CP 1b vol 4 EN

OUTLINE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS GENERAL Design Specification as submitted pursuant to Clause 4 of Annex 1 to the Instructions to Tenderers and all as may be modified in accordance with th

Tender Documents

For

Ho Chi Minh City Urban Railway Construction Project

Ben Thanh - Suoi Tien Section (Line 1)

CONTRACT PACKAGE-1B: CIVIL (UNDERGROUND SECTION FROM KM 0+615 TO KM 2+360)

VOLUME 4 – OUTLINE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL

DESIGN CRITERIA

6.4 Transition Curves 6-1

GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

22.5 Land Subsidence and Ground Movement 22-2

GROUND MOVEMENTS AND BUILDING PROTECTION

37.2 Types of Construction 37-1

Appendix-2: Typical Building Automation System Control and Monitoring Point Schedule 39-AP2-1

OUTLINE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

GENERAL

Design Specification (as submitted pursuant to Clause 4 of Annex 1 to the Instructions to Tenderers and all as may be modified in accordance with the provisions of that Annex) provide minimum standards which are to govern the design of the Permanent Works These documents shall be amalgamated to form the Contract Design Specification which will be part

of the Contractor’s Technical Proposals extant at the date of acceptance of Tender

Specifications where appropriate

The topography along the railway alignment and railway alignment are shown on the Layout Drawings attached to the Vol 6 Employer’s Drawings

The existing traffic layouts along the railway alignment are shown, for information only,

on the Traffic Management Drawings attached to the Employer’s Drawings

2 CODES AND STANDARDS

2.1 Priority of the Codes and Standards

The design and construction of the Permanent Works shall comply with following codes and standards, and the priority of these codes and standards shall be in accordance with the following sequence

Specifications, Outline Construction Specifications and other Contract Documents

with commentary enacted by the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation and Tourism (Ministerial Ordinance, MLITT-J),

DSRSC), Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan (RTRI-J),

(STRASYA), Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS),

Construction, Transport and Technology Agency,

Society of Heating Air Conditioning and Sanitary Engineering of Japan, and

which have been approved by HPC

In this case the Contractor shall be responsible for getting approval from MOT prior to the submission of Inception Report

The codes and standards shall be current at the time of submission of Tender except where such codes and standards are modified in the Outline Specifications and where the Contractor considers the approved or specified standards to be inappropriate for the Permanent Works Regulations made and requirements issued by the Vietnamese Government and by relevant authorities shall be followed and specified

The codes and standards listed in Appendix 28 to the Employer’s Requirements in Volume 3 were already approved or under approval procedure for the Project The Contractor does not need to get approval from Vietnamese competent organizations for the application of those standards

2.2 Codes and Standards

and Earth Retaining Structures); DSRSC-FS

Composite structures); DSRSC-SC

Following are the examples of relevant Vietnamese Standards

3 STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES TO BE DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED

The structures and facilities to be designed, constructed, and provided by the Contractor under this Contract are subdivided into followings, Civil Engineering Structures, Building Structures, Architectural Finishes and Electrical and Mechanical Services for Under Ground Stations Outlines are described below

It is to be noted that in addition to the Outlines of structures and facilities described below, the Contractor shall design and construct structural measures to ensure a smooth extension to CP-1a by provision all related necessary bearing structures and interface E&M features at the end wall of the Opera House station The breakthrough and connection works from CP-1a section shall not affect or damage the installed facilities in Opera House Station of CP-1b by vibration, dust etc…

3.1 Civil Engineering Structures

The civil engineering structures to be designed and constructed by the Contractor are subdivided into followings, Underground Stations, Bored Tunnels, Cut & Cover Tunnels, and Open Cut Transition Structure The location of major civil engineering structures are summarized as below

( km2+360) Details of each structure, requirements and specifications for these structures are described

in Clause 35, 36, and 37 in this Outline Design Specifications, and reference drawings are attached as Civil Structure Drawings in the Vol 6 Employer’s Drawings

3.2 Building Structures

The building structures to be designed and constructed above ground level by the Contractor are subdivided into followings, Entrance Buildings of Station, Emergency Generation Building, Roof of Open Cut Transition Structure, and Ventilation Towers The locations of major building structures are summarized as below

