The Foundation Engineering Handbook Index

The Foundation Engineering Handbook Index The geoengineering software suite developed by GGU comprises 50 program applications covering a wide range of applications in geotechnical design, site investigation and laboratory analysis. The programs are used by geotechnical, structural and general consultants, site investigation firms, design offices, government agencies and universities. Familiarization with the programs is very quick because of the consistent and user friendly Windows interface of all programs. Each program is provided with easy-to understand user manuals. A support hotline is also available for technical assistance. All programs are WYSIWYG (What You See is What You Get), ensuring ophisticated report quality output in Windows true-type fonts. Color output and bitmap graphics are supported. Output from all GGU programs can be "cut and paste" into other Windows programs such as word processors and spreadsheets.

Adhesion factor for drilled shafts in clayey soils,309

Allowable stress design (ASD),147,303,482

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),2,59

Apparent opening size (AOS) of geotextile,588;

see also Geotextile filters, design of

ASTM D1143, see In situ load tests

ASTM D1195, see In situ load tests

ASTM D3689, see In situ load tests

ASTM Designation D3966,408

ASTM quick test method D1143,395

ASTMD4945, see Standard test method for piles under axial compressive load

Atlas screw piles,282

failure in reinforced soils,566

foundations on soft soil

overlying on hard stratum,96–97

overlying on soft stratum,95–96

using in situ test data

cone penetration test data,97,100–101,117

plate load test data,101

standard penetration test data,104

Bishop and Morgenstern pore pressure coefficient,493–495

Blast-densification and vacuum-induced consolidation,540–541

Caisson, see Drilled shafts, structural design of

Calibration by fitting to ASD,116–117

Calibration by reliability theory

determination of resistance factors,124–126

determination of simplified resistance factor,126–130

estimation of probabilities,120

mathematical model of,41

parameters of, evaluation of,42

Capacity verification of shaft,318

Casagrande liquid limit device,5

Casagrande’s plasticity chart,6

Case damping constant,380–381

Case pile wave analysis program (CAPWAP) computational method,384

classification criteria for,579

design consideration for,579

Clay-sand interface, soil strata,314

Closed-form solutions,339,489,498

Coefficient of hydraulic conductivity, estimation of,569

Coefficient of lateral earth pressure,429

at rest,430

Cohesionless soils, categories of

gravelly sand or gravel,311

sand or silty sand,311

Colluvial,513

Column footing, soil pressure distribution in,184

Combined footings,182,196

Combined spread footings,145

conventional design methods,147–148

applicable soil, types of

free draining granular soils,537

quality control and quality assurance

reinforcement,537

soil description,537

Compaction techniques, infrequently used

blast-densification,540

vacuum-induced consolidation (VIC),540–541

Compensation grouting, see Fracture grouting

Compressibility of soil,16

estimation of foundation settlement in saturated clays,20–24

estimation of immediate settlement in soils,17–20

Computation of settlement in organic soils,113

Concrete footing, soil pressure distribution in,183

Concrete piles,237

disadvantages of,238

types of,238

uses of,238

Cone penetration test (CPT),69

data, see Bearing capacity using in situ test data

pore pressure measurements, 73–75

Conformal mapping,573–576

functions,573

equipotential lines,575

potential function-flow function domain,573

pressure distribution under the dam,575

seepage under concrete earth dam,574

Consistency limits, see Atterberg limits

Consolidometer apparatus,21

Construction considerations, for drilled shafts,300

casing,301–302

concreting and mix design,302

dry or wet construction,301

outward flow,583

uniform flow,583

stagnation point,583

Contamination zone, determination of,584–587

Continuous flight augers, use of,51

Conventional design method for combined spread footings

bearing capacity criterion,147–148

eccentricity criterion,147

settlement criterion,148

Convolution method,509

Coulomb envelope,13

Coulomb shear (frictional) failure theory,76

Coulomb’s coefficient of passive earth pressure,433–434

Counterforts,446

CPT tests,510

CPT-based method for pile groups,272

Criteria for design of footings, see Design of footings to withstand vibrations

Critical depth ratio,241

Crosshole sonic logging, see Quality assurance test methods

Cumulative floor loads,179

D

D’Arcy’s law,568,593

Davisson’s offset limit method,389,391,394

De Beer’s method,389–390

Deep dynamic compaction

applicable soil types,532

Design criteria for axially loaded piles,274

Design methodology of stabilizing piles,505–506

Design of footings to withstand vibrations

foundation vibrations due to rotating masses,138

list of criteria for,131

rocking oscillations,135–136

sliding oscillations,136–138

vertical steady state vibrations,130–135

Design of grade beams,212

Design of pile foundations

design criteria,239

selection of method of installation,238–239

selection of pile material,236–238

Design philosophies used in design of foundations,115

Design principles in walls

deformation analysis,464

drainage considerations,463–464

effect of compaction on nonyielding walls,439

effect of water table,438–439

failure mechanisms,440–442

performance under seismic loads,465–466

Destabilizing force or moment,486,518–519

Dewatering of excavations,576–577

Diametrically arranged lateral loading plates,71

Diesel hammers,285

Differential acting air or steam hammers,285

Dilatometer horizontal stress index,432

Dilatometer test (DMT),79

determination of foundation design parameters,81–82

measurement procedure,80–81

Displacement compatibility,442

Distributed soil load, expression of,350–351

Double acting air or steam hammers,284

Downdrag (Negative Skin Friction),272

Downward load-carrying resistance,392–393

Drilled caisson, see Drilled shafts, structural design of Drilled piers, see Drilled shafts, structural design of

