Introduction to published accounts Chapter learning objectives Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to: • prepare an entity’s financial statements in accordance with pres
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Trang 7• Test your understanding sections provide an opportunity to assess your understanding of the key topics by applying what you have learned to short questions. Answers can be found at the back of each chapter.
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Further reading
You can find further reading and technical articles under the student section of ACCA's website. Also, you may find it useful to read "Corporate Finance and Valuation" by Bob Ryan (the P4 examiner). Several theories and methods from this book appear in this Kaplan Text with the kind
permission of the author.
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Trang 11Introduction to published accounts
Chapter learning objectives
Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to:
• prepare an entity’s financial statements in accordance with prescribed structure and content
• prepare and explain the contents and purpose of the statement of changes in equity
• distinguish between the primary aims of notforprofit and public sector entities and those of profitorientated entities
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chapter
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Trang 121 Preparation of financial statements for companies IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements
In most jurisdictions the structure and content of financial statements are defined by local law. IASs are, however, designed to work in any jurisdiction and therefore require their own set of requirements for presentation of financial statements. This is provided in IAS 1, revised June 2011.
A complete set of financial statements comprises:
IAS 1 (revised) does not require the above titles to be used by companies. It
is likely in practice that many companies will continue to use the previous terms of balance sheet rather than statement of financial position, income statement instead of statement of profit or loss, and cash flow statement rather than statement of cash flows.
• a statement of financial position
• either – a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, or– a statement of profit or loss plus a statement showing other comprehensive income
Trang 14––
Noncurrent liabilities:
–– X Current liabilities:
Trade and other payables X Shortterm borrowings X
Shortterm provisions X
––
X ––
Trang 16Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
Total comprehensive income is the realised profit or loss for the period, plus other comprehensive income.
Other comprehensive income is income and expenses that are not recognised in profit or loss (i.e. they are recorded in reserves rather than as
an element of the realised profit for the period). For the purposes of F7, other comprehensive income includes any change in the revaluation of non
current assets (IAS 16, covered in chapter 2) and fair value through other comprehensive income financial assets (IFRS 9, covered in chapter 10).
IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements requires that you prepare either:
(1) A statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income showing total comprehensive income; or
(2) A statement of profit or loss showing the realised profit or loss for the period PLUS a statement showing other comprehensive income.
Statement of profit or loss
A recommended format is as follows:
XYZ Group : Statement profit or loss and other comprehensive
income for the year ended 31 December 20X2
Trang 17Other comprehensive income
Test your understanding 1
Example 1 – Published accounts
Alternative presentation
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Trang 18(1) Inventory at 31 March 20X7 was valued at a cost of $95,000.
Included in this balance were goods that had cost $15,000. These goods had become damaged during the year and it is considered that following remedial work the goods could be sold for $5,000
(2) Depreciation for the year to 31 March 20X7 is to be charged against cost of sales as follows:
(3) Income tax of $165,000 is to be provided for the year to 31 March 20X7
Trang 20The following information should also be taken into account:
Required:
Prepare, in a form suitable for publication, the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, statement of financial position and statement of changes in equity for the year ended 31 March 20X1.
Trang 21Test your understanding answers
Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for
the year ended 31 March 20X7
Trang 22Statement of changes in equity
Statement of financial position as at 31 March 20X7
Share capital premium Share Revaluation surplus Retained earnings equity Total
$000 $000 $000 $000 $000 B/f 270 80 20 235 605 Total
comprehensive income for the year
Property, plant and equipment (W2) 706 Current assets:
1,027 ––––
Share capital (from SOCE) 270 Share premium (from SOCE) 80 Revaluation surplus (from SOCE) 120 Retained earnings (from SOCE) 265
––––
735 Noncurrent liabilities 100 Current liabilities ($27 + $165) 192
––––
1,027 ––––
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Trang 24P Ltd Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended 31 March 20X1
P Ltd Statement of changes in equity for the year ended 31 March 20X1
Balance at 31 March 20X1 1,500 800 3,413 5,713 ––––––– ––––––– ––––––– –––––––
Test your understanding 2
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Trang 25P Ltd Statement of financial position as at 31 March 20X1
Equity and liabilities
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Trang 27Tangible noncurrent assets
Chapter learning objectives
Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to:
• apply the provisions of IAS 20 in relation to accounting for government grants
• define investment properties
• discuss why the treatment of investment properties should differ from other properties
Trang 28Recognition
An item of property, plant and equipment should be recognised as an asset when:
• it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the entity; and
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Trang 30The following information is also relevant:
You are required to calculate the cost of the building that will be included in tangible noncurrent asset additions.
