration:
A US Department of Commerce agency providing assistance to US exporters
Français: Administration du Commerce International
Español: Administración de Comercio Internacional
Inventory:
Raw materials, workinprogress and goods ready for sale. In the UK the word stock is generally used instead. Inventories may be valued individually using various techniques such as cost or current market value, or collectively usingFIFO or LIFO techniques. In securities companies, the term inventory refers to securities bought and held by a broker or dealer for resale
Français: Inventaire
Español: Existencias
Inventoryturnover ratio:
A measure of management’s control of its investment in inventory, i.e. the speed inventory is produced and sold. It is measured as the ratio of annual sales to average inventory. A low ratio
is an unhealthy sign, indicating excess stocks and/or poor sales
Français: Ratio Inventaire/chiffres d’affaires
Español: Razón de movimiento de existencias
Trang 10Investment bank:
A financial intermediary specialised in offering a variety of services, such as acting as a broker
in share and bond deals, underwriting new security issues, facilitating mergers and other corporate reorganizations, providing longterm loans and/or equity capital, etc., rather than in lending out its own funds. More specifically, the term refers to US banks like Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs and Salomon Brothers which underwrite and deal in securities and do not take deposits directly from the public. In the UK investment banks are frequently known as Merchant banks
Français: Banque d’investissement
Español: Banco de inversiones
Investment Fund:
A holding company usually managed by an investment banker which collects savings from investors to be used to acquire participation in agreed sectors and countries
Français: Fonds d’investissement
Español: Fondo de inversión
Investment paper:
Securities which are particularly suitable for long term investments
Français: Papier (effet) d’investissement
Español: Efecto de inversión
Investment risk guarantee:
A guarantee scheme, usually governmentoperated, covering part of the risks connected with investments abroad
Français: Garantie pour le risque relatif à l’investissement
Español: Garantía contra riesgos de inversión
Invisibles/Invisible trade:
Nonmerchandise trade, including transport services (freight, shipping, etc.), most types of services (banking, insurance, tourism etc.) and investment
Français: Invisibles/Commerce Invisible
Español: Invisibles, comercio de invisibles, comercio invisible
Irrevocable:
An agreement which cannot be cancelled unless all the parties concerned agree to do so. For instance, an irrevocable letter of credit, once issued, cannot be amended or cancelled without the agreement of all the named parties
Français: Irrévocable
Español: Irrevocable