Drilled shafts

behavior under lateral loads,215

construction considerations,300

casing,301–302

concreting and mix design,302

dry or wet construction,301

estimation of end bearing,305–307

estimation of side shear,304–306

standard penetration test data in sand,304

design methodology for,215–224

designing from CPT data, estimation of,311

end bearing design methods for sands,308

load testing, economy of,318

selecting economical design method,319–321

selecting economical shaft diameter,319

postgrouted shafts, design of,315

postgrouting in other formations,316–318

postgrouting in sand,316

pressure injected footings (PIF),321

concreting of shaft,323–325

construction of pressure injected footings,322–323

side shear design methods for sand,306

structural design of,214–215

triaxial or SPT data in clay, use of

end bearing,309–311

side shear,307–309

Driven pile in clay, zones surrounding,255

Driving technique, see Pile construction, techniques used in

Drop hammer,284

Drucker-Prager failure surface,40

Dry sample boring,51

Dry soil mixing,558–559

Dutch cone tests,71

planned construction, analysis of

compacted with low energy ironing pass,533

correlation on field data,533

improved soil parameters,533

procedure of,532

subsurface conditions,533

treatment of landfills,533

quality control and quality assurance

large scale load tests,533

shear wave velocity tests,533

soil description,532

typical energy required,532

Dynamic deep compaction, see Dynamic compaction

Dynamic load test,387

E

Earth retaining structures,427,482

Earthen structures,577

behavior prediction of, experimental tasks of,35

design of, challenges in,579–580

designing of, analytical tools for

2-D seepage toward wells,580–582

transport of contaminants,583–584

uniform flow in an aquifer,582–583

Effect of various design approaches on required number of shafts,320

Elastic method for end-bearing piles,262–263

Elastic shortening of piles,263,265,399

Elastoplastic theory of cavity expansion,77

Electrical plasma arcs,560

Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI),57

Embankments,486–487

stability, investigation of

dry embankment conditions,492–494

immediately after compaction,494–495

rapid drawdown,495–496

under completely submerged conditions,495

End bearing capacity

dependent on side shear capacity as,316

pressure-injected footings (PIF) of,322

resistance from CPT data,312

resistance in rock,313

units of stress,316

End of initial driving (EOID),255–256

Engineering news record (ENR) equation,367

Excavations, dewatering of,576

determination of capacity requirement of the pump,577

discharge rate through any general section,577

permeability coefficient of the soil stratum,577

Excessive time-dependent settlement,91,148

Existing boring logs, see Subsurface preliminary investigation

F

Factor of safety (FS),304,436,442,445,450

for failure wedge,486

Factors for slope instability

increased shear stresses,486

reduction in shear strength,486

Failure mechanism due to external instability of gravity walls

Field vane shear test,75

Filters, design of,587

geotextile filters, see Geotextile filters, design of

soil filters, see Soil filters, design of

Finite difference method of flexible mat footing design,172–175

Finite element method (FEM),

