Program Operation Manual

© Copyright 19902010 Siemens Energy, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International (Siemens PTI) Information in this manual and any software described herein is confidential and subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Siemens PTI. The software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement or nondisclosure agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, for any purpose other than the purchaser’s personal use, without the express written permission of Siemens PTI. PSS®E highperformance transmission planning software is a registered trademark of Siemens PTI in the United States and other countries. The Windows® 2000 operating system, the Windows XP® operating system, the Windows Vista® operating system, the Visual C++® development system, Microsoft Office Excel® and Microsoft Visual Studio® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries. Intel® Visual Fortran Compiler for Windows is a trademark of Intel Corporation in the United States and other countries. The PythonTM programming language is a trademark of the Python Software Foundation. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

Program Operation Manual

Revised October 2010

Siemens Energy, Inc.

Siemens Power Technologies International

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, for any purpose other than the purchaser’s personal use, without the express written permission of Siemens PTI PSS®E high-performance transmission planning software is a registered trademark of Siemens PTI in the United States and other countries.

The Windows® 2000 operating system, the Windows XP® operating system, the Windows Vista®operating system, the Visual C++® development system, Microsoft Office Excel® and Microsoft Visual Studio® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries Intel® Visual Fortran Compiler for Windows is a trademark of Intel Corporation in the United States and other countries.

The Python™ programming language is a trademark of the Python Software Foundation.

Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

Preface 1

Contacting Siemens PTI for Support 2

Submitting Bug Reports and Feature Requests 3

Document Conventions 3

Chapter 1 - Overview

1.1 PSS®E Functional Description 1-1 1.2 PSS®E Operations 1-2 1.3 Extending PSS®E with User DLLs 1-2 1.4 PSS®E Support for Building User DLLs 1-3 1.4.1 COMPILE 1-4 1.4.2 CLOAD4 1-4 1.4.3 CreateUsrDll 1-5 1.4.4 CLIPLU 1-5 1.4.5 CLPSSUSR .1-5

Chapter 2 - File System

2.1 Directories and Files Overview 2-1 2.2 The PSS®E Working Case and Temporary Files 2-2 2.3 File Classes 2-2 2.3.1 Input Data Files .2-4 2.3.2 Saved Case and Snapshot Files .2-6 2.3.3 Output Listing Files 2-6 2.3.4 Channel Output Files 2-7 2.3.5 Response Files 2-7 2.3.6 PSEB and PSAS Command Files .2-7 2.3.7 IPLAN Program Files 2-8 2.3.8 Python Program Files 2-8 2.3.9 PSS®E Options Files 2-8 2.3.10 Results Files 2-9 2.3.11 Temporary Files 2-9 2.4 PSS®E Data Files 2-9 2.4.1 File Usage .2-9 2.4.2 Specifying Filenames 2-13 2.5 Creating Input Files 2-13

2.7 File System Details 2-142.7.1 Multiple Working Directories 2-142.7.2 PSS®E Directory Organization 2-142.7.3 File Search Path Rules 2-162.7.4 Temporary Files 2-162.7.5 Reserved Filenames 2-172.8 Deleting Files 2-172.9 File Usage Summary 2-18

Chapter 3 - Startup

3.1 Preliminaries 3-13.2 Starting PSS®E 3-13.2.1 Startup Command Options 3-23.3 Environment 3-33.3.1 Specifying the Maximum Number of Buses 3-33.3.2 Setting Program Preferences 3-63.3.3 Program Run-Time Option Settings 3-6

Saved Case Specific Option Settings 3-6 User Specified Option Settings 3-10 Installation Dependent Option Settings 3-10

3.4 Startup Parameter Files 3-113.4.1 WINDOWS.PRM Files 3-113.4.2 INI Files 3-12

Chapter 4 - Operating Modes

4.1 How to Approach PSS®E 4-14.2 Activity Selection 4-24.2.1 GUI Windows 4-24.2.2 Command Line Interface 4-34.2.3 Automation Methods 4-34.3 Interruption of PSS®E by the User 4-34.4 Virtual Output Devices 4-64.4.1 User-Written Dynamics Models 4-74.4.2 Graphical Output 4-74.5 Line Mode Output Commands 4-74.6 Automation 4-84.7 Extended Modeling in Dynamics Simulation 4-84.8 Subsystem Selection 4-8

Windows Mode 4-8 Command Line 4-9 Subsystem Numbers 4-9

4.9 Subsystem Reporting 4-94.10 Loading the Connection Subroutines 4-10

4.11 Activity Suffixes 4-10

Chapter 5 - Power Flow Data Entry, Modification, and Display Activities

5.1 Retrieving a Power Flow Saved Case File .5-1Activity CASE

5.2 Reading Power Flow Raw Data into the Working Case .5-4Activity READ

5.2.1 Power Flow Raw Data File Contents 5-4

Extended Bus Names 5-5 Default Values 5-5

Q Record 5-6 Case Identification Data 5-8 Bus Data 5-9 Load Data 5-9 Fixed Bus Shunt Data 5-12 Generator Data 5-13 Non-Transformer Branch Data 5-18 Transformer Data 5-22 Areas, Zones and Owners 5-35 Area Interchange Data 5-37 Two-Terminal DC Transmission Line Data 5-38 Voltage Source Converter (VSC) DC Transmission Line Data 5-40 Transformer Impedance Correction Tables 5-43 Multi-Terminal DC Transmission Line Data 5-45 Multi-Section Line Grouping Data 5-49 Zone Data 5-51 Interarea Transfer Data 5-51 Owner Data 5-52 FACTS Device Data 5-53 Switched Shunt Data 5-57 GNE Device Data 5-62 End of Data Indicator 5-63

5.2.2 Operation of Activity READ .5-63

Bus Names Input Option 5-64 Bus Sequence Numbers 5-64 Plant and Machine Sequence Numbers 5-64 Load Sequence Numbers 5-64 Fixed Shunt Sequence Numbers 5-64 Branch Sequence Numbers 5-64 Transformer Sequence Numbers 5-64

5.2.3 Change Case Data in a Standard READ 5-65

Merging Cases 5-65

5.2.4 Subsystem READ 5-665.2.5 Reading Power Flow Raw Data Files Created by

Previous Releases of PSS®E .5-67

5.4.1 Machine Impedance Data File Contents 5-705.4.2 Operation of Activity MCRE 5-715.4.3 Application Notes 5-725.5 Reading Sequence Data 5-74Activity RESQ

5.5.1 Sequence Data File Contents 5-74

Change Code 5-76 Positive Sequence Generator Impedance Data 5-76 Negative Sequence Generator Impedance Data 5-77 Zero Sequence Generator Impedance Data 5-77 Negative Sequence Shunt Load Data 5-78 Zero Sequence Shunt Load Data 5-79 Zero Sequence Non-Transformer Branch Data 5-79 Zero Sequence Mutual Impedance Data 5-80 Zero Sequence Transformer Data 5-84 Zero Sequence Switched Shunt Data 5-93 Zero Sequence Fixed Shunt Data 5-94

5.5.2 Operation of Activity RESQ 5-945.5.3 Transformers in the Zero Sequence 5-955.6 Reading Transactions Raw Data 5-102Activity REMM

5.6.1 Transactions Raw Data File Contents 5-102

Participation Flag 5-102 Transaction Events 5-103

5.6.2 Operation of Activity REMM 5-1045.6.3 Implications of the Participation Flag 5-1045.7 Reading / Changing Power Flow Data 5-106Activity RDCH

5.7.1 Operation of Activity RDCH 5-1065.7.2 Reading RDCH Data Files Created by Previous Releases of PSS®E 5-1075.7.3 Application Notes 5-1075.8 Changing Service Status and Power Flow Parametric Data 5-109Activity CHNG

5.8.1 Equipment Status Changes 5-1105.8.2 Solution Parameter Changes 5-1115.8.3 Interarea Transfer Data Changes 5-1115.9 Scaling Loads, Generators, and/or Shunts 5-112Activity SCAL

5.9.1 Operation of Activity SCAL 5-1135.9.2 Scaling Fixed Shunts 5-1135.9.3 Scaling Loads 5-1145.9.4 Scaling Generation 5-1145.9.5 Scaling Example 5-1155.10 Electrically Disconnecting a Bus 5-117Activity DSCN

5.11 Electrically Reconnecting a Bus .5-119Activity RECN

5.12 Removing Specified Buses and Connected Equipment 5-121Activity EXTR

5.13 Deleting Equipment 5-123Activity PURG

5.13.1 Removing Individual Equipment Items 5-1235.13.2 Removing Outaged Equipment in a Subsystem 5-1245.13.3 Example of Activity PURG 5-1255.13.4 Application Notes 5-1255.14 Joining Buses .5-127Activity JOIN

