giáo trình hán ngữ cơ bản 1

Ban biCn d\ch: TRAN THi THANH LIEM Chu bienl DINH DUC D,;M.. THANH NGA· NGO PHUONG GIAO TRiNH HAN NGO'... LOINOIDAU Ditp Ung nhu ciiu clla d6ng diio hQc vien, sinh vien h9c tie'ng Han,

Ban biCn d\ch:

TRAN THi THANH LIEM (Chu bienl

DINH DUC D,;M VO TH! H6NG LIEN

DINH TH! THANH NGA· NGO PHUONG

GIAO TRiNH HAN NGO'

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GIAO TRiNH HAN NGfr

am a a

do Dudng KY Chau chll bien,

Nha xua't bitn D~i hqc N g6n ngU van h6a B~c Kinh

LOINOIDAU

Ditp Ung nhu ciiu clla d6ng diio hQc vien, sinh vien h9c tie'ng Han, Nhtl xu&t biin Dq.i hqc Su phq.m tr§.n tr9ng gidi thi~u bl) GIAO TRiNH HAN NGU hi¢n d?i do nha nghien cUu, nhil giito, Th~c sl Trfl.n Thj

Thanh Liem cllng cac cQng s\f cUa ba bien <l!ch

Day Ia bQ gi§.o trinh giilng dq.y t6'ng hqp, th6ng qua vi~c giang d~:y

tren ldp, gilip h9c vien niim vUng to<ln bQ kie'n thUc ve ngU §.m, ngU phii.p

va tll v"l,tng, n3ng cao ky n:1ng nghe, n6i, d9c, vi€t va kh8 nang giao tie'p

cd b:in clla h9c vien

Hy v9ng GIAO TRiNH HAN NGO' hi¢n d~i se la t3i li¢u h9c t$-p thie't

th\ic, hllu ich kh6ng nhUng dOi vdi sinh vi€n h9c tie'ng Hiln d cite tru'dng

chuyen ngU ma cOn Ia b{> silch gi<io khoa hUu ich dOi vdi cac bc.in tre dang

NXB D1)J HOC SU PHl).M

LOI GIOI THIJl;U

1 BQ GIAO TRiNH HAN NGO' nUy dlio:.Jc bien dtch va so<;in bci sung dt;.ta tren cd s6

clla b9 gi&o khoa HAN NGO' GlAO TRINH do Du'dng KY Chau chU bi€n va cac chuyen

gia cUa tru:Clng D;;t1 h9c Ng6n ngll, Van h6a Bfic Kinh bien soi;in

2 Gi&o trinh g6m ba t~p (s8.u cu6n)

TU b8.i 1 de'n bB.i 10 18 giai do;;tn d;;ty ngU am, t$p trung tie'n hB.nh gi3.ng dl,ly v8

luy¢n t*p ngii: am Cd biln clla tie'ng Han TU bai 11 de'n b8.i 60 th6ng qua nhUng b8.i h91 tho:;u th6ng d\lng, tie'n h8.nh gi3.ng <l?Y ke't ca'u ngii: ph8.p, ngii: nghla v3 ngii': dvng TU

bB.i 61 de'n b3.i 100 13 giai do~n gifi.ng d;;ty ngU do;;tn, th6ng qua st;! hi~u bie't sfiu hdn v€ ngU ph8.p va v$,n d1,1ng tU ngU, d~ nclng cao hdn nlla khii n3.ng bi~u d<:it th3nh do1,1n van

clla h9c vi€n

~1\1c dich chinh clia vi$c bi€n so:;i.n giilo trinh n3.y 18 la'y c8.c ye'u tO ng6n ngU nhtl ngii' am ngll ph8.p tU ngU chG Han v.v lam cd sd, th6ng qua vi¢c giang d<.tY tr€n }Op luy¢n t-0.p c<ic ky nang nghe, n61, dQc vie'"t cho h9c vien, b6i dtidng kh3 nilng dUng t18ng Han trong giao ti8p ci.la h9c vien M6i b8.i clia gi8.o trinh nay g6m bai dqc, tU 1n6i chU thich ngU ph8.p, ngG 8.m, bai t:;tp va t~p vi8t chG Han

GIAO 'rRiNH HAN NGU c6 3300 tU mOi Phfin b3.1 dQc ho<}c nc?i dung dam tho~i

c6 quan h¢ chU diem d6ng nha"t v6i b3.i luy¢n dqc trong phil.n bai t~p, tr€n cd sd cUa bi"tng tU m6i cU.a tUng b3.i ChU di~m b3.i dqc bao g6m nhi€u m<}t trong ddi sOng h3.ng ng8.y, d6ng thdi gidi thi¢u nhU:ng kie'n thUc ve dtlt nude va con ngudi Trung Qu6'c nh.§.m tang ctidng si,l hieu bi€t th6ng thtidng dOi v6i da't nll'.Oc Trung Hoa