(2) Emergency Generation Building

2+360)

Details of each structure, requirements and specifications for these structures are described

in Clause 35, 36, and 37 in this Outline Design Specifications, and reference drawings are attached as Building and Architecture Drawings in the Vol 6 Employer’s Drawings

3.3 Architectural Finishes for Underground Stations

The architectural finishes for underground station to be designed, constructed, and provided

by the Contractor shall include followings, but not be limited to;

Entrances, canopies screens and flat roofs, passageways, commercial areas, concourse (free concourse/ paid concourse), station platform, voids under platform, etc

Stairs, ramps, balustrades, queuing, etc

Station control room, supervisor’s office, cash and ticket handling room, staff room, staff dormitory facilities, staff toilets lockers and showers, station store, cleaner’s store, refuse storage area, etc

Commercial area and kiosk, telephones, first aid, benches, bins, artwork, inferior decoration, etc

Details of requirements and specifications for architectural finishes are described in Clause 38 in this Outline Design Specifications, and reference drawings are attached

as Building and Architecture Drawings in the Vol 6 Employer’s Drawings

3.4 Electrical & Mechanical Services for Underground Stations and Tunnels

The electrical & mechanical services for underground stations and tunnels to be designed and provided by the Contractor shall include followings, but not be limited to;

Station air conditioning, mechanical ventilation of underground plant rooms, tunnel ventilation system, smoke control and extraction system, etc

sump pumps, fire fighting pumps, jockey pumps, seepage and sewage pump, etc

liquid level controllers, etc

Complete fire suppression system in the station, tunnel and buildings including hydrants, hose reels, fire hose cabinets, fire mains in the tunnel, potable extinguishers, clean gas based flooding system and pipe line network with control valves for hydrants and Fire Department

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for feeding all emergency loads, complete fire detection and alarm system, etc

softwares

Details of requirements and specifications for electrical and mechanical services are described in Clause 39 in this Outline Design Specifications, and reference drawings are attached as E & M Drawings in the Vol 6 Employer’s Drawings

DESIGN CRITERIA

The design life of a structures and equipments is that period for which it is designed to fulfill its intended function when appropriately inspected and maintained in accordance with agreed procedures The assumption of a design life for a structure or equipment does not necessarily mean that the structure will no longer be fit for its purpose at the end of that period Neither will it necessarily continue to be serviceable for that length of time without adequate and regular inspection and maintenance including replacement of spare parts/consumables as well as minor repair and overhaul

Requirements for durability, including choice of materials and detailed design requirements to achieve good durability, are given in Clause 26 of this Outline Design Specifications

The design life of each structure, facilities and systems are defined as follows

The design life of all civil engineering structures is considered a minimum of 100 years unless otherwise specified in these Outline Design Specifications or Outline Construction Specifications In case design life of proposed structures by the Contractor seems insufficient, the Employer’s Representative may reject the Contractor’s proposal

The design life of all building structures is considered a minimum of 50 years unless otherwise specified in these Outline Design Specifications or Outline Construction Specifications In case design life of proposed structures by the Contractor seems insufficient, the Employer’s Representative may reject the Contractor’s proposal

The design life of all facilities, systems and services including Environmental Control Systems, water supply, plumbing and drainage services, fire protection services, electrical works, is considered a minimum of 30 years unless otherwise specified in these Outline Design Specifications or Outline Construction Specifications

5 RAILWAY DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

5.1 General

and operation of the railway equipment The Contractor of CP-1b shall design and install all related facilities of railway system at the OPH station ready for the extension to CP-1a

trackway basic structure (including a first trackbed concrete in bored tunnel) as indicated in the Employer’s Requirements and in this Outline Design Specifications The design, provision and installation of the second trackbed concrete, trackslabs and trackwork will be undertaken by Contract Package 3 Contractor (CP-3 Contractor) A fundamental obligation of the Contractor is to co-ordinate and co-operate with the CP-3 Contractor so that the design and installation of all components of the railway are compatible

cables, the traction power electrification equipment, electrical cables, electrical and mechanical equipment, telecommunication links, etc that are required for the railway will be undertaken by the CP-3 Contractor Similar co-ordination and co-operation obligations as expressed in Clause 5.1.2 above apply

the CP-3 Contractor The CP-3 Contractor will supply and fit brackets, nuts and bolts and other fixings for the support of its equipment The extent and detail of such provisions are to

be determined by the Contractor making due enquiries, during the design co-ordination period, from the CP-3 Contractor engaged to provide railway operating equipment and to carry out trackwork construction

