Chapter 13 trace minerals

Trace Minerals Interactions• Excess of one trace element can cause a deficiency of another • Many interactions... Iron Ionic States• Reduced: Fe ++ Ferrous Iron • Oxidized: Fe +++ Fer

Trace Minerals

Overview

Marisela Contreras

Trace Minerals

• Amounts are unpredictable

• Wide variety in foods

• Unprocessed = more trace

minerals

Trace Minerals Deficiencies

• Some are easy to recognize

• Most common:

–failure to growth

Trace Minerals

Toxicity

• Can be toxic at a close level of

the estimate requirement

Trace Minerals Supplements

Trace Minerals Interactions

• Excess of one trace element

can cause a deficiency of

another

• Many interactions

Iron (Fe)

Iron Functions

• Hemoglobin

• Myoglobin

• Metabolic processes

Iron Ionic States

• Reduced: Fe ++ Ferrous Iron

• Oxidized: Fe +++ Ferric Iron

Iron in Foods

• Heme Iron:

– from animals

• Non Heme Iron:

– from vegetables and animals

Enhancers:

* Vitamin C

* “Meat” Factor MFP

Recycling Iron

• Liver recycles Iron

• Only way to lose it is by bleeding

• Very little by sweat and urine

• Figure 13-3 page 445

Food Sources of Iron

• Meats, fish, poultry

• Legumes

• Eggs

• Iron- enriched foods

Iron Recommendations

• RDA:

– Female (19-50yo) 18mg/day

– Male (>19yo) 8 mg/day

• UL: Adults 45 mg/day

Iron Deficiency

Prevalence of Iron

Deficiency

• Most common in the world

• about 15% world population

• Women, infants, preschool children

• Changes in behavior

• Pica

– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,

confusion, rapid heartbeat

Zinc (Zn)

Zinc Deficiency

• Growth retardation

• Not sexual maturation

• Inability to taste

• Poor wound healing

• Decreased immune competence

• Abnormal vision in dark

Zinc Deficiency

• Inability to taste

• Poor wound healing

• Decreased immune competence

• Abnormal vision in dark

Food sources of Zinc

• Oysters (the best)

• Meat

• Liver

• Shellfish

Absorption of Zinc

• Varies: 15 - 40%

• Better absorbed from beef

• Metallothionein in intestinal cells can hold Zn

• Enterohepatic circulation

Interactions of Zinc

• Small Intestine:

– Zn - Cu

– Fe - Zn

Zinc Toxicity

• 25 mg/day suppressed immune system

Zinc Recommendations

• RDA:

– Men 11 mg/day Women 8 mg/day

• UL: Adults - 40 mg/day

Iodine (I)

Iodine (I)

• Component of Thyroxin

– Controls metabolic rate

Iodine (I) Food Sources

• Seafood

• Plants grown in iodine rich soil

• Iodized salt (MOST reliable source)

Thyroid Gland

Iodine (I) Deficiency

Goiter

Cretinism

Iodine (I)

• Hyperthyroidism

– Excessive secretion of thyroxin – Exothalmic goiter

Hyperthyroidism

Iodine (I) Recommendations

• RDA: 150 mcg/day

• UL: 1100 mcg/day

Selenium (Se)

Selenium (Se) Deficiency

• Associated with Heart Disease

• Highly correlated to Cancer

Selenium (Se) Toxicity

• High doses (more than 1 mg/day) are

toxic

• Vomiting, Diarrhea, loss hair and nails

• Lesions of skin and nervous system

• Do not consume Se supplements

Selenium Recommendations

• RDA: 55 mcg/day

• UL: 400 mcg/day

Fluoride (Fl)

• Formation of Bones and teeth

• Fluoroapatite: make teeth more resistant to decay

Fluoride Deficiency

• Tooth decay

Fluoride Sources

• Drinking water (not all)

• Fluoridated water (1mg/person/day)

• Tooth paste

• Plants

• Seafood

Fluoride Recommendations

• AI:

– Men: 4 mg/day

– Women: 3 mg/day

• UL : 10 mg/day

Copper (Cu)

Copper (Cu) Functions

• Enzymes

• Reactions that consume Oxygen

• Ferrous iron to ferric iron

Copper (Cu) Functions

• Hemoglobin synthesis

• Against free radicals

• Collagen formation (bone) and

wound healing

• Energy release reactions

Copper Toxicity

• Liver damage

Copper Interactions

• Zn

Copper Recommendations

• RDA: 900 mcg/day

• UL: 10 mg/day

Chromium (Cr)

Chromium Deficiency

• May be related to Type II Diabetes

• Associated with Cardiovascular disease

Chromium Toxicity

• Not reported

Chromium Sources

• Meats (liver)

• Unrefined foods

• Whole grains

Chromium Recommendations

• AI:

– Men: 35 mcg/day

– Women: 25 mcg/day

Chromium Picolinate

• Research is inconclusive

• ????

Manganese (Mn)

Manganese (Mn)

Functions

• Co-factor of enzymes

• Metalloenzymes for Urea synthesis

• Conversion of Pyruvate to a TCA compound

• Prevention of free radical damage

• Bone formation

Manganese (Mn)

Deficiency

• Rare

• Phytates inhibit their absorption

• High intake of Iron and Ca limit absorption

Manganese Toxicity

• Contaminated environment

• Miners

• Brain disease

Manganese Recommendations

• AI:

– Men: 2.3 mg/day

– Women: 1.8 mg/day

• UL: 11 mg/day

Cobalt (Co)

Cobalt (Co)

• Related to which vitamin????

Vitamin-Mineral Summary

Vitamin-Mineral Summary

• Blood Clotting

– ???

– ???

Vitamin-Mineral Summary

• Bone Formation

– Vitamin : ?? , ?? , ??

– Minerals: ? , ? , ? , ?

Vitamin-Mineral Summary

• Nerve impulse transmission

– Minerals: ? ? ? ?

– Vitamins: ? ? ? ?

Vitamin-Mineral Summary

• Muscle contraction/relaxation

– Minerals: ? ? ? ?

Vitamin-Mineral Summary

• Red Blood Cell formation

– Minerals: ? ?

– Vitamins: ? ? ? ?

Vitamin-Mineral Summary

• Acid-base (pH) balance

– Minerals: ? ? ? ? ?

Questions?