3 Gilio trinh bi€n so?n theo hti6ng m&u cau de tri,lc tie'p di vao th\,lc hanh giao tie'p, nhting cling giOi thi¢u khB.i qu3.t ca'u trU.c ngG ph8.p clla tie'ng H8.n hi¢n di;i.i C8.c philn chU thich trong bB.i n6i r6 nhU:ng kie'n thUc v€ ng6n ngU va bOi cii.nh van h6a Trung Hoa

4 Phii.n bai t:;tp clla gi0.o trinh nay cht.i Y ren luy¢n c8.c ky nang giao tie'p m6

phOng va b6i duang tri nh6 cho sinh vien

5 Hoan thdnh kh6a trinh nay c3n khoiing 600 tie'"t h9c H9c vien c6 the tie'n hii.nh h01 tho<;li th6ng thtidng va di,la vao tU dien c6 the dqc hieu nhii:ng bai van th6ng thtidng

6 D@ gillp h9c vien tie"p xU.c v6i am di$u, ngii: di$u chu<fn x:ic, am s.ic d~p cUa tie'ng Trung QuOc hi¢n d<_li, ben C<_lnh giB.o trinh con c6 m(lt b(l bang ghi am do cac chuyen g1a nOi tie'ng, giau kinh nghi¢m th\,lc tien cUa Trung Qu6c dqc chu~n xt'i.c d1en cii.rn ccl.c philn luy¢n t~p, b3.i dQc va d.in dqc cac tU mOi

7 Do thdi gian bien djch qu3 ga'p, vi$c bien <lich va b6' sung kh6ng tr&nh kh61 c6 nhii:ng sai s6t ra"t mong du'.<;ic d6ng nghi~p va h9c vien, sinh vi€n g6p y b6 sung de b9 CIAO TRiNH HAN NGO' hi!?n di;i.i nay c6 the d&p Ung dll'.<;J"c nhu ciiu cii.a ngudi h9c

Ha N(li 20-9-2003 TfM nh6m bi€n djch Thlilc si TRAN 'l'Hl THANH LIEM

Gi3.ng vien chinh D~i h<;ic Ngo~i ngU Ha NQi

Abbreviations

I BANG VIET TAT TU LO,µ TIENG HAN

4 rm !!! ;;JJ jji] c rm!!! ) nengyuCn dOngcf optative verb (Nang nguy~n dQng tU)

DQng tU ni'ing nguy~n

5 m3-tRJ (JI>) xingr6ngcl adjective (Hinh dung tit)

Hinh dung tU

6 fl:jji] (fl:) shUci numeral (86 tU) S6 tu

7 • jji] (:It) liOngef quantifier (Luqng til) Ludng tu

11 JllJ jji] ( JllJ ) zhUcf particl~ \fr<! tit) Trq tu

i;IJ ~ JllJ jji] dongtOi zhuer aspect particle (DQng thai tU)

12 ll,!l i'ij ( 0)() tOncl interjection (Than tU) Than tu

13 $< "' jji] ( $<"') xiOngst-1engci onomatopoeia (TucJng thanh tu)

Tu tl1Qng thanh

(Tie'p dfit1 ngU)

15 i"l 11\ (II\) cfwe:li suffix (Tu Vi) H~u t6

(Tigp Vi ngil)

II so DO co QUAN PRAT AM

'.!tfi-ilt'll Speech Organ•

Cd quan ph8.t run

•

10

shangchun Uppe< Lip (thU:Qngthfin)

ylng' e Hard Palate ( ngiµili ng~c)

ruOn 'e Soft Palate (nhuy~n ng\l-C)

xiOchUn Lower Lip (h~ thlin)

sh9jiOn Tip of the Tongue ( thi~t tiem)

sh9mi0n Blade of the Tongue ( thi~t di~n)

shegen Back of the Tongue ( thi~t can)

shengdai Vocal Cords ( tl1anh ddi)

d§.u luili

m?t Juai g& Iu:ai, cuOng luili

day thanh khoang miii

VII

=, '\.l~ ffi ~ Classroom Chinese

III TU NGU sit Dl}NG TREN LOP

cttri!ii!IHJtJIHlt A- TU NGU G!AO VIEN SU DlJNG TREN L6P

I fa] ""' 111 !If ! J!,\\:l'E t_ 1* o

T6ngxuemen hao! Xianzai shang ke

Hello, everyone! Now the class begins

Xin ch8.o cac em~ Bay giO chling ta blit diiu bB.i hoc

Oing ken heiban !

Please look at the blackboard

Cac em hay nhin l€n biing!

3 ilf PJT~:&'l'f !

Qlng tTng wo ta yTn !

Please listen to my pronunciation!

(Hiiy) nghe t6i ph8.t 8.m!