5.14.1 Operation of Activity JOIN .5-1285.14.2 Example Progress Output .5-1295.15 Splitting Buses 5-130Activity SPLT

5.15.1 Operation of Activity SPLT 5-1305.15.2 Example of Activity SPLT 5-1315.16 Tapping a Line 5-133Activity LTAP

5.17 Changing Equipment Identifiers .5-135Activity MBID

5.18 Moving Equipment 5-137Activity MOVE

5.18.1 Operation of Activity MOVE 5-1375.18.2 Application Notes 5-1395.19 Renumbering Buses in Auxiliary Files 5-140Activity RNFI

5.19.1 Bus Renumbering Translation Data File 5-1405.19.2 Operation of Activity RNFI .5-1405.20 Changing Area Assignments 5-142Activity ARNM

Activity LDAR

5.20.1 Operation of Activity ARNM 5-1435.20.2 Application Notes 5-1435.20.3 Example of Activity ARNM 5-1435.21 Changing Owner Assignments 5-146

5.22 Changing Zone Assignments 5-148Activity ZONM

Activity LDZO

5.22.1 Operation of Activity ZONM 5-1495.22.2 Application Notes 5-1495.23 Modifying Resistances of Non-Transformer Branches 5-150Activity MODR

5.23.1 Operation of Activity MODR 5-1505.23.2 Application Notes 5-1515.24 Reading Sequence Data Additions from the Terminal 5-152Activity TRSQ

5.25 Changing Sequence Data 5-153Activity SQCH

5.26 Checking Branch Parameters 5-155Activity BRCH

5.26.1 Branch Parameter Checks Available 5-1565.26.2 Operation of Activity BRCH 5-1585.27 Check for Islands Without a Swing Bus 5-159Activity TREE

5.27.1 Operation of Activity TREE 5-1595.27.2 Application Notes 5-1605.28 Checking/Changing Controlled Bus Scheduled Voltage 5-161Activity CNTB

5.28.1 Operation of Activity CNTB 5-1625.28.2 Application Notes 5-1645.29 Checking/Changing Transformer Adjustment Data 5-165Activity TPCH

5.29.1 Operation of Activity TPCH 5-1665.29.2 Application Notes 5-1675.30 Changing Adjustment Enable Flags of Transformers 5-169Activity TFLG

5.30.1 Operation of Activity TFLG 5-1695.31 Performing Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch 5-171Activity ECDI

5.31.1 Economic Dispatch Data File Contents 5-172

Standard Record Format 5-172 Supplementary Units of Dispatch Groups 5-174

5.31.2 Operation of Activity ECDI 5-1745.31.3 Viewing Economic Dispatch Results 5-1785.31.4 Dispatch Groups 5-1785.31.5 Application Notes 5-180

5.32 Displaying the Long Case Title 5-181Activity PRTI

5.33 Managing Case Titles 5-1825.33.1 Importing a Long Title 5-183Activity RETI

5.33.2 Changing the Long Title 5-184Activity CHTI

5.33.3 Editing the Two-Line Case Title or the Long Title 5-185Activity EDTR

5.34 Counting System Components in the Working Case .5-186Activity SIZE

5.35 Listing Unused Bus Numbers 5-188Activity BUSN

5.36 Displaying Power Flow Data 5-190Activity LIST

5.36.1 Operation of Activity LIST 5-1905.36.2 Listing Format 5-191

Case Summary 5-192 Bus Data 5-194 Load Data 5-194 Plant Data 5-195 Generator Unit Data 5-195 Fixed Bus Shunt Data 5-195 Switched Shunt Data 5-196 Branch Data 5-196 Line Shunt Data 5-196 Two-Winding Transformer Data 5-197 Three-Winding Transformer Data 5-198 Transformer Impedance Correction Table Data 5-198 Multi-Section Line Grouping Data 5-199

DC Line Data 5-199 Area Data 5-200 Interarea Transfer Data 5-200 Zone Data 5-200 Owner Data 5-200 FACTS Device Data 5-201 GNE Device Data 5-201

5.37 Listing Components of a Bus .5-202Activity EXAM

5.37.1 Operation of Activity EXAM .5-2025.37.2 Listing Format 5-202

5.40 Listing Bus Shunts 5-207Activity SHNT

5.41 Listing Outaged Equipment 5-209Activity OUTS

5.42 Listing Sequence Data 5-211Activity SQLI

5.42.1 Operation of Activity SQLI 5-2115.42.2 Listing Format 5-212

Bus Load Data 5-212 Generator Data 5-212 Fixed Shunt Data 5-212 Switched Shunt Data 5-212 Non-Transformer Branch Data 5-213 Line Shunt Data 5-213 Two-Winding Transformer Data 5-214 Three-Winding Transformer Data 5-214 Mutual Impedance Data 5-214

5.43 Listing Sequence Data for a Bus 5-216Activity SQEX

5.43.1 Operation of Activity SQEX 5-2165.43.2 Listing Format 5-2165.44 Creating a Saved Case File 5-218Activity SAVE

5.45 Bus Renumbering 5-219Activity BSNM

5.45.1 Renumbering Methods 5-220

All Buses Without Area Blocking 5-220 All Buses With Area Blocking 5-220 Subsystem 5-220 Bus Number to Bus Number Translation 5-221 Bus Name to Bus Number Translation 5-221 Bus Number Packing 5-222

5.45.2 Output Tabulation 5-2225.45.3 Examples of Activity BSNM 5-2235.46 Saving the Working Case in an IEEE Common Format File 5-225Activity RWCM

5.47 Saving Machine Impedance Data 5-227Activity RWMA

5.47.1 Operation of Activity RWMA 5-2275.47.2 Application Notes 5-228

Transfer Machine Data to Another Case 5-228 Stability Data in IEEE Format 5-229 Machine Status Considerations 5-229 Split Fractions 5-229

5.48 Creating a Power Flow Raw Data File .5-230Activity RAWD

5.48.1 Operation of Activity RAWD 5-2315.48.2 Application Notes 5-2325.49 Creating a Sequence Data File 5-234Activity RWSQ

5.49.1 Operation of Activity RWSQ 5-2355.49.2 Application Notes 5-2355.50 Creating a Transactions Raw Data File 5-236Activity RWMM

5.50.1 Operation of Activity RWMM .5-2365.50.2 Application Notes 5-236

Chapter 6 - Power Flow Solution Activity Descriptions

6.1 About Power Flow Calculations 6-16.2 Power Flow Solution Methods 6-26.2.1 Using Acceleration Factors and Solution Tolerances 6-46.2.2 Automatic Power Flow Solution Adjustments 6-5

Adjusting Transformer Off-Nominal Tap Ratio 6-5 Adjusting Transformer Voltage Control 6-6 Adjusting Transformer Mvar 6-7 Adjusting Transformer Phase Shift Angle 6-7 Adjusting Transformer Direct Current (DC) Converter Taps 6-7 Adjusting Net Interchange 6-7 Adjusting Switched Shunt Admittance 6-8

6.3 Applying Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution .6-11Activity SOLV

6.3.1 About Power Flow Iterative Solution Algorithms 6-116.3.2 About Power Flow Boundary Conditions .6-126.3.3 Boundary Conditions of Constant MVA Loads 6-136.3.4 Boundary Conditions of Constant Current Loads 6-156.3.5 Boundary Conditions of Constant Impedance Loads 6-166.3.6 Boundary Conditions of Composite Loads 6-166.3.7 Boundary Conditions of the Swing Bus .6-166.3.8 Boundary Conditions of Standard Generators 6-176.3.9 Boundary Conditions of Multiple Identical Generators 6-186.3.10 Boundary Conditions of Multiple Non-Identical Generators 6-186.3.11 Operation of Activity SOLV 6-196.3.12 Generation 6-206.3.13 Load 6-216.3.14 Switched Shunt Devices 6-226.3.15 FACTS Devices 6-23

6.3.18 Characteristics of Activity SOLV 6-326.3.19 Automatic Adjustments 6-346.4 Applying Modified Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution 6-36Activity MSLV

6.5 Applying Fully-Coupled Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution 6-38Activity FNSL

DC Line Control 6-48 Phase Shift Angle Adjustment 6-49 Area Interchange Control 6-49 Switched Shunt Adjustment 6-51 Automatic Adjustment Solution Parameters 6-51