see also Stiffness matrix analysis method

drawbacks of,31

force equilibrium equations,33

of foundation analysis,169

principles of,31

Fitting procedure to generate p-y curves, illustration of,351–355

Fixation techniques, infrequently used

ground freezing,560

vitrification,560

Fixation

infrequently used techniques for

freezing and vitrification,560

Flexible combined footings, design of,158

analysis and design of rectangular combined footings,160–161

analysis of max footings based on slabs on elastic foundations,166–169

based on beams on elastic foundations,161–166

coefficient of vertical subgrade reaction,158–160

Flexible mat footings

finite difference method for design of,172–175

moment coefficients,169

Flexural strains,351

Floating pile foundations,205

Florida test pile program,256

area of structural loads, see Bearing capacity, criterion

design without shear reinforcement,186

on piles,185

shear strength of,186

conditions governing,185

size determination of,185

soil pressure distribution under,183–185

FOS,517

soil bearing capacity and,179

Foundation type, selection of

decision process,530

design methodology, overview of,531

performing quality assurance, methods of,531

quality control and quality assurance,551

Freezing and vitrification,560

Friction piles

in coarse-grained very permeable soils,205

in very fine-grained soils of low permeability,205

ground penetrating radar (GPR),55–57

Geomembrane layers, design considerations for,579

criteria in geomembrane selection,579

apparent opening size (AOS) of,589

design for two applications,588,592

permittivity of,588

transmissivity of,588

Geotextile filter

for drains in earthen dam, design of,592–593

global factor of safety,593

Geotextile filters, design of,588

apparent opening size (AOS) of,588

geotextile drains in earthen dam,592–593

geotextile filter for an underdrain,588–591

design for two applications,588,592

permittivity of,588

transmissivity of,588

Geotextile permittivity, see Geotextile filters, design of

Geotextile transmissivity, see Geotextile filters, design of

Global deflection vector,345

Global stiffness matrix,345,347–348

Gravity walls,439–445

Ground freezing,560

Ground penetrating radar (GPR)

depth penetration of,56

features of GPR data,56–57

GPR signal, velocity of,57

Ground performance, techniques for improvement of,530–531

numerical modeling of,571–573

equation for continuity of two dimensional (2D) flow conditions,571

hydraulic gradient at any desired location in the flow domain,573

Laplace equation for 2D flow,572

Laplace equation, under isotropic conditions,572

Groundwater modeling concepts in environmental geotechnology, application of,579–580

analysis of seepage toward wells,580–582

transport of contaminants,583–586

uniform flow in an aquifer,582–583

Groundwater on structures, effects of,568

Groundwater problems

analytical modeling,573

complex flow velocity,576

conformal mapping,573

graphical solution to,568–569

assumptions used in analysis,570

construction of flow net rules,568

D’Arcy’s law,568

effects on structures, approaches to evaluate,568

hydraulic conductivity coefficient, estimation of,568

hydraulic gradient, expression of,568

Grout pressure index (GPI),316

Hansen’s bearing capacity expression,91,96,123,129–130;

