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Statistic And Probabilities In Hydrology

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Statistic And Probabilities In Hydrology Probability and Statistics in Hydrology treats probability theory and mathematical statistics as applied to hydrology. Probability theory is presented in a summarized form with emphasis on its use in hydrology. Statistically, the emphasis is on inferential rather than descriptive statistics of classical hydrologic applications. Since hydrologic processes in nature are governed by the laws of chance, the use of probability theory and mathematical statistics is unavoidable in the extraction of information from hydrologic data and for the best mathematical description of these processes. This book is not a conventional statistical treatment of the subject. Certain concepts are defined; mathematical expressions are written in a format that is ready to use; techniques are explained, as well as their applications to hydrology (with examples) are presented. This book is aimed at practicing hydrologists and engineers; graduate students; post-graduate students; and specialist interested in probability theory and mathematical statistics as applied to hydrology. It is now part of WRP’s Classic Resource Edition.

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授課教師 : 張斐章

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„ 2.5 機率紙圖解法 Graphic Method Using Probability Paper

„ 2.6 信賴極限 Confidence Limits

„ 2.7 迴歸與相關分析 Regression and Correlation

„ 2.8多變量線性迴歸與相關 Multivariate Linear Regression and

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2.1 序論 Introduction

水文統計的目的 :

替自然界的水文現象用數理模式來 建立關係

提供工程設計參考 預測未來的水文現象

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2.1 序論 Introduction

模式方法 :

定率歷程

自然界的水文現象遵守物理定律而非機率定律, 降水與逕流間的 關係確定不變.

機率歷程

自然界的水文現象是按照機率定律而發生, 水文事件的發生與時 間前後順序無關, 且遵循著機率分佈.

序率歷程

自然界的水文現象是依照機率定律而發生,水文事件的發生隨時

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2.2 統計參數 Statistical Parameters

Example :

Station A B C D E F G H I Rainfall(cm) 51.8 32.0 28.7 43.4 38.6 50.5 59.6 31.5 31.7 Area(sq km) 31.0 58.0 31.5 31.0 86.0 71.0 27.0 43.5 66.0

X X

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w X w X w X X

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2.2 統計參數 Statistical Parameters

樣本中最中間的值, 代表集中趨勢 但代表性不如平均數, 運用在無母數統計中較多.

樣本中發生次數最多的值, 代表集中趨勢 但代表性不如平 均數集中位數, 並且不一定存在有時不只一個.

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2.2 統計參數 Statistical Parameters

代表每一個數與樣本平均數之平均距離, 可以看出母體之 平均距離情形.

( )2 1

1

n

i i

x x n

x N

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.

C S µ

σ

=

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.

C K µ

σ

=

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5 1 4 1

n = p = q =

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2.3.1.1 二項分佈 Biominal Distribution

Example

某水庫的建造時間須花費十年, 在施工期間可能遭遇到5年重現期距的洪 水而造成損失的機率.

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e p

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σ

µ π

σ

x x

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2

z z

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2.4 頻率分析 Frequency Analysis

主要目的為根據歷史資料,以統計方法推求大於(小於) 或等於某一水文量,在未來一定期間內可能發生之機率, 以作為規劃設計的依據。

4.水質研究 5.水波研究

1.洪水及河川流量頻率 2.降雨量頻率

3.乾旱或低流量頻率

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„ 常用的頻率分析方法

(i) 頻率因子(Frequency factor)

周文德博士(Dr Ven Te Chow, 1951)提出 極端事件(洪水與乾旱)頻率分析方法

(ii)定點法(Plotting position)

將水文事件點繪於於適當的機率紙上,再求出最佳適合之 頻率曲線《 2.5節》

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x 是一個值 (如:200cms)

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X x x

µ σ

迴歸週期為 時之水文量

、 水文資料的平均值

Δ 均值偏差 :標準差

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2.4.2 Pearson Type-III Distribution

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2.4.3 Log-Pearson Type-III Distribution

37

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2.4.3 Log Normal Distribution

y y y

x

f x

x

µ σ πσ

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(mm) 133 94.5 76 87.5 92.7 71.3 77.3 85.1 122.8 69.4Year 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Runoff

Runoff

(mm) 81 94.5 86.3 68.6 82.5 90.7 99.8 74.4 66.6 65

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N C

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0.124358

25 1 0.072

0.0372 1.9327

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T T T

e T

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Graphical Method Using Probability Paper

2.5 機率紙圖解法

„ 定點法(Plotting position)

水文資料在某種指定的機率紙上,呈現近似一直線 的現象

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5 找出迴歸週期T年之水文量

T= 1/P = (N+1)/m

5 1 5

135 1955

150 1951

285 1950

445 1954

排序後流量x m

排序後年代

5 4 3 2 1

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2.5.1 Construction of Probability Paper

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海生機率紙

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甘保機率紙

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2.5.2 Selection of Type of Distribution

‰ 甘保分佈(Extreme value distribution)

‰ Extreme value Type-III distribution

‰ Log normal distribution

‰ Exponential distribution

選擇機率分佈

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2.6 信賴區間 Confidence Limits

真實,使得當迴歸週期較大時,只能以外差方式來推 估水文量

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2.7.1 Graphical Method

將所有資料點點繪於座標上,以目視方法約略畫一條迴歸線

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=

1/ 2 2

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2.7.5 Standard Form of Bivariate Equations

其他類型雙變數間的迴歸式

Linear:

Exponential:

Parabola:

Higher order equation:

Other forms of equations:

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2 2

2 2

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(1 )

r

r S

S S S S

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Example 2.13

Assume a non-linear relation: y=ax b

兩邊取log => log(y) = log(a)+blog(x)

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„ 樣本之發生機率與所假設分佈之理論機率的 值可表 示為

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„ 上式中v為自由度;O i為紀錄資料內之實際觀測數量;

Pei為所假設機率分佈之期望發生數量。若上式所得之 計算值大於理論值,則表示所假設的機率分佈並不適 合此水文紀錄資料。

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σ

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The chi-square test statistics is calculated in col (9)

For example, 0.141 in row(4) is

For degrees of freedom of (8-2-1) = 5,

2

0.141 0.224

2

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