Pratical design of ships and other floating structures volume II

Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating StructuresProceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures 16 - 21 September 2001

Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures

Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures

Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on

Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures

16 - 21 September 2001 Shanghai, China

Edited by You-Sheng Wu

China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

Wei-Cheng Cui

School of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering,

Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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First edition 200 I

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and

other Floating Structures (8th: 2001 Shanghai, China)

Practical design of ships and other floating structures

proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on

Practical Design of Ships and other Floating Structures

16-21 September 2001, Shanghai, China

1_Naval architecture - Congresses 2 Shipbuilding

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for.

ISBN: 0-08-043950-0 (2 Volume set)

@J The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

During the last century the science and technology of ships and marine structures experiencedextremely great progress, and thus created the modern shipbuilding, shipping and ocean industries.The relevant achievements were a part of the driving sources, which changed the whole world and thesociety Among the efforts towards these achievements was the creation of "The First InternationalSymposium on Practical Design in Shipbuilding" in 1977 in Tokyo Later on it became a series ofsymposia, PRADS as the abbreviation Last century seven PRADS symposia were held in Tokyo ('77and '83), Seoul ('83 and '95), Trondheim ('87), Varna ('89), Newcastle ('92) and The Hague ('98).This proceedings contains the papers presented at "The 8th International Symposium on PracticalDesign of Ships and Other Floating Structures" held at Shanghai Everbright Convention & ExhibitionCenter, China on 16-21 September 2001 This is the first of the PRADS Symposia in the 21st century.The overall aim of PRADS symposia is to advance the design of ships and other floating structures

as a professional discipline and science by exchanging knowledge and promoting discussion ofrelevant topics in the fields of naval architecture and marine and offshore engineering Inline with theaim, in welcoming the new era this Symposium is particularly for an increase in internationalcooperation and giving a momentum for the new development of design and production technology ofships and other f10ating structures for efficiency, economy, safety, and environmental production.The main themes of this Symposium are Design Synthesis, Production, Hydrodynamics,Structures and Materials of Ships and Floating Systems Proposals for over 270 papers from 26countries and regions within the themes were received for PRADS'2001, and about 170 papers wereaccepted for presentation at the symposium With the high quality of the proposed papers the LocalOrganizing Committee had a difficult task to make a balanced selection and to control the total number

of papers for fitting into the allocated time schedule approved by the Standing Committee ofPRADS.Volume I of the proceedings covers the subjects about design synthesis, production and part ofhydrodynamics Volume II contains the subjects for the rest of hydrodynamics, structures andmaterials

On behalf of the Standing Committee of PRADS and the Local Organizing Committee ofPRADS '200 1, we would like to thank all the participants for their great contributions to the successfulsymposium The full support from the sponsors, Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Division ofChinese Academy of Engineering, Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, andChinese Institute of Navigation are greatly acknowledged Sincere gratitude is also extended to ChinaShip Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and other institutes and shipyards inChina, who have helped the preparation of this Symposium

You-Sheng WuWei-Cheng CuiGuo-Jun Zhou

These Proceedings of Volumes I and II contain papers presented at the 8th InternationalSymposium on Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures The Symposium was held atthe Shanghai Everbright Convention & Exhibition Center in Shanghai, China, on 16-21 September

2001, and organized by:

China Institution of Navigation

These organizations are represented in the Local Organizing Committee

The Local Organizing Committee organized the Symposium under supervision of the PRADS'sStanding Committee The Symposium gained the generous support of many sponsors They are listedtogether with the membership of the committees in the following

HONORARY ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Mr Rong-Sheng Wang, President, Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

Mr Xiao-Jin Chen, President, China State Shipbuilding Corporation

Mr Shan-Xiang Hong', Vice Minister, Ministry of Communications

Mr Ping- Tao Huang, President, China Shipbuilding Industrial Corporation

Mr Zai-Kuan Jin, Vice President, China State Shipbuilding Corporation

Mr Ke-Jun Li, President, China Classification Society

Mr Zu- Yi Lin, President, China Institute of Navigation

Prof Dian-Zuo Wang, Vice President, Chinese Academy of Engineering

Mr Hui Wang, Vice President, China Shipbuilding Industrial Corporation

Mr Guang-Qin, Zhang, Vice President of Commission of Science,

Technology and Industry for National Defence

PRADS STANDING COMMITTEE

Prof S Motora (Honorary Chairman), Previously, Ship and Ocean Foundation, Japan

Prof You-Sheng Wu (Chairman), China Ship Scientific Research Center, China

Prof T Borzecki, Technical University of Gdansk, Poland

Dr L.L Buxton, University afNewcastle, UK

Prof O.M Faltinsen, The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway

Dr R Porcari, Italian Ship Research Center, Italy

Prof J J Jensen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Prof H Kim, Seoul National University, Korea

Dr D Liu, American Bureau of Shipping, US.A.