Write after me

Vie't theo t6i

Now the dictation

Bay gid blit dliu nghe vie't

13 il'l'T:Jf4',llllilJm_:vi:o

Oing d6 koi sho, fan dao dl ye

Please open your books , and tum to page _

Hay mO s:ich, trang

14 ~ill!: ::iC , ~ :kJli Mill; o

Du kewen, yao dasheng langdu

Read the text, and read it aloud

D9c b3-i dQc, phli dqc to va rO rftng

15 1ffiiJmllfiil~o

You went! qTng wen wo

If you have questions , please ask

C6 viln dg gi c6 th~ hOi t6i

16 ll1' ti: 1JJ 'ii tF !Ir 0

Xianzai buzhl zuoye

Now the assignment (for today)

Bay gid t6i ra b:ii t~p

17 ffi3J~1':~1;iii],~i'<~i'<Eifo

Yuxf xTn ke de shengcf, yao hul du hul xie

Preview the new words of the new lesson, and you should be able to nounce and write them

pro-Phiii bi€t dqc v8 vie't nhUng tit mOi chua.n bi cha bai mOi

OTng ken yfxia yufo/zhushl

Please look at the grammar/ notes

Hay xem qua ngll phiip I chU thich

19 ilIBf'F!ir32:~~ o

OTng ba zuoye jioo gei wo

Please hand in your homework (to me)

Df nghi nQp bai ti}p cha t6i

Please speak a little slowly

Xin th3.y (c6) n6i ch~m mQt chllt

3 ffl !&.; :pf ill, - ;e: '

QTng nfn zai shuo yf bian

Please say it again

Xin th3.y (c6) n6i l~i liin nUa

4 jff&.;11}~-;e: 0

QTng nfn zai nian yf bian

Please read it one more time

Xin th3.y (cO) d9c 11,li 13.n nUa

5 i! 1- '°¥ I ieJ :,i; -Z ]ti; ?

Zhe ge zl/cf zenme du?

How do you pronounce this character/word?

ChU I tU n3.y d9c nhu the' nit.a?

6 i! 1-iel :!! 1t z, ;f: ,\Jl, ?

Zhe ge cf shl shenme ylsi?

What does this word mean?

TU nay c6 y ngh1a gi?

1 ~mi¥1"···"& m~-z ill.?

x

YfngyO de"···"HanyO zenrne £huo?

TU" " trong tiling Anh, tie'ng Han n6i nhu the' n3.o?

8 <¥ * 1¥1 fl' !II' :!! 1t z, ?

Jintion de zuoye shl shenme?

What's the homework for today?

Bai t~p hOm nay la gl?

9 :15lflli .~~T ~ftlll:.~

LaoshT, wo blng le , bu neng shong ke

I' m sorry , teacher I am ill I cannot come to the class

I' m sorry , teacher I was ill I couldn' t come to the class

Thu'.a thiiy (cO), em (bi) Om, em khOng th~ len ldp du'.Qc

1 o X'f ~ Jt!l , '!JG :llS jiJ T •

Dul bu ql, wo chldoo le

Sorry ,I'm late

Xin 16i, em de'n muQn

13 ~ Ml,JC Ll)C

!II - ill! Le"on I ~ if (I)

BAI 1 Xin chito

l!ll ' !£ liJ ( - ) !JI ilf if 11' li'J If! Jilt

( = ) :Jt ll' 'Ji ll!

( l!ll ) )Ir jjlJ

( li ) 'Ji ll!I ( "' ) ll' 11' flI !JI 'i'

li '!!; lJ

!II = ill! Le"on 2 Ill ilf '!' :4; lfl! " " · " " " " " · · " " " " " · " · "· " " " (12)

- ' \ii! x !JI iii Of' ::t ll!

i'!I ' lt "' ( - ) llt ii- 'l!f 11!

( = ) 4! '.!0 J;ll JllJ

( =: ) • 01' B'J '!!: i)\J

li '!f "3

ll! ll!I i111 Le""" 4 ~t.IJ!llJL ··· ··· (27)

lf< :Ii illl Le"on 5 i!Ji!:ft~~ ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· (35)

<=lflll£lo-i[ 1 J

lf< 1' illl Le>wn 6 :!i[ >.J - · · · • · • · · · • · · · • · · · • · • · • · · • • · · • • • · · · • · • · · · · • • ( 44)

- , l!I! X i! JI; I'1!: !/iii

TOi h9c tie'ng Han

- ' l!I! x ~ *' >) Ill iii

lll + ii le'5on BAI 10 IO T&i dbi ftlf!A.ll';ifi ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ti~n nhan diin t~ (68)

- , ill! ::t ft l!I< A I.\\ lfi

fill ' ill I! ( - ) !J( ill li.J -r e<J ili Ji'

( = ) illJ jjlJ ill ili -!;]

lli+.=iill I.e 13 fiflllll!:fll~§; (88)

BAI 13 ChU.ng tOi d~u 13 lu'u hoc sinh

- , ill! x ( - ) '!!! In tll Rdi 'l' 'E

( :: ) ~ 11! :I! <\' ll!I A Ill!

( co ) i! lil JI; l'3 lit ll!

co ' iii II< ( - ) ;:!: a fPl ( 2) dlt fiij ~ iill

( :: ) )E ilf '111 !i'i ~ l!IJ iill '' tr<J

(co )1tiill "tE" 'Ill" !It"

(::.)i!il'llJ(2)

li ,!* :>J

lli+liill l.es•on 15 i!'l-lli'f-11llli: (110)

BAI 15 Cai va li nity rftt n~ng -,ill!x c->i!1'1ftr11:1:

( :: ) :i: a fiil ( 3) ' iE lit fiij ""

( =: ) tr<J " '¥ iill !!!