see also Bearing capacity, factors

inclination, ground slope, and base tilt factors for,92

shape and depth factors for Hansen’s expression,92

Horizontal subgrade modulus, coefficient of,339,341–343,346,354

Hydraulic conductivity coefficient, estimation of,569–571

using laboratory permeameters,569

using field pumping tests,569

using an empirical correlation between k and D 10,569

Hydrological basin,512

I

Impact hammers,284–285

Impact of hydrology, attributes determining,512

Impulse response method, see Quality assurance test methods

In situ borehole modulus devices,68

In situ load tests

Osterberg load test,392

pile load test in compression (ASTM D 1143),392

pile load test in tension (ASTM D 3689),392

plate load test (ASTM D 1195),392

In situ rock testing

mechanisms of slope failure, information,514

mobilization of shear strength,514

Stark and Eid,514

Iowa borehole shear device,68

Isolated spread footings,180

Kern distance,185

L

Landfill liners, design of,578–579

Landfill liners for leachate containment, types of,578

design criteria,578

solid material containment system, components of,578

filter above the collection system,578

leachate collection,578

leachate detection,578

primary leachate barrier,578

secondary leachate barrier,578

Landfills, construction of,579

piles in cohesionless soils,335–337

piles in homogeneous cohesive soils,328–334

effect of pile jetting on,356

effect of preaugering on,360

failure mechanisms,328

of pile groups,355

Lateral load capacity based on deflection, determination of,339

linear elastic method,339

free-headed piles,339–341

fixed headed piles,341–343

nonlinear methods,343

lateral pressure-deflection (p-y) method of analysis,348

stiffness matrix analysis method,343

synthesis of p-y curves based on pile instrumentation,350

Lateral subgrade reaction,344

estimation of the modulus of,345

Leachate containment, types of landfill liners,578

Liquid limit (LL) of soil, definition of,5

Load and resistance factor design (LRFD),115,303,313,437,482

methods for selecting resistance and load factors,116

Load distribution method for pile groups,272

Load factors for permanent loads,128

Loading cycle,400

Local department of transportation (DOT) soil manuals, see Subsurface preliminary investigation

Local U.S army corps of engineers hydrological data, see Subsurface preliminary investigation

Local U.S geological survey (USGS) soil maps, see Subsurface preliminary investigation

Local university research publications, see Subsurface preliminary investigation

Lognormal distribution for probability of failure and reliability index,125

LRFD, see Load and resistance factor design

Maximum tensile force in the reinforcement layer, calculation of,450

Mean safety factor,508

Mechanical analysis in soil classification

hydrometer analysis for the fine fraction, 2 4

sieve analysis for the coarse fraction (gravel and sand),2,4

Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls,428,436,439,482

geogrid-reinforced walls,454

geotextile-reinforced walls,454–455

internal stability analysis and design,450–452

reinforced earth walls,452–453

αMethod, for pile capacity evaluations,246

βMethod, for computation of skin-friction,246

λMethod, for prediction of skin-friction capacity of piles,247

Method of slices,489–496

approaches,491

Bishop’s simplified method,492

ordinary method of slices,492

Meyerhoffs bearing capacity expression,91;

see also Bearing capacity, factors

shape, depth and inclinations factors for,91

quality control and quality assurance,549

Mineral slurry, see Slurry, types of

Minimum factors of safety

AASHTO,487

critical failure plane, bedrock, estimation of, example of,502

critical failure plane, toe, estimation of, example of,501–502

FHWA, 487t

trial failure plane, estimation of, example of,499–501

Mobilized end bearing,303

Modified Cam-clay model for clays,35,411

critical state of deformation of clay,37–38

isotropic consolidation of clays,36–37

parameters of, evaluation of,40

stress-strain relationship for yielding clays,39

Modified Proctor compaction test,27

Modified stability number,504

Modified unloading point method, see Statnamic test result analysis

Modular block walls,439

Mohr circle method,13–16,431–432,467