6.5.3 Non-Divergent Solution Option 6-51

Non-Divergent Solution Methodology 6-52 Convergence Monitor 6-53

6.6 Applying Decoupled Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution 6-57Activity NSOL

6.7 Applying Fixed Slope Decoupled Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution 6-60Activity FDNS

6.8 Applying Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution with

Inertial / Governor Dispatch 6-63Activity INLF

6.8.1 Inertia and Governor Response Data File Contents 6-646.8.2 Operation of Activity INLF 6-656.8.3 Inertial Power Flow Solution 6-666.8.4 Governor Response Power Flow Solution 6-676.8.5 Example of a Generator Contingency Analysis Solution 6-686.8.6 Application Notes 6-706.9 Overview: Contingency Analysis 6-726.9.1 Reliability Testing Criteria for Contingency Analysis 6-726.9.2 Applying Deterministic Criteria 6-75

Applying Transmission Transfer Limit Analysis 6-75 Applying Voltage Stability Analysis 6-75

6.9.3 Applying Probabilistic Reliability Criteria 6-76

6.9.4 About Generation Dispatch .6-766.9.5 Tripping Simulation and Corrective Action Analysis 6-786.9.6 Substation Reliability Assessment Analysis 6-786.10 Performing AC Contingency Analysis 6-79Activity ACCC

6.10.1 AC Contingency Solution Options .6-806.10.2 Running AC Contingency Analysis 6-836.10.3 AC Contingency Output 6-836.10.4 AC Contingency Post Processor .6-856.10.5 AC Contingency Result Retrieval Routines .6-856.10.6 Application Notes 6-856.10.7 Implementing Generation Dispatch Algorithm in Contingency Analysis 6-876.10.8 Appending Data to a Contingency Solution Output File 6-886.10.9 AC Contingency Single Run Report 6-896.10.10 Single Run Report Formats .6-92

Overload Report 6-93 Loading Table 6-96 Available Capacity 6-98 Non-converged Network Conditions 6-100 Corrective Action Report 6-102

6.10.11 AC Contingency Multiple Run Report 6-1056.10.12 Multiple Run Output Report Formats 6-108

Contingency Solution Output Files Report 6-109 Monitored Element Summary Report 6-109 Missing Monitored Elements Report 6-110 Missing Monitored Voltage Buses Report 6-110 Contingency Summary Report 6-110 Missing Contingencies Report 6-110 Non-converged Contingencies Report 6-110 Base Case Loading Violations Report 6-110 Contingency Case All Loading Violations Report 6-111 Contingency Case Worst Case Loading Violations Report 6-111 Base Case Voltage Violations Reports 6-112 Contingency Case All Voltage Violations Reports 6-112 Contingency Case Worst Case Voltage Violations Reports 6-113

6.11 AC Corrective Actions 6-1146.11.1 Constraints and Controls 6-1146.11.2 Weighting and Penalty Functions 6-1166.11.3 AC Corrective Action Options 6-1196.11.4 Viewing AC Corrective Actions Results .6-1216.11.5 Application Notes 6-1236.12 Performing Multi-Level AC Contingency Solution 6-124Activity Multi-Level AC Contingency Solution

6.12.1 Terms Used in Multiple-Level Contingency Analysis 6-1256.12.2 Power Flow Control Options 6-126

6.12.7 About Tripping Sequence 6-1356.12.8 Tripping Simulation Options 6-1356.12.9 Tripping Element Data File Contents 6-136

Monitored Equipment 6-136 Trip Equipment 6-138 Automatic Single Tripping Record 6-139

6.12.10 Corrective Actions Options 6-1406.12.11 Operation of Multiple Contingency Analysis Activity 6-1436.12.12 Contingency Analysis Results 6-1436.12.13 Application Notes 6-1446.13 Calculating Probabilistic Reliability 6-1456.13.1 Probabilistic Reliability Assessment 6-1466.13.2 Outage Statistics Data File Contents 6-1486.13.3 Analyzing Probabilistic Assessment Results 6-152

System Probabilistic Index Summary 6-152 System Loss of Load Report 6-154 Branch Flow Overloading Indices 6-154

6.13.4 Application Notes 6-1566.14 Calculating Substation Reliability 6-1586.14.1 Substation Reliability Assessment 6-158

Overview 6-158 Run Options 6-158 Input Files 6-159

6.14.2 Modeling the Substation 6-1596.14.3 Failure Modes 6-160

Performing the Assessment 6-163 Analyzing Results 6-165 Substation Component Report 6-165 Contingency Summary Report 6-167 Bus Load Curtailment Report 6-171 Substation Load Curtailment Report 6-173

6.15 Performing PV/QV Analyses 6-1746.16 PV Analysis 6-1756.16.1 Retrieving Results from a Previous PV Analysis 6-1806.16.2 Implementing a Specific PV Transfer 6-1806.17 QV Analysis 6-1826.17.1 Retrieving Results from a Previous QV Analysis 6-1846.18 Basic Engineering Guide to PV and QV Curves Applications 6-1856.18.1 Objective 6-1856.18.2 PV Analysis (PV Curves) Applications 6-1856.18.3 QV Analysis (QV Curves) Applications 6-190

Chapter 7 - Linear Network Analysis

7.1 Building the Distribution Factor Data File 7-1Activity DFAX

7.1.1 Linear Network Analysis Data Files 7-2

File Notational Conventions 7-2 Special Data Records 7-3

7.1.2 Subsystem Description Data File Contents .7-37.1.3 Monitored Element Data File Contents 7-6

Flow Monitoring Records 7-6 Voltage Monitoring Records 7-10

7.1.4 Contingency Description Data File Contents 7-10

Contingency Case Block Structure 7-11 Automatic Contingency Specification 7-15

7.1.5 Operation of Activity DFAX 7-187.1.6 Application Notes 7-197.2 Calculating Distribution Factors 7-21Activity OTDF

7.2.1 Operation of Activity OTDF .7-217.2.2 Output Report Format .7-227.2.3 Application Notes 7-247.3 Estimating Severity Rankings for Single Line Outage Contingencies 7-26Activity RANK

7.3.1 Contingency Ranking Methodology 7-267.3.2 Contingency Ranking Options .7-287.3.3 Operation of Activity RANK .7-297.3.4 Analyzing AC Contingency Ranking Results 7-307.3.5 Application Notes 7-337.4 Applying the DC Linearized Network Solution 7-35Activity DCLF

7.4.1 DC Linearized Network Solutions 7-357.4.2 Operation of Activity DCLF 7-367.4.3 Output Report Format .7-387.4.4 Application Notes 7-417.5 Calculating Linearized Network Contingency 7-43Activity DCCC

7.5.1 Operation of Activity DCCC .7-447.5.2 Overload Report 7-457.5.3 Linear Network DC Loading Report 7-477.5.4 Contingency Case Flow Calculations 7-497.5.5 Application Notes 7-507.6 Performing DC Corrective Action Analysis 7-51Activity DC Corrective Action Analysis

7.6.1 About DC Corrective Action Analysis 7-517.6.2 Operation of DC Corrective Actions 7-517.6.3 DC Corrective Action Results 7-527.6.4 Application Notes 7-547.7 Calculating Transmission Interchange Limits 7-55

7.7.4 Operation of Activity TLTG 7-597.7.5 Analyzing Transfer Limit Results 7-617.7.6 Output Report Format 7-627.7.7 Transfer Limit Analysis Flows For Contingency Cases 7-657.7.8 Application Notes 7-667.8 Calculating Sequential Participation Interchange Limits 7-69Activity SPIL

7.8.1 Subsystem Participation Data File Contents 7-707.8.2 Interchange Limits Options 7-727.8.3 Operation of Activity SPIL 7-747.8.4 Analyzing Interchange Limit Results 7-767.8.5 Output Report Format 7-767.8.6 Example Activity SPIL Output 7-777.8.7 Interchange Limits Contingency Cases 7-807.8.8 Application Notes 7-807.9 Performing Interchange Limit Analysis with Two Opposing Systems 7-83Activity POLY

7.9.1 Interchange Limit Analysis Options 7-837.9.2 Operation of Activity POLY 7-867.9.3 Output Report Format 7-887.9.4 Interchange Limit (Two-Opposing Systems) Graphical Output 7-917.9.5 Application Notes 7-927.10 Midwest MW-Mile Calculation 7-94Activity MWMI

Chapter 8 - Network Reduction

8.1 Overview: Equivalent (Reduced) Networks 8-1Activity Overview

8.1.1 Nomenclature of Equivalents 8-18.2 Methodology of the Electrical Equivalent 8-2Activity Methodology

8.2.1 Defining Boundaries and Boundary Buses 8-38.2.2 Handling DC Lines 8-58.2.3 Approaching the Network Equivalent Process 8-58.3 Building an Electrical Equivalent 8-6Activity EEQV

