The Foundation Engineering Handbook Sommaire

The Foundation Engineering Handbook Sommaire Considering how structures interact with soil, and building proper foundations, is vital to ensuring public safety and to the longevity of buildings. Understanding the strength and compressibility of subsurface soil is essential to the foundation engineer. The Foundation Engineering Handbook, Second Edition provides the fundamentals of foundation engineering needed by professional engineers and engineering students.

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THE FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

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THE FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Edited by Manjriker Gunaratne

Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the

Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc

Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group

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Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-203-48441-X Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-61133-0 (OEB Format) International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-1159-4 (Print Edition) (Hardcover)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-1159-8 (Print Edition) (Hardcover)

Library of Congress Card Number 2005050886 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted

material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have

been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The foundation engineering handbook/edited by Manjriker Gunaratne.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-1159-4

1 Foundations—Handbooks, manuals, etc 2 Soil mechanics—Handbooks, manuals, etc I.Gunaratne,

Manjriker.

TA775.F677 2006 624.1'5–dc22 20050508

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A genuine need existed for an updated foundation engineering handbook that incorporates, in addition to classical principles of foundation designs, significant contributions made to the art

of foundation design by practitioners and researchers during the last two decades Of special

significance in this regard is the knowledge of (1) innovative in situ testing and site

improvement techniques that have evolved recently; (2) cost-effective design methods that make use of geogrids for mechanically stabilized earth retaining structures; (3) concepts involved in ground deformation modeling using finite elements; and (4) latest modifications

in the ACI codes applicable to structural design of foundations This handbook largely fulfills the above needs, since the editor and the contributors have focused on discussing the state of the art of theoretical and applied foundation engineering and concrete design in a concise and simple fashion

Reliability-based design concepts that have been incorporated in most up-to-date structural and pavement design guidelines are making inroads into foundation engineering as well Hence, the editor decided to include reliability-based design and LRFD (load resistance factor design) concepts along with relevant illustrative examples in this handbook This step not only makes this handbook somewhat unique among other currently available foundation engineering literature, but also it provides an opportunity for practitioners and students alike

to familiarize themselves with the basics of limit state design applied to foundation

engineering

Furthermore, the editor’s extensive experience as an engineering educator has constantly indicated that, in spite of the availability of a number of excellent textbooks in foundation engineering, a quick reference that mostly focuses on significant and commonly-used

foundation engineering principles and illustrative examples has been in demand This

handbook also addresses such a need, since it can be adopted conveniently as a textbook, both

at the undergraduate and graduate levels

It is indeed my pleasure to have worked with a distinguished set of contributors who took time off of their extremely busy professional careers and produced their best in keeping with their usual professional performance My appreciation is conveyed to Ingrid Hall of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of South Florida’s civil engineering graduate students Alex Mraz, Ivan Sokolic, Mathiyaparanam and Kalyani Jeyisankar, Dumina Randeniya, and undergraduate student Mercedes Quintas for their help in preparing the

manuscript The support of my children, Ruwan and Aruni, and my wife, Prabha, during the arduous task of making this project a reality is also gratefully acknowledged I wish to extend

my special thanks to Cindy Renee Carelli, former engineering acquisitions editor; Matt

Lamoreaux, current engineering acquisitions editor; Elizabeth Spangenberger; and other staff

of Taylor & Francis for their meticulous work on publishing this handbook Thanks are also due to the relevant publishers who permitted the use of material from other references

I also express my profound gratitude to late Professor Alagiah Thurairajah, former dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Peradeniya University, Sri Lanka, and prominent member of the

Cambridge University’s Cam Clay group for introducing me to North America and

postgraduate studies in geotechnics

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Finally, it is to my mother, Jeannette Gunaratne, and my late father, Raymond Gunaratne, that I dedicate this book

Manjriker Gunaratne

University of South Florida

Tampa

This handbook contains some of the most recent developments in theoretical and applied foundation engineering in addition to classical foundation design methods The inclusion of recent developments mostly enriches the classical design concepts inChapters 3–7,10and11

It also enables the reader to update his or her knowledge of new modeling concepts applicable

to foundation design Most recently developed in situ testing methods discussed in detail in

Chapter 2certainly familiarize the reader with state-of-the-art techniques adopted in site testing In addition, modern ground stabilization techniques introduced inChapter 12by an experienced senior engineer in Hayward-Baker Inc., a leading authority in site improvement work across North America, provides the reader with the knowledge of effective site

improvement techniques that are essential for foundation design Innovative and widely used methods of testing pile foundations are introduced with numerical illustrations in Chapters 2

and 7 LRFD designs in Chapters3and 6and the design of retaining structures with geogrids included in Chapter 10are unique features of this foundation engineering handbook For the benefit of the reader, the basic and advanced soil mechanics concepts needed in foundation design are elaborated with several numerical examples inChapter 1

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Manjriker Gunaratne is a professor of civil engineering at the University of South Florida.