(-)liiJ]i:.tl-(3)

(::.)il!>'IJ(3)

i•Jil::ilt ( 122) BANG TU VI/NG

46 if' Tri¢t t Thu { )(

47 ~ Son 65 ~ Chi 86 ,, Hoa

53 ~ Yeu 70 -}j Phucmg 91 Yi Phi en

54 r Nghiem 71 :K Vuu (VO) 92 :1- Nha

* Lili 147 JL (YI ) Ki en

M\lc

110 f- Mau 129 $-ct> Duii-t 149 t ( i ) Ngan

1- Xu Cle 181 Ji."CYfl Hi¢t!d~l 201 -t Hoang

{ e, 183 J'it<'.) Phi 203 .w Hile

163 f Ap " 184 ~( t) Th\!C 204 1lt Tri, chi

165

* Bi¢n 186 if- Huang 205 ~(it) Manh

171 !Jt Dai 193 ~ Cach 211 ~(ti) Xi

172 1i Chuy 194 t, Qui 16NET ,

174

* Thanh 195 ~,( $) Ngu 213 jg(i!) Qui

176 dii Di¢n

1 - ( 111) yi one (nha:t) so' 1

2 Ji ( 111) wil five (ngil) s65

3 /"\ _ ( 111) ba eight (bat) s68

4 k (~) de big (d~i) to, lOn, c8

8 * ( 4'i) n~ female, woman (nil) ph\l nU, con g3.i, nU

you( singular) (nh'i) anh, chi, b:;tn,

good (h8.o) tOt, dt;ip, hay, ngon,

§"[]@ YOyTn Phonetics Nguam

Initials Thanhm~u

Finals V~n milu

e u 0 ai ei ao OU lnitial-final combinations

m f ma fa mo me mi mu mai mei moo mou

d t da ta de di du dai dei dao dou

h ha -· h.e hµ hai b.t?i ha_q hou

!@'<00 Zhushl Notes Chu thich

( - )iX, i.atf i'i1¥-J!l$: Formation of Chinese syllables Ca'.u !{lo clla fun tie't tie'ng Han

Ill i?i S'J if '1'i ;I;:$ fl: Ell JI< £t , ~ £t f\l JI< \II;! !11 lit o f!iHU : ba , m<L hao '«II ;II; if '1'i o

if '1'i Jf ek a<J Iii if •4 JI< £t " fliJ ~u , b, m, h" Jt #< a<i 1!11 :H-:llo ~ £t , fliJ Jill , a, a, <:10 o mi

ii: Ill* Jl!j iii ff 400 $-1' if '1'i 0

Most Chinese syllables are formed by a combination of the initials, finals and tones For example,bO,mO,hOo.The consonant at the head of a syllable(b,m,h in the above examples) is called the initial The rest of the syllable is the final( a, 0, Oo) The contem~ porary Chinese putonghua has over 400 syllables

Da sO am tie't trong tie'ng Han dUQC t~o th8.nh bdi Lhanh m:iu, v<}n m8.u va

thanh dieu Thi du: bO- mo, hOo d~u la 3.m ti€t Phu 8.m md d&u clla 8.m

ti€t dU:QC gqi 18 11a~h m:iu Thi d1,1: b, m, h Ph£n cOn 11ili la v~n m8.u _Thi du:

0- 0- Oo Tie'ng ph6 th6ng H3.n ngU hi~n d:;ii c6 h9n 400 am tie't

<=>?.t:tf~~ Descriptions of articulation Citch phitt fun

Jl'J-1}:!:]-Bj: :O o e i u 0 Simple finals V~n mftu ddn a O e i u 0

0 Jf D 1l!' Ji!: ;I;: , 'i!f Uz_ Jil il£ , l!f ;f llli o

The mouth is wide open, the tongue is at its lowest,and the lips are

unrounc:!.-ed

a: mi~ng md rQng, lttai d vi tri tha'p nha't, kh6ng trOn mOi

0 Jf D 1l!' '!' ~ , 'i!f i!L '!'- illi , iii! J5 , llli /i11 ,

The opening of tt.!: mouth is medium, the tongue position is mi&.igh and slightly to the back, a.o6 the lips are rounded

o: mi~ng md vita ph0.i, lu'ai hdi cao, nghieng v8 phia sau, trOn mOi

e R' o !!t <P ;1!0 , % El "i< illi , «I Ji'L B ;io; IMJ o

The opening of the mouth is medium, the tongue position is mid-high and slightly to the hack, and the lips are unrounded

e: mi~ngm0 vita ph0.i, lttai d~ hdi cao, nghi€!ng v8 phia sau, khOng trOn m0-1

The opening of the mouth is narrow,the lips are spread, and the tongue tion is high and slightly to the front

posi-i: mi~ng he, m6i d~t, lu'ai d~ cao, nghieng ve phia trudc

u * Q It :Ii lj' • fi :ft Im • % {\'! illi '«I F.f 0

The opening of the mouth is narrow , the lips are fully rounded , and the tongue position is high and slightly to the back

u: mi~ng he, mOi trOn, lu'ili d~ cao, nghieng ~e phia sau

u % il'l -'O [ i J ;/!! fOl • @ JI! IMJ Iii Q * -'" llt [ u J ;ff! iii 0

The tongue position is identical to that of[ i] , and the lips are rounded to a degree similar to [ u]

fl: vi tri lu'Cii cling giOng nhu' [i], nhu'ng phiii trOn mOi, d9 md clta mi~ng cllng giOng nhtt khi philt am [u]