8.3.1 Overview 8-68.3.2 Network Equivalence Options 8-78.3.3 Operation of Activity EEQV 8-88.3.4 Equivalencing Methodology 8-88.3.5 Example: Equivalencing a Power Flow Case 8-118.3.6 Application Notes 8-158.4 Applying Net Generation with Load at All Non-Boundary Buses 8-16Activity GNET

8.4.1 Example of Net Generation with Load 8-178.5 Applying Net Generation with Load at All Buses Except Boundary Buses 8-20Activity NETG

8.6 Equivalencing Radial Buses 8-21Activity EQRD

8.6.1 Operation of Activity EQRD .8-238.6.2 Example: Equivalencing Radial Buses 8-238.6.3 Application Notes 8-248.7 Equivalencing Radial Buses, with Exception 8-26Activity RDEQ

8.7.1 Application Notes 8-278.8 Converting Net Boundary Bus Mismatch .8-29Activity BGEN

8.9 Building a Three-Sequence Electrical Equivalent 8-31Activity SCEQ

8.9.1 Creating Short Circuit Equivalents 8-318.9.2 Constructing a Short Circuit Equivalent 8-358.9.3 Short Circuit Equivalent Options .8-368.9.4 Operation of Activity SCEQ .8-368.9.5 Form of the Equivalent 8-378.9.6 Example: Short Circuit Equivalencing of a Power Flow Case .8-388.9.7 Application Notes 8-40

Chapter 9 - Unbalanced Fault Analysis

9.1 Overview: Short-Circuit Fault Analysis .9-1Activity Short-Circuit Fault Analysis

9.2 Preparing Short Circuit Sequence Data .9-3Activity Preparing Short Circuit Sequence Data

9.2.1 Analyzing Transformer Phase Shift Impact .9-39.2.2 Analyzing Sequence Impedance Adjustment as a Function of

Tap Position 9-69.2.3 Analyzing Generators and Step-Up Transformers 9-69.3 Appending Sequence Data to the Power Flow Case .9-9Activity Appending Sequence Data to the Power Flow Case

9.4 Fault Calculation Modeling Assumptions .9-11Activity Fault Calculation Modeling Assumptions

9.4.1 Detailed Fault Calculation Model 9-119.4.2 Detailed Fault Calculation Models for DC Lines and FACTS Devices 9-119.4.3 Simplified Fault Calculation Model 9-12

9.5.1 Bus Faults 9-139.5.2 Phase Closed Unbalances 9-139.5.3 Line Faults 9-149.6 Preparing Sequence Network for Unbalanced Network Solution 9-16Activity SEQD

9.6.1 Application Notes 9-189.7 Performing Fault Analysis under Unbalance Condition 9-20Activity SCMU

9.7.1 Unbalanced Fault Analysis Options 9-209.7.2 Bus Faults 9-219.7.3 Line Faults 9-219.7.4 Branch with One Open End 9-239.7.5 Phase Closed Unbalances 9-239.7.6 Pre-Calculation Network Setup 9-239.7.7 Operation of Activity SCMU 9-269.7.8 Unbalance Condition Summary Report 9-269.7.9 Example: Unbalance Condition Summary Report 9-289.7.10 Unbalanced Fault Analysis Detailed Report 9-319.7.11 Observation of Transformer Currents 9-329.7.12 Working with a Two-Wire System 9-379.7.13 Transmission Lines 9-389.7.14 Transformers 9-389.7.15 Secondary Circuits 9-419.7.16 Faults on a Two-Phase System 9-439.7.17 Examples of Two-Wire Systems 9-439.7.18 Application Notes 9-539.8 Performing Detailed Fault Analysis under Unbalance Condition 9-56Activity SCOP

9.9 Calculating Automatic Sequencing Fault 9-58Activity ASCC

9.9.1 Automatic Sequencing Fault Selection Options 9-609.9.2 Fault Control Data File Contents 9-679.9.3 Operation of Activity ASCC 9-689.9.4 Detailed Bus Output Report 9-699.9.5 Example: Automatic Sequencing, 3-Phase Faults, ASCC API 9-719.9.6 Example: Automatic Sequencing, 3-Phase & Single L-G Faults,

ASCC API 9-739.9.7 Relay File Output 9-759.9.8 Application Notes 9-759.10 Calculating Fault Currents to ANSI Standards 9-77Activity ANSI

9.10.1 ANSI Fault Specification Data File Contents 9-789.10.2 ANSI Fault Current Calculation Options 9-799.10.3 Operation of Activity ANSI 9-809.10.4 ANSI Fault Calculation Output Report 9-809.10.5 Application Notes 9-83

9.11 Using Classical Fault Analysis Assumptions 9-84Activity FLAT

9.11.1 Special Fault Voltage Option 9-849.11.2 Classical Short-Circuit Assumptions Options 9-84

IEC909 Fault Calculations Options 9-85

9.12 Calculating Short Circuit Currents According to IEC 60909 Standard .9-88Activity IECS

9.12.1 IEC Data File Contents 9-91

GSU, Equivalent Generator and Motor Data 9-92 Transformer Nameplate Winding MVA Data 9-93

9.12.2 Fault Control Data File Contents .9-939.12.3 Application Notes 9-949.13 Calculating Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty .9-95Activity BKDY

9.13.1 How PSS®E Calculates Circuit Breaker Duty .9-1009.13.2 Breaker Duty Data File Contents 9-1029.13.3 Fault Specification Data File Contents 9-1039.13.4 Breaker Duty Calculation Options .9-1039.13.5 Operation of Activity BKDY .9-1049.13.6 Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty Report .9-1059.13.7 Example: Breaker Duty Results Analysis 9-1069.13.8 Application Notes 9-1089.14 Calculating pi-Equivalent, Single Transmission Line Unbalance .9-109Activity SPCB

9.14.1 Calculating pi-Equivalent for Unbalanced Switching .9-1099.14.2 Separate Pole Circuit Breaker Calculation Options 9-1119.14.3 Transmission Line Unbalances .9-1119.14.4 Operation of Activity SPCB .9-1129.14.5 Output of Activity SPCB 9-1129.14.6 Application Notes 9-114

Chapter 10 - Power Flow Reports

10.1 Analyzing Power Flow Solution Results .10-1Activity Analyzing Power Flow Solution Results

10.2 Producing a Standard Power Flow Solution Report .10-3Activity POUT

Bus Quantities 10-3 FACTS Devices 10-4 Series GNE Devices 10-5

DC Lines 10-6 Branch Quantities 10-9 Fault MVA 10-11

FACTS Devices 10-14 GNE Devices 10-15

DC Lines 10-16 Branch Quantities 10-17 Fault MVA 10-19

10.4 Producing a Wide-Format Power Flow Solution Report in Amps 10-20Activity LAMP

Bus Quantities 10-20 FACTS Devices 10-21 GNE Devices 10-22

DC Lines 10-23 Branch Quantities 10-26 Fault MVA 10-27

10.5 Summarizing Subsystem Conditions 10-28Activity SUBS

System Swing Bus Summary 10-29 Area Slack Bus Summary 10-29 Component Totals 10-29 Subsystem Totals 10-30 Branch Totals by Voltage Level 10-30

10.6 Summarizing Load Reduction 10-32Activity LODR

10.6.1 Operation of Activity LODR 10-3210.6.2 Application Notes 10-3310.7 Summarizing Area Totals 10-35Activity AREA

10.8 Summarizing Owner Totals 10-40Activity OWNR

10.9 Summarizing Zone Totals 10-43Activity ZONE

10.10 Reporting Interchange by Area/Owner/Zone 10-4810.11 Summarizing Area-to-Area Interchange 10-49Activity INTA

10.12 Summarizing Zone-to-Zone Interchange 10-51Activity INTZ

10.13 Summarizing Loadings on Ties from Interchange Areas 10-53Activity TIES

10.14 Summarizing Loadings on Ties from Zones 10-55Activity TIEZ

10.15 Viewing Network Limit Violations 10-5710.16 Producing a Branch Overload Checking Report 10-58Activity RAT3

10.17 Producing a Transformer Overload Checking Report 10-61Activity OLTR

10.18 Producing a Transmission Line Overload Checking Report 10-64Activity OLTL

10.19 Producing a Branch Current Ratings Report 10-67Activity RATE

10.20 Producing an Out-of-Limits Bus Voltage Report 10-70Activity VCHK

10.21 Producing a Machine Reactive Capability Report 10-72Activity GCAP

10.21.1 Machine Capability Curve Data File Contents 10-7210.21.2 Operation of Activity GCAP .10-7410.21.3 Application Notes 10-7710.22 Producing a Generator Bus Limits Report 10-78Activity GENS