Prof H Ohtsubo, University of Tokyo, Japan

Dr M.W.C Osterveld (Ex-officio), MARIN, The Netherlands

Prof H Petershagen, University q(Hamburg, Germany

Dr S G Tan, MARIN, The Netherlands

Prof Wei-Cheng, Cui (Secretary), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

PRADS LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Prof You-Sheng Wu (Chairman), China Ship Scientific Research Center

Prof Jian-Xun Lu (Co-Chairman), China Ship Research and Development Academy

Prof Ze-Liang Chang, Counselor sOffice Shanghai Municipality

Mr Tian-Zu Cheng, Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineering Prof Wei-Cheng Cui (Secretary), Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Shi- Tang Dong, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Prof Xiao-Hong Gao, Wuhan University of Technology

Prof Ri-Xiu Guo, Naval Engineering University

Prof You-Sheng He, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Bing-Han Hsu, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Ke- Yi Hu, Shanghai Jiang Nan Shipyard

Prof Sheng Huang, Harbin Engineering University

Prof Zhuo-Shang Ji, Dalian University of Science and Technology

Mr Qi-Kang Liang, Marine Design and Research Institute of China

Mr Zhi-Ping Lu, Shanghai Merchant Ship Design and Research Institute

Mr Wen-Sun Shen, Dalian New Shipyard

Prof Zi- Ying Sheng, Shanghai Academy of Science

Mr Heng- Yuan Wang, Shanghai Hu Dong Shipyard

Prof Xiu-Heng Wu, Wuhan University of Technology

Prof Xue- Yan Xu, Marine Design and Research Institute of China

Mr Heng- Yi Zeng, China Ocean Petroleum Co.

Prof Bing- Van Zhang, Marine Design and Research Institute of China

Prof Sheng-Kun Zhang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Guo-Jun Zhou (Secretary), China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Zhen-Bo Zhou, Shanghai Corporation of Shipbuilding Industry

Prof Ymg-Fu Zhu, Wuhan Ship Design Institute

PROGRAMME COMMITTEE

Prof Ying-Qiu Chen, China Classification Society

Prof Zhu-Shun Dong, Naval Engineering University

Prof Van-Liang Guo, Marine Design and Research Institute of China

Prof Xiang-Lu Huang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Run-PeiLi, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Guo-Ping Miao, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Hong-Cui Shen, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Prof Zhong-Kun Shi, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology

Prof Guo-Qiang Wang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Chang-Jian Weng, Wuhan University of Technology

Prof Fei Xia, Wuhan Ship Design Institute

Prof Zuo-Shui Xie, Hua Dong Shipbuilding Institute

Prof Zao-Jian Zou, Wuhan University of Technology

Chinese Academy of Engineering, Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Division Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

China Institution of Navigation

Ship Mechanics Committee, CSNAME

China Ship Scientific Research Center

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Marine Design and Research Institute of China

Wuhan University of Technology

STAFF MEMBERS OF THE SECRETARIAT

Prof Guo-Jun Zhou, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Bo-Ling Kang, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Zhen-Ping Weng, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Ren-Han Li, Chinese Academy of Engineering

Ms Wen-Ji Li, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Xue- Wen Yin, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Ms Jie Xu, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Ms Qi-Hua Li, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Ms Jia- Yu Qian, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Zheng- Yu Song, China Ship Scientific Research Center

1 DESIGN SYNTHESIS FOR SHIPS AND FLOATING SYSTEMS

LIFE CYCLE COST AND SHIPPING SYSTEM

A Consideration of Life Cycle Cost of a Ship

Yasushi Kumakura and Hiroshi Sasajima

The Experiment of River-Sea-Going Ore Barge Fleet and Renovation of Existing Integrated Barge

DESIGN OPTIMISATION

Optimization of a Wave Cancellation Multihull Ship Using CFD Tools

C Yang, R Lohner and 0 Sofa

A Module-Oriented Optimization Tool

Ph Riga

The Fine Optimization of Ship Hull Lines in Resistance Performance by Using CFD Approach

L Xu and YY Wang

HULL FORM DESIGN

Parametric Hull Form Design - A Step Towards One Week Ship Design

C Abf, S.D Bade, L Birk and S Harries

Mission Based Hydrodynamic Design of a Hydrographic Survey Vessel

s.L Toxopeus, PF van Terwisga and C.H Thill

Hull Form Design of a Passenger Catamaran for Operation in the Yellow Sea Region

Hull Form Design of Cargo Ship in Shallow and Strong Current Waterways

NOVEL SHIP CONCEPTS - HIGH SPEED VESSELS

91

The Impact Load of Wing-in-Ground-Effect Craft in Waves and Application of Hydro-Ski 97