$000 Purchase price of land 250,000
• Materials costs were greater than anticipated. On investigation, it was found that materials costing $10 million had been spoiled and therefore wasted and a further $15 million was incurred as a result
of faulty design work
• As a result of these problems, work on the building ceased for a fortnight during October 20X7 and it is estimated that approximately
$9 million of the labour costs relate to this period
• The building was completed on 1 July 20X8 and occupied on 1 September 20X8
Subsequent expenditure
Subsequent expenditure on property, plant and equipment should only be capitalised if:
• it enhances the economic benefits provided by the asset (this could be extending the asset's life, an expansion or increasing the productivity of the asset)
Test your understanding 1
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Trang 32If an asset is classed as a complex asset, it may be thought of as having separate components within a single asset, e.g. an engine within an aircraft will need replacing before the body of the aircraft needs replacing. Each separate part of the asset should be depreciated over their useful life.
3 Revaluation of noncurrent assets IAS 16 treatments
IAS 16 allows a choice of accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment:
• the cost model
• the revaluation model
The cost model
Property, plant and equipment should be valued at cost less accumulated depreciation.
The revaluation model Property, plant and equipment may be carried at a revalued amount less any subsequent accumulated depreciation.
Example 3 – Revision of useful lifeReview of useful lives & residual valuesExample 2 – Depreciable amount
Major inspection or overhaul costs
Example 4 – Overhaul costs
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Trang 34Depreciation of revalued assets
Once an asset has been revalued the following treatment is required.
Journals
• Depreciation must be charged, based on valuation less residual value, over remaining useful life
• The whole charge must go to the statement of profit or loss for the year
• An annual reserves transfer may be made (revaluation surplus to retained earnings) for extra depreciation on the revalued amount compared to cost (measured as the difference between depreciation charge based on revalued amount and the charge based on historic cost)
• Transfer disclosed in the SOCIE
Dr Statement of profit or loss – depreciation charge X
Cr Accumulated depreciation X And:
Dr Revaluation surplus (depreciation on valuation – depreciation on original cost)
X
On 1 April 20X8 the fair value of Xu's leasehold property was $100,000 with a remaining life of 20 years. The company's policy is to revalue its property at each year end. At 31 March 20X9 the property was valued at
$86,000. The balance on the revaluation surplus at 1 April 20X8 was
$20,000 which relates entirely to the leasehold property.
Xu does not make a transfer to realised profit in respect of excess depreciation.
Required
(1) Prepare extracts of Xu's financial statements for the year ended 31 March 20X9 reflecting the above information
(2) State how the accounting would be different if the opening revaluation surplus did not exist
Test your understanding 2
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Trang 35Disposal of revalued noncurrent assets
The profit or loss on disposal of a revalued noncurrent asset should be
Test your understanding 3
Test your understanding 4
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Trang 364 IAS 20 Accounting for government grants and disclosure of government assistance
Introduction
Governments often provide money or incentives to companies to export their goods or to promote local employment.
Prudence: grants should not be recognised until the conditions for receipt have been complied with and there is reasonable assurance the grant will
be received.
Accruals: grants should be matched with the expenditure towards which they were intended to contribute.
Revenue grants
The recognition of the grant will depend upon the circumstances.
• If the grant is paid when evidence is produced that certain expenditure has been incurred, the grant should be matched with that expenditure
• If the grant is paid on a different basis, e.g. achievement of a non
financial objective, such as the creation of a specified number of new jobs, the grant should be matched with the identifiable costs of achieving that objective
Presentation of revenue grants IAS 20 allows such grants to either:
Trang 37Show the statement of profit or loss and statement of financial
position extracts in respect of the grant in the first year under
both methods.
chapter 2
Repayment of grants
Treatment of capital grants
Test your understanding 5
Revenue grant presentation
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Trang 385 IAS 23 Borrowing costs IAS 23 treatment
IAS 23 Borrowing costs regulates the extent to which entities are allowed to capitalise borrowing costs incurred on money borrowed to finance the acquisition of certain assets.
• Borrowing costs must be capitalised as part of the cost of an asset if that asset is a qualifying asset (one which necessarily takes a substantial time to get ready for its intended use or sale)
Commencement of capitalisation
Capitalisation of borrowing costs should commence when all of the following conditions are met:
The rate of interest to be taken
• Borrowing costs which may be capitalised are those actually incurred, less any investment income on the temporary investment of the
borrowings
• The weighted average cost of general borrowings is taken
If a company had a $10million 6% loan and a $2million 8% loan, the weighted average cost of borrowing would be:
The amount to be capitalised would be the amount spent on the asset multiplied by 6.33%.
($10m × 6%) + ($2m × 8%) ––––––––––––––––––––––––
Trang 40Accounting treatment
Investment properties should initially be measured at cost.
IAS 40 then gives a choice for subsqeuent measurement between the following:
Fair value model Under the fair value model:
Fair value is normally established by reference to current prices on an active market for properties in the same location and condition.