;!!: it Jl!J -81 a i <P ti<J a ~ fl' [ a] , % {\'! It [ Aa] 1!i! llfJ , :It 10 -'O [ Aa ] ;ff! fOl o

a in the compound final ai is pronounced as[ a] The tongue position is a little more forward than that of ( Aa] The other traits of the sound are the same as [ Aa] Trang viln kep [ ai] d9c thanh [aJ, v! tri cila luai l~h ve trudc so vdi

[A a], cac tntdng hQp cOn l~i d9c giOng [A a]

clo-b: [p} am tic, trong, kh6ng b~t hdi, hai m6i khCp Khi ph3.t 8.m hai mOi khep, khoang mi~ng·chlla dfty khi, hai m6i b~t mO nhanh khie'n kh6ng khi dQt ngQt b~t ra, thttdng gQi

18 am kh6ng b~t hcri, d& thanh kh6ng rung

p [p']

3!'1.11\f fill • i5 "( ' ill ~ 'll" 0 :It 'll" llil ill fll b ~ ~ • "( illt Ill ;IJ 11!11 tfj • mi f,j; " i5 "( " 0

J" * ;f w ;jlj 0

Aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive The position of articulation is the same as that of

b The air is released forcibly with a puff, with no vibrations of the vocal cords

p: [p'1 am tile, trong, b~t hdi, hai m6i khCp BQ v! ph€tt am gio'ng vOi am bi dOng kh6ng khi bi 11,tc Cp dfty ra ngoi'li, thttdng gQi 18 "b~t hdi" 1-'hanh dCli kh6ng rung

rn: [m1 3.m miii, kh6ng b;)t hdi, hai m6i khep Khi ph3.t 3.m, hai mOi khep, ng~c

m~m va lttdi con rii xuOng, luOng khi' theo khoang miii ra ngoi'l.i, thanh dCli rung

f [fl

M J!i if , llH!il if " J:: J!i it ti T li'L '1: lilt IA 'I' fiiJ 1' l* ffil l±l " J'f W ~ lli< iJIJ "

Voiceless labio-dental fricative The upper teeth make a light contact with the lower

lip and the air is releac;ed in between with a friction, with no vibrations of the vocal cords

f [ f] 8.m m6i rang, xat trong Khi phi:i.t arn, riing tren t.i€p xUc vOi m6i duOi, luOng hcti ma sat thoilt ra ngoai D<iy thanh khOr1g rung

d [t]

'i!i "R l!!l , ~ m '1: , lll lli if " 'i!i "R 19l J:: J!i Ii! , i:J if;< 1E !Iii '1: ©- , JI IE 'i!i "R f,!: T , ill! '1: lilt JI Jlt ffij l±l 0 " ' w ~ lli< ;;Ii 0

Unaspirated voiceless alveolar plosive The primary obstacle is formed by a closure

made between the tip of the tongue and the upper alveolar ridge Lung air is compressed behind this closure, and then escapes with force upon release of the alveolar closure, with'

no vibrations of the vocal cords

d [ t] 8.m dfiu h.tai (ch8.n rang), t:ic, trong, kh6ng bi~_t hdi Khi phlit 8.m, dfiu }U(li ch:;in1 vao chiln rang tren, khoang mi~ng trU hoi r6i d~u ludi hi;i th~t nhanh xuOng kh1€n lubng hdi dQt ngQt ra ngoai Day thanh kh6ng rung

t [ t • Jam dfi.u luai (chan rang), trong va bic b~t hdi Vi tri ph<it am gielng nhu am

d, khi luOng hdi tU trong mi~ng dQt 11gQt b~t ra can phiii d<'ly m?nh hcti ra Day thanh kh6ng rung

n [ n]

i'i "R l!!l , •if o i'i "R Ui J:: J!i Ii! , tx l!J , 1J' 'i!i T ~ , •If;< fJ :If , J'f W lli< iJIJ o

Alveolar nasal The tongue-tip is pressed against the upper alveolar ridge, the soft palate and uvula are lowered, and the air is let out through the nasal cavity with vibrations

of the vocal cords

n [ n] am d.iu ludi, lQi tren, mUi Khi ph3.t am, d8-u ludi chi;i.m vao lqi tren, ng?c mem va luai con h? xu0ng, khoang mUimd Day thanh rung

I [ !]