CP-3 Contractor and with the Employer and for ensuring that the design incorporates such fixings

as are required in order to avoid any necessity for the CP-3 Contractor or the Employer to drill, weld, burn or cut any part of the structure, including tunnel linings, when carrying out installations

The Contractor shall provide permanent survey points and bench marks and shall provide full details of co-ordinates and levels to the CP-3 Contractor

The CP-3 Contractor will carry out the second trackbed concrete for the trackwork In this regard, the Contractor shall incorporate starter bars into, the lower slabs in the cut & cover tunnel section and station, and first trackbed concrete in the bored tunnel section, to facilitate anchorage of the second trackbed concrete The Contractor shall coordinate with the CP-3 Contractor as to the size and location of the starter bars The Contractor shall provide drainage pipes, channels and catch basins in the first trackbed concrete

5.2 Stray Current Corrosion

Stray current collection matt and stray current monitoring facilities will be designed and provided by the CP-3 Contractor The Contractor shall co-operate with the CP-3 Contractor and install stray current collection matt beneath trackbed concrete

5.3 Rolling Stock and Construction Gauges

equipment to be provided for the railway and outside the Construction Gauge

5.4 Clearance

Structures shall not infringe the Construction Gauge specified in Clause 4 of the Employer's Requirements – Functional and as shown on the Employer’s Drawings See also Clause 5.3 above

6 RAILWAY ALIGNMENTS

6.1 Criteria

Appendix 1 to Volume 3, Employer’s Requirements

subject to the provisions of the Contract, minor changes to the given vertical alignments may

be made, where clear benefits can be demonstrated, and in order to suit the specific characteristics of his design

to 6.5

Cant Setting Procedure

6.2 Horizontal Alignment

of external restrains may necessitate limited encroachment of curves at station but this shall

be avoided whenever possible Where encroachment is unavoidable, notwithstanding the provisions of Clause 6.2.1 above, the curve radius along a platform shall not be less than 400 meters

straight track between the ends of the curves or of the transitions where these are required shall be not less than 20 meters

6.3 Cant and Speed

Equilibrium cant:

R

V C

2

3

11 ×

=

R = horizontal curve radius in meters

C = equilibrium cant in millimeters

Section 6-2 of 3 October 2012

Flowchart of Cant Setting Procedure and Each Contractor’s Responsibility

Note: CP-1 means CP-1b (not included Ben Thanh Station)

Design of Horizontal Alignment (Fixed in the Drawings) CP-3 Design of Train Performance

CP-1 and CP-2 Design of Vertical Alignment (if minor and beneficial)

alignment prepared by CP-1 and CP-2)

Transition Curve Length, and Track Structure

CP-1 and CP-2 Design of Civil Structures with the cant value

prepared by CP-3 (including the review of Horizontal and Vertical

Alignment which may slightly vary according to the revised

transition curve length)

CP-3 Check whether the Run Curve is satisfied with Employer’s Requirement specified in Systems Operation Plan

Employer’s Requirement in Systems Operation

Plan (CP-3 Vol.3 Appendix 14)

- Travel time including dwell time between Ben

Thanh and Suoi Tien Terminal shall be 29

minutes and below

- Minimum headway shall be 2 minutes and 10

seconds

- Above requirements are for local train operation

which stops at every station

6.3.2 The allowable applied cant shall not be over 150 millimeters

consideration of the two run curves for both of the local train in the initial stage and the express train in the future

designing the actual cant and transition length so that any structure shall not come outside of ROW

incorporating the actual cant and transition length designed by the Contractor of Package 3

6.4 Transition Curves

adjoining straight, between the different radii of a compound curve and at the adjoining ends

of circular curves forming reverse curves

L R

π π

π

2 2 1

where L = length of transition

In other words, above limits shall be described as the rolling speed of the car within the transition curve which shall be subjected to:

the acceleration of the over centrifugal force within the transition curve shall be not greater than 0.029 g/sec

between the two parts of the curve The length of such a transition shall be equal to the difference between the required transition lengths at each end of the curve