10.23 Producing a Machine Terminal Limits Report 10-81Activity GEOL

10.23.1 Application Notes 10-8410.24 Producing a Regulated Bus Report 10-86Activity REGB

10.25 Producing a Controlling Transformer Report 10-89Activity TLST

10.26 Comparing Power Flow Case Totals 10-92Activity CMPR

10.27 Comparing Power Flow Cases 10-94Activity DIFF

10.27.1 Operation of Activity DIFF .10-9410.27.2 Bus Related Data Checks .10-9710.27.3 Branch Related Data Checks 10-10010.28 Displaying Power Flow Solution Differences on a Diagram .10-104Activity GDIF

10.29 Comparing AC Tie Branches 10-106Activity DFTI

10.30 Reporting DC Network Conditions .10-111Activity MTDC

10.31 Generating a Graphical Report 10-112Activity GRPG

Text Commands 10-121 Assignment Commands 10-123 Conditional Commands 10-125 Termination Commands 10-126

10.32 Viewing Graphical Output of Fault Calculations 10-12810.32.1 Display Options 10-12810.32.2 Example 10-13110.33 Exporting Power Flow Results to Excel 10-147Activity Exporting Power Flow Results to Excel

10.34 Displaying Power Flow Solution on the Diagram 10-148Activity GOUT

10.35 Displaying Power Flow Data on the Diagram 10-149Activity GEXM

Chapter 11 - Balanced Switching

11.1 Overview: Balanced Switching 11-111.1.1 Objectives of a Balanced Switching Study 11-411.1.2 Preparing a Power Flow Case for Balanced Switching 11-411.1.3 Establishing the Power Flow Base Case for Balanced Switching 11-411.1.4 Performing a Balanced Switching Study 11-511.2 Converting Generators 11-7Activity CONG

11.2.1 Converting the Generators for Balanced Switching 11-711.2.2 Generator Apparent Impedance 11-711.2.3 Generator Step-Up Transformers 11-1011.2.4 Operation of Activity CONG 11-1011.3 Converting Load Characteristics 11-12Activity CONL

11.3.1 Modeling Load Characteristics 11-1211.3.2 Basic Load Characteristics 11-1311.3.3 Converting Load Characteristics 11-1311.3.4 Converting Loads for Balanced Switching 11-1511.3.5 Operation of Activity CONL 11-1511.3.6 Example of Load Conversion 11-1511.3.7 Application Notes 11-1611.4 Reconverting Load Characteristics 11-18Activity RCNL

11.4.1 Reconverting Load Characteristics 11-1811.4.2 Operation of Activity RCNL 11-2011.4.3 Example of Load Reconstruction 11-2011.4.4 Application Notes 11-2111.5 Ordering Network Buses for Matrix Manipulation 11-22Activity ORDR

11.6 Factorizing the Network Admittance Matrix 11-25Activity FACT

11.6.1 About the Power Flow Network Admittance Matrix .11-2511.6.2 Operation of Activity FACT 11-2711.6.3 Exporting the Power Flow Network Admittance Matrix 11-2811.7 Solving the Converted Case 11-30Activity TYSL

11.7.1 Example: Voltage Rise on Open Line End 11-3211.7.2 Example: Open Line End Results .11-3411.7.3 Example: Motor Starting 11-3411.7.4 Example: Fault Current .11-3611.7.5 Application Notes 11-38

Chapter 12 - Transmission Pricing and Open Access

12.1 Overview: Open Access and Pricing 12-1Activity Open Access and Pricing

12.2 Managing Transaction Data .12-2Activity Transaction Data

12.2.1 Transmission Access Calculators 12-312.3 Calculating Transaction Event Impact on Monitored Elements 12-4Activity IMPC

12.3.1 Output Report Format .12-512.3.2 Example: Transaction Event Impact on Monitored Elements 12-512.3.3 Application Notes 12-612.4 Calculating Line Loading Relief 12-7Activity LLRF

12.4.1 Operation of Activity LLRF 12-812.4.2 Output Report Format .12-9

Curtailing and Restoring Transactions 12-9 Distribution Factor Matrix 12-9

12.4.3 Application Notes 12-1012.5 Making Allocations .12-11Activity ALOC

12.5.1 Output Report Format .12-1212.5.2 Application Notes 12-14

Chapter 13 - Optimal Power Flow

13.1 Overview 13-113.2 Conventional Power Flow 13-2

13.3.3 Sensitivities 13-413.4 Conventional Power Flow Models 13-513.4.1 Bus Data 13-513.4.2 Load Data 13-513.4.3 Fixed Shunt Data 13-513.4.4 Generator Data 13-613.4.5 Non-Transformer Branch Data 13-613.4.6 Transformer Adjustment Data 13-613.4.7 Area Interchange Data 13-713.4.8 Two Terminal DC Data 13-713.4.9 Voltage Source Converter Data 13-713.4.10 Transformer Impedance Correction Data 13-713.4.11 Multi-Terminal DC Line Data 13-713.4.12 FACTS Device Data 13-813.4.13 Switched Shunt Data 13-813.5 Modeling Power Flow Controls 13-913.5.1 Scalar Quadratic Penalties 13-913.5.2 Soft Limit Penalties 13-913.5.3 Treatment of Transformers and Switched Shunts 13-1013.5.4 Treatment of Local Generator Voltage Controls 13-10

Treatment of Optimized Generators 13-11 Treatment of Non-optimized Generators 13-11

13.5.5 Reactive Generation Reserve 13-1413.6 OPF Modeling Extensions 13-1513.6.1 Active Power Generation 13-1513.6.2 Adjustable Bus Shunt 13-1513.6.3 Load Adjustment 13-1613.6.4 Adjustable Branch Reactance 13-1713.6.5 Generator Reactive Capability 13-1713.6.6 Generator Period Reserve 13-2113.6.7 Regulated Area Interchange 13-2213.6.8 Linear Constraint Dependency Equation 13-2313.6.9 Other Dependent Variable Limits 13-2413.7 Solution Process 13-2513.7.1 The Nonlinear Problem 13-2513.7.2 Accommodating Inequality Constraints 13-25

Soft Limit Treatment 13-26 Hard Limit Barrier Treatment 13-27

13.7.3 Formulating the Equation 13-30

Iterative Solution Strategy 13-33 Solution Convergence Criteria 13-36

13.8 Data Input and Storage 13-3813.8.1 PSS®E Saved Case 13-3813.8.2 Optimal Power Flow Raw Data File 13-39Activity ROPF

13.8.3 Optimal Power Flow Options File: PSSOPF.OPT 13-4113.8.4 Optimal Power Flow Spreadsheet View 13-4113.8.5 Optimal Power Flow Data Tables 13-41

13.9 Constraint and Control Data 13-4213.9.1 OPF Data Modification Code 13-4213.9.2 Bus Voltage Constraint Data .13-43

Bus Voltage Attribute Data Record 13-43

13.9.3 Adjustable Bus Shunt Data .13-44

Adjustable Bus Shunt Data Record 13-44

13.9.4 Bus Load Data 13-46

Bus Load Data Record 13-46

13.9.5 Adjustable Bus Load Table Data 13-46

Adjustable Bus Load Table Data Record 13-47

13.9.6 Generator Dispatch Data 13-48

Generator Dispatch Data Record 13-48

13.9.7 Active Power Dispatch Data 13-49

Active Power Dispatch Data Record 13-49

13.9.8 Generation Reserve Data 13-51

Generation Reserve Data Record 13-51

13.9.9 Generation Reactive Capability Data 13-51

Generation Reactive Capability Data Record 13-52

13.9.10 Adjustable Branch Reactance Data 13-53

Adjustable Branch Reactance Data Record 13-53

13.9.11 Piece-wise Linear Cost Data .13-54

Piece-wise Linear Cost Table Data Record 13-54 Piece-wise Linear Cost Table 13-55

13.9.12 Piece-wise Quadratic Cost Data 13-55

Piece-wise Quadratic Cost Data Record 13-56 Piece-wise Quadratic Cost Table 13-57

13.9.13 Polynomial and Exponential Cost Table 13-58

Polynomial and Exponential Cost Curve Data Record 13-58 Polynomial and Exponential Cost Table 13-59

13.9.14 Period Reserve Constraint Data 13-59

Period Reserve Data Input Values 13-60 Period Reserve Data Editor 13-61

13.9.15 Branch Flow Constraint Data 13-61

Branch Flow Constraint Data Record 13-61

13.9.16 Interface Flow Constraint Data 13-64

Interface Flow Data Input Values 13-64 Interface Flow Constraint Data Table 13-66

13.9.17 Linear Constraint Dependency Data .13-66

Linear Constraint Dependency Data Record 13-66 Linear Constraint Dependency Equation Data Table 13-68