'i!i "R l!!l , iii if o i'i "R 19l J:: J!i Ii! , It n .flJ li'i , '1: lilt IA 'i!i fill 11il i!'i iii l±l JI<: " J'f W lli< iJIJ "

Alveolar lateral The tongue-tip makes a light contact with the upper alveolar ridge, but slightly more to the back than the position for n The air stream is released from the

· sides of the tongue The vocal cords vibrate

I [I] Am bi&n d~u 1uai, chan rang Khi ph8t am, d.iu Iuai ch?m vao lqi tren, so v& am 11 IUi ve phia sau nhieu hdn, luOng hdi theo hai ben d.iu Iuai ra ngoai D.iy thanh rung g [k] i'i m if • ~ * '1: • lit « if " ;s m 19l tt tx Jl!J • JI ill! ;s m 7'! :If tx IJlJ • ill! '1: lilt 11 llt ffij l±l 0 " ' w ~ lli< ;fJ 0

Unaspirated voiceless velar plosive The back of the tongue is raised to form a closure

with the soft palate Lung air escapes with force upon sudden release of the closure, with

no vibrations of the vocal cords

g [ k] Am cuOng lu:di, trong va t~c, khOng b!}t hdi Khi philt 3.m, phfrn cu6r.g Judi nang cao s:it ng~c rn€m Sau khi trU hdi, h~ nhanh ph.in cu6ng ludi xu6ng,

d~ hdi bi).t ra ngoai mc)t cilch dc)t ngc)t Day thanh khOng rung

% l!H!L i!!'«''t , nt ~ 1i o ~ it lfll m O!ll g - -11' , ";: lJlt .!,! 1:1 Iii' <1' :II ~ jjij Ill at 'Ji! m

" ; : 0 I" * ~ * ii:IJ 0

Aspirated voiceless velar plosive Its position and manner of articulation are the same

as that of g except that it is aspirated, with no vibrations of the vocal cords

k [ k.] Am cuOng lu:ai, t:i.c trong, b!}t hdi Khi phiit am, bQ vt clla am gi611g nhU: fim g Lile luOng hdi tU trong khoang mi~ng bi).t ra d{lt ngc)t, cfrn dU:a hdi m1;1nh Dfiy thanh khOng rung

h [x]

% il! llli , nt • 'l'L % ill tl:i iii ~ l~ , ";: lJlt .!,! <1' fa] lll • jjij Ill o I" 1ll' ~ lJOC ii:IJ o

Voiceless velar fricative The back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate 'l'he air stream is expelled from the lungs,causing some frictions in the vocal tract, with no vi-brations of the vocal cords

h [ x] Am cu6ng lu:Ji, x:it, trong, bi).t hdi Khi philt fim, cu6ng ludi tie'p ci).n vOi ng;;ic n1€m, luOng hdi tU khoang gilla ma sat di ra Day thanh khOng rung

(_=)#~:J&!QU Ru!es of writing the transcription 3- QUY TAC VIET

i 'u 'u 'l!ll or § AZ it l'i 0 § AZ j!f l'i at Jt jjlj '.!'i AZ yi 'WU' yu 0

i, U, and 0 may form independent syllables In writing they are respectively yi, WU and yu

i 'u '0 c6 th€\ tl,i 18.m th<lnh am tie't Khi d6, ch-Ung I.in lu:qt vie't th3.nh yi' WU' yu

(J1ll)jtfill] Tone' 4.THANHDI~U

lJU!H''Hfil iii 1l im 1-~:$:I" \Ill , Jt JJ1J Ill J'l \Ill 1't % : -(!II - )I< ) ;' ( !II = p; ) ; v ( Jfl

= I" ) ; ' < !II im I" ) o I" \Ill ~ "'1 • '& it B'l tt SI io; flll , IJlaa ,

'fhe Chinese putonghua has four basic tones They are shown by the tone-indicators:

- (the 1st tone) , " (the 2nd tone) , 11 (the 3rd tone) , and ' (the 4th tone) Different tones may express different meanings, e.g

HB.n ngU tie'ng ph6' th6ng c6 4 thanh

di~ll Cd ban, I.in lu:qt c6 cac k.Y hi¢u la" - "

(thanh thU nhfft); " " " (thanh thU hai);

" 11 " (tha11h thU ba); " ' " (thanh thU tu)

cac thanh di~u kh:ic nhau, y nghia du:qc

bi@u d~l cling khac n11au Thi d1,1:

)If iii!~% '!ii t.J<'l'E 3:: '!ii :iGfi _t" :iGfi i _t ll jlij % II>) , '!ii ~Jll! i (ltJ ,;, " ~o , nLbT" -~iir.(l<J~~ll~~~~~~_t(ltjjGfill>),)lfjlij~'}'lll~'l'E*~~-*(ltj:JG

ii _t, ~o, hao,mei J6uo

Tone-indicators should be placed on the wain vowels, When the vowel i carries a tone-indicator, the dot in i is removed, e.g nT, bl H there are two or more than two vowels

in a syllable, the tone-indicator is placed on the one which requires a bigger (or the 'biggest) opening of the mouth, e.g hOo, mei, 16u

