Chapter 12 water and major minerals

Organic Inorganic CHO Lipids Proteins Vitamins Water Minerals... Movement of water between intracellular and extracellular compartments • Controlled by concentration of ions inside and

WATER

Water

• How would you classify water?

Organic

Inorganic

CHO Lipids Proteins Vitamins

Water

Minerals

Body Composition

About 60 % water

Water

• 50-60% body is water

– Intracellular fluid (40%) – Extracellular fluid:

• Interstitial fluid

• Intravascular fluid

Water

• Essential Nutrient

• Survive few days without water

• Regulate body temperature

• Maintains blood volume

How much water do we

need?

• Adults: 1000 ml/1000 kcal

• So, if you consume 2000 kcal, how

much water do you need?

– 2000 ml or 2 liters

Water Recommendations

AI: 3.7 L/day (males)

2.7 L/day (females)

Does everyone need the same amount of water?

• Needs vary depending upon:

– diet

– activity

– temperature

– humidity

Movement of water between

intracellular and extracellular compartments

• Controlled by concentration of ions

inside and outside of the cell

Water movement

equilibrium

In this situation, water will

move inside the cell.

• What do you need to

know?

– Which organ is responsible for

regulating water loss?

– Where do we get water from? – How do we get rid of water?

– Water follows

– How much water do we need?

Major Minerals

Marisela Contreras

Organic

Inorganic

CHO Lipids Proteins Vitamins

Water

Minerals

Energy Yielding

Non Energy Yielding

CHO Lipids Proteins

Water Vitamins Minerals

Minerals in a 60 Kg Human Body

Major Minerals

• Mineral content in plants vary

depending of the soil!

General Functions

• Major minerals in protein:

– Sulfur (S)

General Functions

• Major minerals in nerve transmission

and muscle contraction

– Sodium (Na)

– Potassium (K)

– Calcium (Ca)

Mineral Interactions

Many interactions between minerals

Sodium (Na+)

Sodium (Na+)

• Major positive ion outside the cell

• Rarely lacking in the diet

• Amount vary in diet

• Readily absorbed

• Excess is excreted by the kidneys

• Loss by skin also

Sodium Functions

• Fluid Balance

• Nerve Transmission

• Muscle Contraction

Which foods are high in

Sodium and Hypertension

• Some people are salt sensitive

• For people not salt sensitive,

decreasing salt does not decrease

hypertension

• Weight reduction better way too

decrease hypertension

Sodium Recommendations

– Min Adults: 500 mg/day

– AI (2004)

• 19-50 years of age - 1,500 mg/day

• 51-70 years of age - 1,300 mg/day

• > 70 years of age - 1,200 mg/day

– UL - 2,300 mg/day.

– % Daily Value on food labels

• 2400 mg/day.

Chloride (Cl–)

Chloride (Cl–)

• Major negative ion outside the cell

Functions of Chloride (Cl–)

• Ph balance of blood

• Fluid balance

• Digestive system (HCl)

Food Sources of

Chloride (Cl–)

• Table salt

Chloride (Cl–) Deficiency

• Rare

Chloride (Cl–) Toxicity

• Only on dehydration

Chloride (Cl–) Recommendations

• AI (2004)

– 19-50 years of age - 2300 mg/day – 51-70 years of age - 2000 mg/day – > 70 years of age - 1800 mg/day

• UL 3600 mg/day

Potassium (K+)

Potassium (K+)

• Major Positive ion inside the cell

Food Sources Potassium (K+)

• All whole foods (not process)

• Meats

• Milk

• Fruits and vegetables (bananas)

• Grains (pinto beans)

Potassium (K+) Toxicity

• Supplements

• Potassium salts

• Treatments

Potassium (K+) Recommendations

• AI - 4700 mg/day

Magnesium (Mg+)

• Most magnesium is in bones

© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth

Magnesium Deficiency

• Rare

Sulfur (S)

• We need sulfur as part of AA

• Bridge

glu leu gln tyr leu ser Cys

val ser

ala

Cys Cys

gln glu val ile gly

asn asn

val phe

asn

S S

S S

S

Disulfide

Bridge

Insulin

Sulfur Food Sources

• All Protein foods

• There is no recommended amounts

• No deficiencies are known

Calcium (Ca++)

Calcium (Ca++)

• Most abundant mineral in the body!!

• Where can we find Ca??

Calcium (Ca++)

• Where can we find Ca??

– 99% Bones

– 1% Blood

Roles of Calcium (Ca++)

• Build and maintain bones and teeth

• Muscle contraction

• Heart Beat

• Blood Clotting

Roles of Calcium (Ca++)

• Nerve impulse transmission

• Protein synthesis

• Hormone release

Calcium (Ca++) in Bones

• Constant movement

• Blood vessels in trabecular bone

• Ca form crystals

– Hydroxyapatite

Calcium (Ca++) in Teeth

• Hydroxyapatite form collagen matrix

• Form dentin

• Fluoride makes crystals harder

Calcium (Ca++) in Body

Calcium (Ca++) in Body

Calcium (Ca++) in Body

Fluids

• Maintaining normal blood pressure

• Blood clotting

Calcium (Ca++) Balance

• Eat Ca rich foods

Calcium (Ca++)

• Not all Ca consumed is absorbed

• Some is excreted by feces

• Can be loss by sweat

Calcium (Ca++)

• Some filtered by kidneys

• The rest is used in bone

Factors that Enhance

Calcium (Ca++) Absorption

Factors that Inhibit Calcium (Ca++) Absorption

• Phytic acid (phytates)

• Oxalic acid (Oxalates)

• Uronic acid

• High fat intake

Factors that Inhibit Calcium (Ca++) Absorption

• High Phosphorus intake

• High protein intake

• Elderly

Food Sources

• Milk and milk products

– 1 cup milk = 300 mg Ca

• Salmon and sardines if

bones are eaten

– 3 oz Salmon = 180 mg Ca – 3 oz Sardines = 400 mg Ca

• Ca fortified orange juice

Bio-availability of Calcium

Calcium Deficiency

• Which condition is caused by Ca

deficiency ??

Calcium

– Adults 19-50yo 1000 mg/day

– Men >71 yo 1200 mg/day

Phosphorus

• Second most abundant mineral in

body in conjunction with Ca

• Combine with Ca in the

hydroxyapatite crystals of bone

Phosphorus Functions

• Bones and teeth

• Component of DNA and RNA

-P is in every cell in the body -so P necessary for growth

Phosphorus Functions

• Active sites of some enzymes and B

vitamins in energy metabolism

– need P in order to work as

enzymes

Phosphorus Functions

• Buffer

– phosphoric acid has P in it

– a buffer in the body

© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth

Phosphorus Recommendations

• RDA: Adults 700 mg/day

• UL: 19-70yo 4000 mg/day

Questions?