13.10 Optimal Power Flow Solution Options 13-6913.10.1 Objectives 13-6913.10.2 General Options 13-7213.10.3 Tolerance Options .13-7413.10.4 Control Options .13-7713.10.5 Reporting Options .13-7813.11 Solution Results and Reports 13-79

13.12 Examining OPF Data and Results 13-8913.13 Listing Control and Constraint Data 13-90Activity LSTO

13.14 Optimal Power Flow Solution Report 13-9313.14.1 Solution Termination Summary 13-9313.14.2 Interface Flows 13-9313.14.3 Bounded, Infeasible and Opened Voltage Magnitudes 13-9413.14.4 Bounded and Infeasible Reactive Generation 13-9513.14.5 Bounded or Infeasible Line Flows 13-9513.14.6 Generator Fuel Cost Summary 13-9613.14.7 Generation Reserve 13-9713.14.8 Regulated Voltage Buses 13-9713.14.9 Tap Changing Transformers 13-9913.14.10Phase Shifting Transformers 13-10013.14.11Added Shunts 13-10113.14.12Switched Shunts 13-10113.14.13Load Adjustment 13-10213.14.14Series Compensation 13-10313.14.15Regulated Area Interchange 13-10313.15 OPF Raw Data File Format 13-104Activity RWOP

13.15.1 Data Modification Code 13-10413.15.2 Bus Voltage Attribute Data 13-10413.15.3 Adjustable Bus Shunt Data 13-10513.15.4 Bus Load Data 13-10513.15.5 Adjustable Bus Load Table Data 13-10613.15.6 Generator Dispatch Data 13-10613.15.7 Active Power Dispatch Table Data 13-10613.15.8 Generation Reserve Data 13-10713.15.9 Generation Reactive Capability Data 13-10713.15.10Adjustable Branch Reactance Data 13-10813.15.11Piece-wise Linear Cost Tables 13-10813.15.12Piece-wise Quadratic Cost Tables 13-10913.15.13Polynomial and Exponential Cost Tables 13-10913.15.14Period Reserve Constraint Data 13-10913.15.15Branch Flow Constraint Data 13-11013.15.16Interface Flow Constraint Data 13-11013.15.17Linear Constraint Dependency Data 13-111

Chapter 14 - Dynamic Simulation Activity Descriptions

14.1 Reading Dynamics Model Data 14-2Activity DYRE

14.1.1 Dynamics Model Raw Data File Contents .14-2

Generator Models 14-4 Current Compensating Models 14-4 Stabilizer and Excitation Limiter Models 14-4 Excitation System Models 14-5 Turbine Governor Models 14-5 Turbine Load Controller Models 14-6 Load Characteristic Models 14-6 Load Relay Models 14-6 Line Relay Models 14-7 Auxiliary-Signal Models 14-7

DC Line Models 14-8 FACTS Device Model 14-8 Wind Generator Models 14-8 Wind Electrical Control Models 14-8 Wind Turbine Models 14-9 Wind Pitch Control Models 14-9 Switched Shunt Models 14-9 CONEC and CONET Models 14-9 User-Written Models 14-9 Machine Related Models 14-12 Load-Related Models 14-13 Line Relay Models 14-13 Auxiliary Signal Models 14-13

DC Line Models 14-14 FACTS Device Models 14-14 Wind Machine Related Models 14-14 Switched Shunt Models 14-15 Other CONEC Models 14-15 CONET Models 14-15

14.1.2 Operation of Activity DYRE .14-1514.1.3 Adding Models 14-1814.1.4 Subsystem Models 14-1914.1.5 Application Notes 14-2014.1.6 Error Messages .14-2214.2 Assigning Simulation Variables to Output Channels 14-28Activity CHAN

14.2.1 Operation of Activity CHAN .14-2814.2.2 Application Notes 14-3114.2.3 Error Messages .14-3314.3 Saving Dynamics Working Memory in a Binary File 14-34Activity SNAP

14.3.1 Application Notes 14-3414.4 Restoring Dynamics Working Memory from a Binary Snapshot File 14-36Activity RSTR

14.5 Restoring Dynamics Working Memory from a Snapshot File

Created in PSS®E-26 or Earlier 14-39Activity SRRS

14.5.1 Application Notes 14-4014.6 Modifying Data in Dynamics Working Memory 14-41Activity ALTR

14.7 Modifying Dynamics Model Pointer Tables 14-42Activity DYCH

14.7.1 List Unconnected Models 14-4314.7.2 Remove Unconnected Models 14-4314.7.3 Pack Tables 14-4314.7.4 List User Models 14-4314.7.5 Remove Unused User Models 14-4314.7.6 Consistency Check 14-4414.7.7 List Plant Models 14-4614.7.8 Change Model Status 14-4614.7.9 Remove Plant Models 14-4714.7.10 List CHAN Models 14-4714.7.11 Remove Unused CHAN Models 14-4814.8 Linking to Power Flow Activities from Dynamic Simulation 14-49Activity LOFL

14.9 Initializing Models for State-Space Simulation 14-51Activity STRT

14.10 Performing State-Space Simulation in Time Steps 14-56Activity RUN

14.10.1 Application Notes 14-5814.11 Initializing Excitation System Models 14-60Activity ESTR

14.11.1 Response Ratio Test 14-6114.11.2 Open Circuit Step Response Test 14-6114.12 Performing Exciter Simulation in Time Steps 14-62Activity ERUN

14.12.1 Response Ratio Test 14-6314.12.2 Open Circuit Step Response Test 14-6314.12.3 Application Notes 14-6414.13 Initializing Turbine Governor Models 14-65Activity GSTR

14.13.1 Application Notes 14-6614.14 Performing Governor Response Simulation in Time Steps 14-67Activity GRUN

14.14.1 Application Notes 14-68

14.15 Building a State Variable Matrix for Linear Dynamic Analysis (LSYSAN) 14-70Activity ASTR

14.15.1 Application Notes 14-7414.16 Listing Dynamics Model Data 14-75Activity DOCU

14.16.1 Application Notes 14-7714.17 Listing Dynamics Data Arrays 14-79Activity DLST

14.18 Creating a Dynamics Model Raw Data File 14-81Activity DYDA

14.18.1 Application Notes 14-8214.19 Dumping Dynamic Simulation Output Channels into a Response File 14-85Activity DMPC

14.20 Creating Dynamic Data Records for Use by Other Activities .14-87Activity RWDY

14.20.1 Application Notes 14-8814.21 Listing Dynamics Model Storage Locations .14-89Activity MLST

14.22 Initializing Models for Extended Term Simulation 14-91Activity MSTR

14.22.1 Application Notes 14-9414.23 Performing Extended Term Simulation in Time Steps .14-96Activity MRUN

14.23.1 Application Notes 14-9714.24 Changing Dynamics Model Constants .14-100Activity CCON

14.24.1 Application Notes 14-10014.25 Assigning Subsystem Simulation Data to Output Channels 14-102Activity CHSB

14.25.1 Operation of Activity CHSB .14-10214.25.2 Application Notes 14-10414.25.3 Error Messages .14-106

Chapter 15 - Program Automation

15.1 What is Program Automation? .15-115.2 Controlling PSS®E Execution Using the API .15-1

15.4 Python Programs 15-3Activity Python Programs

15.4.1 PSS®E Extension Modules For Python 15-315.4.2 The Embedded Interpreter Environment 15-615.4.3 The External Interpreter Environment 15-715.5 Batch Commands 15-8Activity Batch Commands

15.5.1 Response Files 15-815.6 Recording 15-9Activity Recording

15.7 Argument Passing 15-10Activity Argument Passing

15.7.1 Arguments in Python Files 15-1015.7.2 Arguments in Response Files 15-1015.7.3 Arguments in IPLAN Files 15-1115.8 Default Values 15-12Activity Default Values

15.8.1 Defaults in Python Functions 15-1215.8.2 Defaults and Keywords in Module psspy 15-1215.8.3 Defaults in Recorded Python Files 15-1315.8.4 Defaults in Response Files 15-1315.9 Unattended Execution of PSS®E 15-14Activity Unattended Execution of PSS®E

15.9.1 Start-up Commands 15-1515.10 Running a Python Program 15-1615.11 Line Mode Commands 15-1715.11.1 Mixing Line Mode and Batch Commands 15-1715.11.2 Immediate Commands 15-1715.11.3 Version 15-1815.12 Running a Response File 15-1915.12.1 Application Notes 15-1915.13 Recording User Actions 15-21Activity ECHO

15.13.1 Application Notes 15-2215.14 Building a Response File, Power Flow Calculation 15-23Activity PSEB

15.14.1 PSS®E PSEB Macro Language 15-2315.14.2 PSEB Commands 15-2415.15 Building a Response File, Dynamic Simulation 15-31Activity PSAS