Ky hi~u thanh di~u vie't tren nguyen :3.m chinh Khi nguyen 0.m " i " mang thanh di~u, ph:3.i bO da'u Cl tren " i " di Thi dv: nl, bl Khi vfin cUa mt)t am ti€t c6 2 hay 2 nguyen am trd 1€n, ky hi~u thanh di~u phiii vie't tren nguyen am c6 dQ

md clla mi~ng ldn nha't Thi dv: h0o,m0i ,l6u

(li)~iQ Modulations of tones 5- BIEN DI]j:U

When a 3rd tone is immediately followed by another 3rd tone, the former is nounced as the 2nd tone For example:

pro-Khi c6 hai am tie't cUng mang thanh thU ba di lien nhau, am tie't d3-u d9c th8.nh thanh thtl hai Thi dl,l:

nl hao +-ni hao

m••&•(ltj~~-%0·~-r.~~~ ~ f~&·o~·'

The characters are the written symbols of the Chinese language Every syllable can

be written into one or several characters Examples:

Cha Hitn Ia kY hi~u vie't cUa tie'ng Hiln MOi am tie't c6 th~ vie't th3.nh mQt

ho~c nhieu cha Thi dl,l:

§~g;}~ Lionxf Exercises Bai t~p

<=>~il1 Modulations of tones Bie'n dit?u

nl hOo meihOo wll bOi beihai gei yT yOfO keyT IOdOo

<=>•'ti' Pronunciation Ph3.n bi~t iim

i m j)IJ Jli JJ> Identify the initials Phan bi~t thanh mAu

bai pai dai tai gai kai

bao pao dau tou gao kao

2 m j)IJ lfll JJ> Identify the finals Phan bi~t v~n m&u

3 j,jl'ifj,jfjlij Pronunciation and tones Ph.in bi~t am, thanh di~u

(i!Y)iA~ Read and learn Nhil\n bie't vit t~p dQC

.£ j\,_ ;r- p El Jl, *- * :kt 1fi:

(Ji)j(~~ill Communication Hl}i tho~i giao tiCp

tr lil Pl' Greetings Chao hoi

··t.it· J 1 f ··-ff'··· ··-ff·· 1~ t.it ··· ··· ···

J.7 ~ * ·:*:"·· :*:'r ~ J.7 ' • ~ ~ ··+ , •· ~ • ·+ + •··· +

-·-·-·-&itf~i'z~t

Lesson 2

1 •ti: (JB)mang busy (mang) b~n

2 •!!i ( J!IJ) ma (a modal particle) (ma) (tr<;i tU nghi van)

chua, kh6ng

3 ,f~ (M'l)hen very (ng~n) rat, liim qua, he't sUc

4 iX i-t!; ( ~) HOnyO Chinese, Chinese (Han ngil) tie'ng Han

5 (JB)nan hard, difficult (nan) kh6, gay go

7 %% <<tlbab~ dad (ba ba) cha, bO, ba

9 -:r-:r (<!\) gage elder brother (Ca ca) anh trai

10 ~ ~ (<!\) dldi younger brother ( d~ d~) em trai

11 #.# (<!\) meimei younger sister (muQi muQi) emg::li

12 # (ft) to he,him (tha) (~i tit chi ngu'di,ng6i thU

ba s6 it, nam gidi) n6, hiin,

anh fly, 6ng fi.y

ba, s6 ft, nU giOi) chi fly, cO

ta, ba fly

14 ~ (<!\) nan male,man (nam) nam, trai, con trai

§~[Jg} YuyTn Phonetics Ngli am

an en ang eng ong

an en ang eng ong

b ban ben bang beng

p pan pen pang peng

m man men rnong meng

f fan fen fang feng

d' don den dang deng dong

~ an en ang eng ong

t tan tang teng tong

g gan gen gang geng gong

k kan ken kang keng kong

h han hen hang heng hong l§l"OO Zhushl Notes Chu thich (-)an 'l'li'J a lli;f!o[al.ang 'l'li'J a lli;f!;[a]o

a in an is pronounced as [a]

a in ang is pronounced as [a]

a trong Rm an d9c thanh[a], a trong ang d9c thi'lnh [a]

en,eng 'l'li'J elli;f!o[a]o

e in en and eng_ is pronounced as[ a]

e trong en.,eng d9c th3.nh [a]

ong 'I' li'J o lli; fl; [ w]

0 in ong is pronounced as

o trong ong d9c thanh [ w J

Ill ill 'I' fl '1!i ,, 71' 1ll' ,., \Ill ( 71' 'm' t: ff] J9i ft ~ li'J Ill "'n, jf\ JL,., ) * 11' 1!! •