He completed his pre-engineering education at Ananda College, Colombo, Sri Lanka, receiving the S.A.Wijetileke prize for the highest ranking student Thereafter, he obtained his bachelor of science in engineering (Honors) degree from the Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, in 1978 In 1977, he was awarded the Professor

E.O.E.Pereira prize for the highest ranking student at the Part (II) examination in the

overall engineering class Subsequently, he pursued postgraduate education in North

America, earning master of applied science and doctoral degrees in civil engineering from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, respectively During his 18 years of service as an engineering educator,

he has authored 25 papers in a number of peer-reviewed journals, such as the American Society of Civil Engineering (geotechnical, transportation, civil engineering materials, and

infrastructure systems) journals, International Journal of Numerical and Analytical

Methods in Geomechanics, Civil Engineering Systems, and others In addition, he has made

a number of presentations at various national and international forums in geotechnical and highway engineering

He has held fellowships at the United States Air Force (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Robert Goddard Space Flight Center) and a consultant’s position with the United Nations Development Program in Sri Lanka He has also been a panelist for the National Science Foundation and a member of the task force for investigation of dam failures in Florida, U.S.A

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Dr Austin Gray Mullins is an associate professor of civil engineering at the University of

South Florida, Tampa, Florida, who specializes in geotechnical and structural engineering

He obtained B.S., M.S., and Ph.D degrees in civil engineering from the University of South Florida Prior to joining USF’s department of civil and environmental engineering,

he worked as an engineer at Greiner Inc Roadway Group, Tampa His most recent research work has been in the areas of statnamic testing of building foundations and drilled shafts as well as structural testing of bridges He is a professional engineer registered in the state of Florida

Dr Alaa Ashmawy is an associate professor of civil engineering at the University of South

Florida, Tampa, Florida, with specialization in geotechnical and geoenvironmental

engineering He obtained the B.S degree in civil engineering from Cairo University, Egypt, and M.S and Ph.D degrees from Purdue University Prior to joining USF’s department of civil and environmental engineering, he was a postdoctoral research associate at the

Georgia Institute of Technology His most recent research work has been in the areas of hydraulic and diffusion characteristics of surface amended clays, evaluation of the Purdue TDR Method for soil water content and density measurement, and discrete element

modeling of angular particles He is a professional engineer registered in the state of

Florida

Dr Panchy Arumugasaamy graduated with first class honors bachelor degree in civil

engineering from the University of Sri Lanka, Katubedde Campus, and is the recipient of the 1973 gold medal from the UNESCO Team for ranking first in the Faculty of

Engineering and Architecture of that year He earned his Ph.D degree in structural

engineering in 1978 from the University of Sheffield, England In 1998, he earned his Executive M.B.A graduate degree from Ohio University He has over 25 years of extensive experience in engineering consulting (civil and structural engineering), project management, teaching, advanced research, and product development He is well respected by his peers for his competencies in the analysis and design of complex structural systems for buildings, bridges, and other structures for different types of applications, and assessment of behavior

of elements using both classical and computer aided methods He is familiar with many codes of practices including American Codes (ACI, AISC, ASCE, SEAOC, and AASHTO), CEP-FIP codes, BSI (for bridges), and CSA He has hands-on experience in computer modeling, computer aided design including 2D and 3D frame analysis, grillage analysis for bridges, 2D and 3D finite element analysis, and plate analysis to optimize the structural system (steel and concrete structures) He is also proficient in 3D computer modeling He has also specialized in optical engineering and holds many patents for his inventions He has published many papers on national and international journals as a coauthor and has received the following awards for the best designs and research papers He is currently working with MS Consultants Inc as the head of the structural division in Columbus, Ohio

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He has been a research scholar and senior adjunct faculty at University of West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago (WI), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, and research associate professor at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln-Omaha

James D.Hussin received his B.S in civil engineering from Columbia University and M.S in

geotechnical engineering from California Institute of Technology (CalTech) Dr Hussin has been with Hayward-Baker Inc for 20 years and in his current position of director is responsible for the company’s national business development and marketing efforts and oversees engineering for the southeast U.S and the Caribbean Before joining Hayward-Baker, Dr Hussin was a geotechnical consultant in Florida and South Carolina Dr hussin

is a member and past chairman of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Geoinstitute National Soil Improvement Committee and is a current board member of the National ASCE Technical Coordination Council that oversees the technical committees Dr Hussin has over 20 publications, including associate editor of the ASCE Special

Publication No 69, “Ground Improvement, Ground Reinforcement, Ground Treatment, Developments 1987–1997.”

1 Review of Soil Mechanics Concepts and Analytical Techniques Used in

Foundation Engineering

Manjriker Gunaratne

1

2 In Situ Soil Testing

Gray Mullins

47

3 Spread Footings: Analysis and Design

Manjriker Gunaratne

87

4 Geotechnical Design of Combined Spread Footings

5 Structural Design of Foundations

Punchy Arumugasaamy

179

6 Design of Driven Piles and Pile Groups

Manjriker Gunaratne

235

7 Design of Drilled Shafts

Gray Mullins

299

8 Design of Laterally Loaded Piles

Manjriker Gunaratne

327

9 Construction Monitoring and Testing Methods of Driven Piles

Manjriker Gunaratne

363

10 Retaining Walls: Analysis and Design

Alaa Ashmawy

427

11 Stability Analysis and Design of Slopes

12 Methods of Soft Ground Improvement

James D.Hussin

529

13 Impact of Groundwater on the Design of Earthen Structures

Manjriker Gunaratne

567