15.15.1 PSS®E PSAS Macro Language 15-31

15.15.2 PSAS Commands .15-3115.15.3 Operation of Activity PSAS 15-4315.15.4 Application Notes 15-4415.16 Launching an IPLAN Program File 15-46Activity EXEC

15.16.1 IPLAN Programs .15-4615.16.2 Interaction With PSS®E 15-4715.16.3 The IPLAN Stand-Alone Simulator 15-4715.16.4 Operation of Activity EXEC .15-47

Chapter 16 - Result Retrieval

16.1 Python Modules for Result Retrieval 16-1Activity Python Lists

16.2 pssarrays.accc_summary 16-2Activity pssarrays.accc_summary

16.2.1 CLI 16-216.2.2 Automation File .16-316.3 pssarrays.accc_solution .16-4Activity pssarrays.accc_solution

16.4 pssarrays.accc_violations_report 16-716.5 pssexcel.accc .16-8Activity pssexcel.accc

16.6 pssexcel.pv 16-10Activity pssexcel.pv

16.7 excelpy Examples 16-11Activity excelpy Examples

16.7.1 Export QV Solution to Excel Spreadsheet 16-1116.7.2 Write Data to Excel Spreadsheet 16-14

Chapter 17 - Miscellaneous Activity Descriptions

17.1 Terminating PSS®E .17-2Activity STOP

17.2 Applying a User-Written Activity .17-3Activity USER

17.3 Displaying Help Information .17-4Activity HELP

17.4 Selecting Prompt Output Destination .17-5Activity ODEV

17.6 Selecting Progress Output Destination 17-7Activity PDEV

17.7 Selecting Report Output Destination 17-8Activity OPEN

17.8 Closing Report Destination 17-9Activity CLOS

17.9 Setting the Path for Use with & Filenames 17-10Activity PATH

17.10 Changing PSS®E Program Settings 17-11Activity OPTN

17.10.1 Application Notes 17-1117.11 Returning Activity Selection to Dynamic Simulation 17-12Activity RTRN

17.12 Editing the Case Heading or Long Title 17-14Activity EDTR

17.13 Listing Directory Contents 17-17Activity CATA

17.14 Listing Saved Case or Snapshot Files 17-18Activity SHOW

17.15 Displaying Timing Statistics 17-19Activity TIME

17.16 Inserting Comments into the Progress Output 17-20Activity TEXT

Chapter 18 - Dynamic Simulation Setup and Procedures

18.1 Simulation Overview 18-118.1.1 Program Structure 18-118.1.2 Data Structure 18-418.2 Linkage to Power Flow 18-918.3 The Network Model 18-1018.4 The Dynamic Model 18-1118.4.1 Subroutines TBLCNC and CONEC 18-1118.4.2 Subroutines TBLCNT and CONET 18-1218.4.3 Data Assimilation 18-1218.4.4 Program Set-Up 18-1418.5 Model Verification 18-1518.5.1 Parameter Range Checking 18-1518.5.2 Performance Verification 18-16

Generator Reactances and Saturation Data 18-16 Exciter Response Ratio Test 18-17 Excitation System Open Circuit Step Response Test 18-17 Governor Response Test 18-18

Application Notes 18-19

18.5.3 Simulation Initialization 18-2018.6 Simulation Outputs .18-2218.6.1 Output Channel Selection .18-2218.6.2 Channel Output File 18-2318.6.3 CRT Plot Channels 18-2418.7 Running a Simulation .18-2518.7.1 Initialization 18-2518.7.2 Applying Disturbances 18-2618.7.3 Snapshots .18-2718.7.4 Application Notes 18-2818.8 Procedural Summary 18-2918.8.1 The Executable Run File .18-2918.8.2 The Converted Saved Case 18-2918.8.3 Initial Model Setup 18-3018.8.4 Retrieving System Model Data 18-3018.8.5 Selecting Output Channels 18-3118.8.6 Running a Simulation 18-3118.8.7 Modifying the Network Model 18-3118.8.8 Modifying the Dynamic Modeling 18-3218.8.9 A Comment .18-3318.9 Advanced Uses of CONEC and CONET .18-3418.9.1 Manual Model Addition 18-3418.9.2 Accessing Machine and Load Data .18-3718.9.3 Getting Bus Sequence Numbers 18-3818.9.4 Run Termination .18-4018.10 Extended Term Simulations .18-4118.11 Creating and Viewing the Results of Dynamic Simulations 18-4318.11.1 General Workflow to View Dynamic Results .18-4318.11.2 Recording 18-43

Chapter 19 - Example Data Files

19.1 SAVNW Case Data Input Files 19-1PSS®E File Planning Sheet 19-219.2 SAMPLE Case Data Input Files .19-8

Chapter 20 - Model Writing

20.1 Background 20-120.2 Prerequisites 20-220.3 Model Requirements 20-320.4 Model Calling Sequence Rules 20-6

20.8 Coordinated Call Models 20-2220.9 Writing a Basic Load Model 20-23

Chapter 21 - Event Studies

21.1 Overview 21-121.1.1 Event Item Type 21-221.1.2 Event Study Properties 21-221.1.3 Adding an Event Item 21-321.1.4 Running an Event Study 21-4

Chapter 22 - Scenarios

22.1 Overview 22-122.1.1 General Workflow using Scenarios 22-222.1.2 Scenario Editor 22-3

Appendix A - Activity Summary

Appendix B - PSS®E Documentation

Appendix C - Legacy Activities

C.1 DRED C-1C.2 GRED C-1C.3 SCGR C-1C.4 DRAW C-1C.4.1 Drawing Coordinate Data File Contents C-2

Header Record - HD C-3 Terminator Record - EN C-4 Voltage Level Record - VO C-4 Bus Records - BU and BN C-4 Branch Record - LI C-6 Transformer Record - TR C-10 Three-Winding Transformer Record - TT C-10 Two-Terminal dc Transmission Line Record - DC C-11 Multi-Terminal dc Transmission Line Record - MD C-12 Load Records - LO, LP, LC, and LY C-13 Shunt Record - SH C-14 Generator Record - GE C-15 Facts Device Record - FD C-15 Straight Line Record - SL C-16 Text Specification Record - TX C-17 Clip Specification Record - CL C-17 Grid Record - GR C-18 Color Specification Record - CO C-18 Symbol Record - SY C-19 Rating Specification Record - RA C-21 Voltage Limits Specification Record - VL C-21 Diagram Annotation Record - AN C-22 Line Annotation Record C-22

Bus Annotation Record C-23 Equipment Annotation Record C-24 Activity Annotation Record C-24 Transformer Annotation Record C-24 Summation Block Structure C-25

C.5 BMAT C-27C.6 WORK C-27C.7 XLIS C-27C.7.1 Equipment Status Changes and the Spreadsheet View C-27

Appendix D - Command Line Options

List of Figures

Figure 3-1 Specifying the -buses Option in the PSSE-32 Command Prompt Window 3-3Figure 5-1 Power Flow Raw Data Input Structure 5-7Figure 5-2 Constant Power Load Characteristic 5-11Figure 5-3 Constant Current Load Characteristic 5-12Figure 5-4 Implicit GSU Configuration – Specified as Part of the Generator .5-16Figure 5-5 Explicit GSU Configuration – Specified Separately from the Generator 5-17Figure 5-6 Multiple Generators at a Single Plant .5-18Figure 5-7 Data Set for the Multiple Generators in Figure 5-6 .5-18Figure 5-8 Transmission Line Equivalent Pi Model 5-19Figure 5-9 Two and Three-winding Transformer Configurations

Related to Data Records 5-23Figure 5-10 Sample Data for Two-Winding Transformer .5-33Figure 5-11 Sample Data for Three-Winding Transformer 5-34Figure 5-12 Overlapping Areas and Zones 5-35Figure 5-13 Typical Impedance Correction Factor Curve 5-44Figure 5-14 Multi-Terminal DC Network 5-49Figure 5-15 FACTS Control Device Setpoints and Limits 5-56Figure 5-16 Example Data Record for Combination of Switched Shunts 5-61Figure 5-17 Sequence Data Input Structure 5-75Figure 5-18 Two-Winding Transformer Zero Sequence Connections 5-88Figure 5-19 Three-Winding Transformer Zero Sequence Connections .5-90Figure 5-20 Pre-Scaling Load, Generation, Losses and Swing Bus Output 5-116Figure 5-21 Post-Scaling Load, Generation, Losses and Swing Bus Output 5-116Figure 5-22 Bus Disconnect Progress Output 5-118Figure 5-23 Purging the Branches Data Category .5-125Figure 5-24 Join Buses Summary Report on Relocation of Load 5-129Figure 5-25 Output Report Summary for Bus Split 5-131Figure 5-26 Output Summary of Line Tap 5-134Figure 5-27 Branch Move Output Report .5-139Figure 5-28 Area and Inter-Area Interchange Information .5-144Figure 5-29 Example Output Report of Area Reassignment 5-144Figure 5-30 Modified Area and Inter-Area Information following Reassignment 5-145

Figure 5-34 Summary of the Predispatch Condition 5-175Figure 5-35 Summary Results of the Economic Dispatch Process 5-177Figure 5-36 Before and After Machine Terminal Conditions for Economic Dispatch Example .