6.5 Vertical Alignment

transitions is avoided Where such coincidence is unavoidable the largest practicable vertical curve radius shall be employed

less than 10 ‰ the vertical curve may be omitted

curve radius subject to the following limit:

6.6 Gradients

the curve restriction The curve restriction shall be defined as follows:

6.7 Levels

Level Datum of Vietnam (Hon Dau Datum)

6.8 Points and Crossing Work

movement joint

point-and-crossing works or point-and-point-and-crossing work and horizontal transition

be reduced in the following manner;

beginning of next switch rail

7 meters

beginning of next switch rail which is placed in face

6.9 Distance between Track Centers

expanded by considering the throw of railcar Distance between track centers shall be changed within the horizontal transition according to the curve radius as listed below:

DESIGN LOADINGS

12.1 General

The railway loading applied to structures on the Project shall generally be in accordance with

Design Standards for Railway Structures and Commentary (Concrete Structures);

DSRSC-CS except as detailed below

12.2 Nominal Loads

12.2.1 Static Loading: The nominal loading for the design of members shall comprise fully loaded

trains with individual cars each having four axles, the loads and axle spacing are shown in Fig

12.2.1 Coupled cars shall be applied to the structure so as to give the most adverse effect

on the element being considered Note that the loading due to Rolling Stock may be modified,

therefore the Contractor shall confirm the finalized Rolling Stock with CP-3 Contractor prior to

commencement of the Technical Design

16t 16t 16t 16t 16t 16t 16t 16t

2100 2100 2100 2100

to 2500 to 2500 to 2500 to 2500

13800 6200 13800 6200 13800

20000 20000 20000

Fig 12.2.1 Nominal Train Load 12.2.2 Fatigue Loading: The nominal loading for the design of members shall comprise fully loaded

trains with individual cars each having four axles, the loads and axle spacing are shown in Fig

12.2.1 The fatigue design shall be in accordance with Clause 7.3 of DSRSC-CS

12.2.3 Dynamic Loading: The static loading given in Clauses 12.2.1 above shall be multiplied by an

appropriate dynamic factor as detailed in Clause 4.4.4 of DSRSC-CS

12.2.4 Longitudinal Braking and Traction Loads: Longitudinal loads from braking and traction shall

be in accordance with Clause 4.4.7 of DSRSC-CS

12.2.5 Long Rail Longitudinal Loads Longitudinal loads from Long Rail shall be in accordance with

Clause 4.4.10 of DSRSC-CS

12.2.6 Centrifugal load The centrifugal load shall be calculated in accordance with Clause 4.4.5 of

DSRSC-CS The following maximum speeds on curves shall be considered:

13 Not Used

15 SEISMIC LOADING

15.1 General

Design Standards for Railway Structures and Commentary (Seismic Design), 2008, RTRI presents basic concepts for Seismic design of underground structures, such as Cut and Cover Tunnels The behavior of underground structures like cut and cover tunnels subjected

to earthquake motion is strongly influenced by the behavior of the surrounding soil

The Seismic Deformation Method, which compute the dynamic behavior of surrounding soil and then applies statically the outcome displacement to the structure through the subgrade reaction, shall be used

15.2 Method of Seismic Analysis

The member damage level and stability level are taken as indices for evaluating the seismic performance of cut and cover tunnels The following shall be applied to the verification of the seismic performance of cut and cover tunnels

The Level 1 earthquake motion has a probability of occurring several times within the service period the structure in the vicinity of Ho Chi Minh City

The acceleration coefficient “A” shall be decided in accordance with TCXDVN 375:

2006

At this performance level, function of structure is retained without conducting repair after an earthquake and no excessive displacement occurs

Member damage level 1 should be satisfied for each of the structural members to ensure seismic performance I against Level-1 earthquakes

Set within the displacement of the longitudinal reinforcement yield point, this is a level

at which no damage occur and no repair is required after an earthquake

Though the stability level need not be verified in general, the stability (settlement or uplift) of the structure should be verified when ground liquefaction is expected to occur