··o-~li'JWl',~HJ'ioH~•·~· ~·llJ'i\l!Jli'J~·-fl~~o fjij ftD ,

Some syllables in Chinese are toneless( disregarding the tones of the characters they represent) and are pronounced light and short These syllables are called neutralized tones

or neutral tones The pitch of a neutral tone is affected by the tone of the preceding ble, e.g

sylla-Trang tie'ng Han, c6 mQt s6 am tie't khOng mang thanh di~u (cha dU chU Han

ma ch Ung thay the' mang thanh thU: ma'y), dQc rilt nh~ va ng~n NhUng am tie't nhu the' g9i Ia thanh nh~ DQ cao clia thanh nh~ thay d6i do 8.nh huOng ell.a thanh di~u am tiet truCic n6 Thi d\1:

mama baide nTmen baba

itJl: l'El!i'.&f 'I', &~W1'Xi1'1 % o

Note: In transcriptions neutral tones do not carry any tone-indicators

Chu Y: Trong khi viet, am tie't mang thanh nh~ khOng danh da'u thanh di~u

<=>'fo=jlf The half 3nl tone Nita thanh thu ba

!.fl =-"" 1r ~ h'i J!I m -1' !.fl - P< , !.fl = P.- , !.fl I!!! Jti ;;J<; 1£ JI' 1r 1' it.t • ~ ti' ¥

= p; , ap , ,R ~ !.fl -=: /ft (I() Jl1J ¥ T ~ llfl 5l- , ::f ~ !if ¥ (I() 1: 1T ll!I 5l- , !li 1: It ~ T iii (I() 1r

"0 j§ij ~~ '

A 3rd-tone syllable becomes a half 3rd tone when it is immediately followed by a 1st, 2nd, 4th or neutral tone syllable,i.e.only the first half (the falling part) of the tone

is articulated, and is immediately followed by the next syllable, e · g · hi;i giqng (J nl1a

yOyT hen mang wOfan hao mo

Khi sau am ti€t thanh thU ba la am tie't thanh thU nhfit, thanh thll hai hoac

thanh thU tu, thi iim tie't d6 d9c th3.nh nUa thanh thU ba, tUc la, chi d9c phi3.n trtidc cUa thanh thU ba, khOng d9c nUa phftn len gi9ng d phia sau va d9c tie'p ngay am tie't sau Thi dl,l:

yOyT hen mang wOfan hao mo

( - ) jlf i.llJ Tones Thanh dii?u

ta ta ta ta - - - - ta #!./:It

mang mang mang mang - - - - mang •ti:

<=>~Jlf The neutral tone Thanh nh~

yeye mdng ma lai mo bai de

nOlnai hOo ma boo le pao le

dldi metmei 18i ma lei le

( =)'fo=jlf The half 3nl tone Nita thanh thu ba

hen goo hen nan hen da hao le

b<!n ban bllnlai h<!n bang h<!n pang

bangang ban kOng dong h6ng tangh6ng

h<!n nan hilln Ian

killneng nanfang

Nh~n biet va t~p dqc chii' Hitn

(f\)[gltf(ci]ll Answer the questions Tri IOi c<iu hOi

I NT mang mo?

2 HOr.:10 non ma?

3 NT babo hao mo?

B, Hanyu bu non

(J\.)~~~18 Communication HQi thot;ti giao tiCp

fiil• Greetings HOi tham

e, Hen hOo

A, NT bOba mama hOo ma?

e, Tamen dau hen hOo

A· NT mOng ma?

B' Bil IOi mOng

A, NT bOba mOng ma?

e, Ta hen mOng

How are you?

Very well

How is your dad and mum?

They are all very well

Are you busy?

Not too busy

Is your dad busy?

ffr + ' f' fr' ··fr·· ffr T '··· '···'···' '· ·•· '

~'<~ Sheng cl New Words

3 ~ ( J!IJ ) de (a structural particle) di ch (trq tit)

tln.t

5 1~1# (;;Ii) xi€xie thank 4 ciimdn

6

7 il'<At c~J yfnhang hank ngiin h8ng ngan hang

II

<=)j#fi- Initial-final combinations Phien iim

j ji jia jie jiao jiu jian jin jiang jing jiong

q qi qia qie qiao qiu qian qin qiang qing qiong

x xi xia xie xiao xiu xian xin xiang xing xiong

n ni nie niao niu nian riin niong ning

I Ii lie lie lioo llu lion lin liang ling

ju jue juan jun

···-·

yu yue yuan yun

( -)~fi'J14Ji Descriptions of articulation each philt am

j ( to] 'i!i llii 1!11 , '!' J! "1 , 1"' i!l!HCl'lf o 'i!i llii lliJ llll Wi i.i1! l!J , 'i!i !k 11! T 1il 11' , "1 lJ1i bl

'i!illiilli!llll~i.il!l!Jz~•£••Wilio~~'l'~Wo

Unaspirated voiceless palatal affricate The front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate The tongue-tip is pressed against the back of the lower teeth The air is squeezed out through the passage between the front part of the tongue and the hard palate, with no vibrations of the vocal cords

j [ t~] iim mi[it ltiili, kh6ng b~t hdi, t~c,xat,trong Khi ph8.t am, mi[it lttili tren xat vao ng~c cling, d:iu luai h~ xuOng luOng hdi t-U kho3.ng m~t luili tren ma sat vdi ng~c cling di ra ngoiii Day thanh kh6ng rung