5-178Figure 5-37 Assignments for Supplementary Machine Economic Dispatch 5-179Figure 5-38 Example Output of Activity SIZE 5-187Figure 5-39 Example Output of Activity BUSN 5-188Figure 5-40 Case Summary for the savnw.sav Saved Case File 5-194Figure 5-41 Packing Bus Numbers 5-223Figure 5-42 Progress Output Indicating Number of Buses Modified 5-223Figure 5-43 Result of Block Renumbering by Areas 5-224Figure 6-1 Constant MVA Load Characteristic (Top) and Resultant Form of Current/Voltage

Curve (Bottom) 6-13Figure 6-2 Constant Power Load Characteristic 6-14Figure 6-3 Constant Current Load Characteristic (Top) and Resultant Form of Load MVA/

Voltage Curve (Bottom) 6-15Figure 6-4 Standard PSS®E Generator Configuration 6-17Figure 6-5 Identical Generators at Bus 6-18Figure 6-6 Constant Power Load Characteristic 6-21Figure 6-7 Constant Current Load Characteristic 6-22Figure 6-8 Dependence of Power Flow Convergence on Acceleration Factors 6-33Figure 6-9 Newton-Raphson Convergence Monitor (Fully Coupled) 6-40Figure 6-10 Activity FNSL Convergence Monitor 6-54Figure 6-11 Decoupled Newton-Raphson Convergence Monitor 6-58Figure 6-12 NSOL Example 6-59Figure 6-13 Activity FDNS Convergence Monitor: Non-Divergent Solution

Option Enabled 6-61Figure 6-14 Progress Reports for Inertial and Governor Power Flow Solutions 6-69Figure 6-15 Initial Dispatch Compared to Inertial and Governor Power Flow

Redispatch Levels 6-70Figure 6-16 File Path and Process for AC Contingency Analysis 6-80Figure 6-17 Sample Monitored Interface Description 6-94Figure 6-18 Overload Report from AC Contingency Analysis 6-95Figure 6-19 Sample Loading Report 6-97Figure 6-20 Sample Capacity Report from the savnw.sav Power Flow Case 6-99Figure 6-21 Non-Converged Network Report Example 6-101Figure 6-22 Sample Corrective Action Report 6-104Figure 6-23 Active Power Generation Control Default Weighting Function 6-116Figure 6-24 Load Shedding Control Default Weighting Function 6-117Figure 6-25 Phase Shifter Angle Control Default Weighting Function 6-117Figure 6-26 Branch/Interface Flow Overload Penalty Function 6-118Figure 6-27 Bus Voltage Violation Penalty Function 6-118

Figure 6-28 Sample Report from Corrective Action Analysis 6-122Figure 6-29 Outline of Evaluation Procedure Using AC Power Flows for a

Single Contingency 6-124Figure 6-30 Contingency List .6-132Figure 6-31 Wind Chime Approach for 2 Level 6-134Figure 6-32 Process of Probabilistic Reliability Assessment .6-146Figure 6-33 System Reliability Indices Summary in Post-Contingency Mode .6-153Figure 6-34 System Reliability Indices Summary in Post-Corrective Action Mode 6-153Figure 6-35 System Load Curtailment Probabilistic Indices 6-154Figure 6-36 Branch Flow Overloading Probabilistic Indices 6-154Figure 6-37 Branch Flow Overloading Probabilistic Indices 6-155Figure 6-38 Three-State Component Fault Model .6-161Figure 6-39 Time Line Illustrating the Steps in a Fault Simulation 6-161Figure 6-40 Two-State Model for Scheduled and Unscheduled Outage 6-162Figure 6-41 Example of Outage Statistics Data File 6-163Figure 6-42 Process to Assess a Failure Mode of a Component in SRA 6-164Figure 6-43 Sample Substation Component Report 6-166Figure 6-44 Sample Contingency Summary Report 6-168Figure 6-45 Sample Descriptions of the Contingencies in the Summary Report .6-170Figure 6-46 Sample Bus Load Curtailment Report 6-172Figure 6-47 Sample of Substation Load Curtailment Report .6-173Figure 6-48 Two Terminals Simple Network 6-185Figure 6-49 PV Curves Voltage and Incremental Power Transfer Characteristics 6-186Figure 6-50 PV Curves Voltage and Incremental Power Transfer Characteristics

for Bus 203 under Different Network Conditions 6-188Figure 6-51 PV Curves Voltage and Incremental Power Transfer Characteristics

for Different Buses in Base Case 6-189Figure 6-52 Generator Output Versus Power Transfer Curves 6-190Figure 6-53 QV Curves for a Range of System Loading 6-191Figure 6-54 QV Curves and Characteristics of a Capacitor Bank Required at Stable

Operating Point 6-192Figure 6-55 Compensator Operations and Size on Voltage Stability using QV Curves 6-193Figure 6-56 QV Curves under Various Contingencies for Bus 103 6-194Figure 6-57 QV Curve in Base Case with Increase in Load on Bus 103 .6-196Figure 6-58 S-Shaped QV Curve on Bus 108 6-198Figure 6-59 QV Curves for Different Load Type with Consideration of LTC 6-199Figure 7-1 Example Report Listing Distribution Factors 7-23Figure 7-2 Application of Line Outage Distribution Factor .7-25

Figure 7-6 Summary Contingency Report from the DC Contingency Checking Process 7-46Figure 7-7 Loading Report from the DC Contingency Checking Process 7-48Figure 7-8 Sample Output of DC Corrective Action Analysis 7-53Figure 7-9 Linear Projection Technique Used in Transfer Limit Analysis 7-56Figure 7-10 Study System (A) and Opposing System (C) Area B Potentially Limiting 7-57Figure 7-11 Subsystem file and Power Flow Condition for Transfer Analysis 7-61Figure 7-12 Base Case Results for Two Area Transfer Limit Calculation 7-64Figure 7-13 Partial Listing of Report for Two Area Transfer Limits for

Contingency Cases 7-67Figure 7-14 Participation Factors 7-78Figure 7-15 Sequential Participation Interchange Limit Output for Base Case 7-79Figure 7-16 Typical Output from Interchange Calculation for Two Opposing System 7-90Figure 7-17 Graphical Output from Calculation of Interchange Limit with Two

Opposing Systems 7-92Figure 8-1 Separation of Complete Network into Study System and External

Systems by Boundaries 8-4Figure 8-2 Components of the WORLD Area in the savnw.sav Power Flow Case 8-11Figure 8-3 Pre-Equivalence Power Flow Diagram for the WORLD Area 8-12Figure 8-4 Reduced Components of the WORLD Area after Building an Electrical Equivalent

8-13Figure 8-5 Redrawn One-Line Diagram to Match Topology after Building an Electrical

Equivalent 8-14Figure 8-6 Generation and Load in Power Flow Case savnw.sav 8-18Figure 8-7 Result of Netting Generation in the LIGHTCO Area 8-18Figure 8-8 Result of Radial Equivalencing Process 8-24Figure 8-9 Pictorial Image of Power Flow Case with Equivalenced

Sequence Networks 8-32Figure 8-10 Form of Sequence Equivalents Built the Short-Circuit Equivalencing

Process 8-34Figure 8-11 Pre-Equivalence Power Flow One-Line Diagram Showing the

FLAPCO Area Buses 8-38Figure 8-12 Equivalent FLAPCO Area 8-39Figure 9-1 Representation of a Wye-Delta Transformer With and Without

Its 30° Phase Shift 9-4Figure 9-2 Effect of Including and Neglecting 30° Phase Shift in Transformer

with One Grounded and One Ungrounded Winding 9-5Figure 9-3 Generator Modeling in Fault Analysis Database 9-8Figure 9-4 Output when Appending Sequence Data 9-9Figure 9-5 Using L-G and L-L-G Fault Combinations 9-13Figure 9-6 Phase Closed Series Unbalances 9-14Figure 9-7 Allocation of Dummy Buses for In-Line Slider Faults 9-15Figure 9-8 Unbalances Modeled in Activity SCMU 9-21