On the other hand, verification of the Seismic Performance II is not required in Ho Chi Minh City because of the low level of earthquake motion

be assessed in accordance with followings;

Differential settlement between adjacent line structures shall be evaluated and due allowance incorporated into the size of the structures and detailing of joints to ensure that the Construction Gauge is not infringed within the design life

The differential movements, including relative rotation, between structures calculated to take place after track laying has been carried out shall not exceed the requirements of the track design

17 LIVE LOADS IN STATIONS

Circulation space within:-

Aux Services Transformers

equipment to be used

resulting from the method and route to be taken for the installation and subsequent

removal and replacement of the various items of plant and equipment

GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL

DESIGN

the full length of the railway structures in accordance with following principals

train operation is to drive the train to the platform of the next station

passenger shall be escaped from the end door of the rolling stock and walk on the track to the next station

by trespassers, vandals and road vehicles

Contractor is as follows:

“The track structure shall comprise non-ballasted track for underground/elevated sections and stations except the SUOI TIEN TERMINAL Station (ballasted track) Ballasted track is adopted on Depot Access Line, in SUOI TIEN TERMINAL Station area and in Depot area And a directly fixed to concrete/steel structures will be introduced in accordance with the final design selected for the Depot facilities The non-ballasted track structure for underground section shall be adopted between 0k-105 m to 2k200 m, the non-ballasted track structure for elevated section shall be adopted between 2k200 m to 18 k570 m, the main line ballasted track structure for SUOI TIEN TERMINAL Station shall be adopted between 18 k570 m to 19 k110 m , and the ballasted track structure for Depot Access Line shall be adopted between 19 k110 m to Depot.”

The Contractor shall coordinate with CP-3 Contractor and finalize the exact chainage stipulated above

19 GEOTECHNICAL WORKS

embankments and earth retaining structures

geotechnical parameters of the sub-surface strata along the route for his design

Investigation Report prepared at Pre-Tender stage

capable of supporting vegetation and shall be stabilized where necessary In particular, soil slopes shall be hydro seeded or turfed

differential settlement of road surfaces around underground works

20 UTILITIES

For handling of utility facilities within the ROW, please refer to Employer’s Requirements – Construction, Sub-Clause 7 : Handling of Utility Facilities

21 ACCESS FOR INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE

all elements of structures, facilities, and equipments

equipments for the inspection and maintenance

passenger, security measure i.e., door, fence, key and lock system shall be designed and provided

22 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

22.1 General

The Contractor shall note the requirements of Appendix 12 and 13 in Volume 3 the Employer’s Requirements in respect of the Environmental Protection Requirements to be applied to the Works The outline of environmental requirements for the Design Phase is described as below

22.2 Air

The design of the Permanent and Temporary Works shall be such that minimize the dust or gas emission which cause the air pollution due to construction and operation of the railway, and shall comply in full with the following requirements:

emissions in the Design Phase including the location of facility or equipment which become emission sources

depot with consideration of transportation routes and flow to prevent concentration or

to minimize the exhausted gas from vehicles

22.3 Noise and Vibration

The design of the Permanent and Temporary Works shall be such that minimize the noise and vibration emission due to construction and operation of the railway, and shall comply in full with the following requirements:

the radiation of noise due to vibration caused by the passage of trains Particular attention shall be paid to the minimization of noise at the low end of the acoustic frequency spectrum

and designed to satisfy TCVN 5949-1998 or be below the environmental baseline data (defined as the data during no operation of tunnel and station ventilation system)

at open cut transition structure

“With a 3 car train moving on level, tangent, at –grade, unti-vibration sleeper concrete bed track with clean, smooth rails at all speeds from 0 to 110 km/hr, and whilst accelerating or braking, with all vehicle systems operating simultaneously under normal conditions, the noise level measured on either side, at 25 m from track centerline at a height of 1200 mm above ground level shall not exceed 70 dBA.”

22.4 Water

The design of the Permanent Works shall include wastewater treatment to discharge the wastewater into existing water courses or sewerage systems due to operation of the railway, and shall comply in full with the following requirements:

Standard (TCVN 5945-2005, Level ‘A’)

system or design the collection system to existing sewerage system

wastewater arising from site office, canteen or toilet facilities constructed by the Contractor into sewers after obtaining prior approval of agency controlling the system

A wastewater drainage system shall be provided to drain wastewater into the sewerage system

The Contractor shall take measures to prevent discharge of oil and grease during spillage from reaching drainage system

22.5 Land Subsidence and Ground Movement

The Contractor shall design and construct all structures and facilities including temporary structures, such that minimize the land subsidence and ground movement, and shall comply

in full with the following requirement:

structures in accordance with Clause 28 of these Outline Design Specifications

22.6 Waste

The design of the Permanent Works shall include waste storage, collection and handling in the stations to handover to the existing waste treatment and disposal system

23 AESTHETIC REQUIREMENTS

station shall be appropriate for a modern mass transit facility As a major and highly visible public facility, the impression it may make to the public and on the environment along its routes will influence the design

methods Architectural and interior treatments shall reflect the overall make-up of the station and assist passengers in finding their way through the facility

international modern design This includes the stations elevated and underground, the pedestrian bridges and the entrances from the sidewalks

24 Not Used

25 SECURITY REQUIREMENTS

provided to against the unauthorized access to the various parts of the Permanent and Temporary Works

System by CP-3 Contractor The Contractor shall co-ordinate and co-operate with the CP-3 Contractor so that the design and installation of key system are compatible

26 DURABILITY AND MAINTENANCE

materials, that the structure shall remain in a serviceable condition over its life, with due regard to its location and the environmental and climatic conditions prevailing In particular, only materials and details having a proven record of durability in similar conditions shall be used

facilities, and equipments in accordance with Clause 21 of this Outline Design Specifications

suitable materials which will reduce weathering and staining as far as possible Structures shall be detailed so as to shed surface water in such a way that ponding and streaking do not occur and details which encourage the accumulation of debris shall be avoided Details shall

be designed for ease of maintenance

engineering structures and building structures including any surfacing and protective paint systems for steelwork together with any mechanical and electrical equipment installed The Manual shall detail all requirements for the inspection and maintenance of these structures compatible with their required life

Requirement-Functional

27 REINSTATEMENT OF ROADS

same standard and same form as the existing road, to the satisfaction of the Authorities responsible for the road

GROUND MOVEMENTS AND BUILDING PROTECTION

28.1 Ground Movement Analysis Report

28.1.1 The Contractor shall prepare a “Ground Movement Analysis Report” to document the

assessment of expected ground movement and the response of the adjacent structures by the execution of his Works along the route The report shall be submitted to the Employer’s Representative for consent within 60 days after the Commencement Date and include the followings but not be limited;

the Works

foundations

showing predicted settlement contours and the expected response of adjacent structures

These allowable values shall be in accordance with these Outline Design Specifications and shall be need to be agreed by the Employer’s Representative In addition to these allowable values, lower “action level” values, which define when contingency actions are to be taken, shall be agreed

installation, calibration and running of the instrumentation system

Table 28.1 Recommended allowable value

28.2 Utilities Subsidence Report

28.2.1 The Contractor shall prepare a “Utilities Subsidence Report” to document the response of the

adjacent utilities by the execution of his Works along the route The report shall be submitted

to the Employer’s Representative for consent within 60 days after the Commencement Date and the coverage shall be similar to that for structures in the “Ground Movement Analysis Report” In addition the Contractor shall include the followings;

by the Works The Contractor shall establish, based on the advice of the relevant Utility Agencies, allowable limits for settlement, horizontal movement and distortion for each utility

be caused by the Works

protecting utilities

shall be deemed as critical because of potential interruption These utilities shall be identified in the Report

28.3 Preventive and Corrective Measures

28.3.1 All preventive measures to minimize ground movement shall be designed and carried out by

the Contractor The Contractor shall also propose contingency plans and implement these when the measured ground movements exceed the agreed level or indicate that final long term ground movement will exceed the allowable values established in the Ground Movement Analysis Report

28.3.2 When the Contractor proposes the ground treatment as a preventive measures to ground

movement the method of treatment shall be submitted to the Employer’s Representative for consent The ground treatment works shall conform to Clause 158 and 159 of Standard Specification for Cut and Cover Tunneling – 2006: JSCE

28.4 Monitoring

28.4.1 General