Conceptual Design of Very Large-Size Super-High-Speed Foil Catamaran Containership 105

A Practical Application of Air Lubrication on a Small High Speed Boat 113

Jinho Jang, II Jun Ahn, Jaesung Kim, Jung-Chun Suh, Hyochul Kim, Seung-Hee Lee and Museok Song

S Duffty and C.D Barry

NOVEL SHIP CONCEPTS - TRIMARAN

The Design of Trimaran Ships: General Review and Practical Structural Analysis 127

T Coppola and M Mandarino

Calm Water Experimental Research on Geosims of High Speed Trimaran: Hydrodynamic Characteristics

Trimaran Model Test Results and Comparison with Different High Speed Craft 143

Hull Form Development and Powering Performance Characteristics for a 2,500 Ton Class Trimaran 151

Kuk-Jin Kang, Chun-Ju Lee and Do-Hyun Kim

FLOATING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Design Recommendations from the FPSO - Fatigue Capacity JIP

I Lotsberg

Design of FPSOs Based on Maneuvering Stability

Extreme Response and Fatigue Damage of Ship-Shaped FPSO

VERY LARGE FLOATING STRUCTURES (I)

159

167

175

An Investigation into Wave Induced Drift Forces and Motions of Very Large Floating Structures 187

N Ma, T Hirayama and K Ishikawa

A Study on the Horizontally Dynamic Behavior of a VLFS Supported with Dolphins 197

Hao Liu, Hiroo Okada, Takashi Tsubogo and Koji Masaoka

Experimental Study on the HydroeIastic Response Characteristics of a Pontoon Type Floating Structure 205

VERY LARGE FLOATING STRUCTURES (II)

Simulation Study on Coastal Ecosystem Around a Very Large Floating Structure in Tokyo Bay 213

Effects of a Draft on Hydroelastic Responses of a Pontoon Type Very Large Floating Structure

H Maeda, T Ikoma, C.K Rheem and M Arita

A Study on Deck Wetness and Slamming of Very Large Floating Structures

SAFETY ASSESSMENT

Probabilistic Ana]ysis Too]s for Surface Ships Under Seaway and Extreme Dynamic Loads

YJ Lua and FE Hess

Comprehensive Fuzzy Approach in Hazard Identification of Formal Safety Assessment (FSA)

Ying-Qiu Chen and Shao-Fen Lin

Estimating the Risk of Cargo Shifting in Waves - Methodology and Results

A Ryrfeldt and T Kallstam

DESIGN PRINCIPLE AND CRITERIA

Ship Design Using Probabilistic Damage Stability Rules - A Sensitivity Study

P.H Lauridsen, JJ Jensen and J Baatrup

Integration of First-Princip]e Approaches to Design for Damage Survivability

D Konovessis and D Vassalos

Rational Design Criteria and Their Application to Hull Form Optimisation of F]oating Systems in

The Application of a Decomposition and Reuse Approach in Marine Design 285

KG Tan and P Sen

Evaluating Design for Upgradeability: A Simulation Based Approach for Ships and Marine Products 293

1.1 Buxton and G.H Stephenson

Model-Based Simulation for Container Loading / Unloading 30]

Soon-Sup Lee, Jong-Kap Lee and Hong- Tae Kim

Research on 3D-Layout Design of Ship Compartment Based on CBR 309

Jun-Hua Li, Ying-Fu Zhu, Wen- Ye Ying and Jun Lu

Development of a Sophisticated Hull Form CAD System 'EzHULL' Based on a Non-Manifold Model

MARINE STRUCTURAL DESIGN

A Design Modification of VLCC with Wide Web Frame Space

Optimization of the Design of Ship Structures Using Response Surface Methodo]ogy

323

33]

APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

A Study on an Information System of Damages of Ship Structures

Bayesian and Neural Networks for Preliminary Ship Design

2 PRODUCTION

DEVELOPMENT IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Innovation in Ship Production: What Can We Expect?

H Wilckens

New Production System for Vessels of Composite Materials Using an Adjustable Mould

.long Oh Kwon, Jaesung Kim, lung Chun Suh Hyochul Kim, Seung Hee Lee, Young Gill Lee,

Kisung Kim, Jae Wook Lee, Jae Moon Lew, Sanghong Lee, Jae Kyu Lee, Dae Sun Kang and

Duk Soo Chung

Mobile Agent Based Supply Chain Management in Shipbuilding Industry

Jing-Yun Cheng, Bei Lu and Sheng-Kun Zhang

Energy and Environment Dimension in Ship Manufacturing Processes

MA Shama

FABRICATION MECHANICS

Study on Heat Transfer Between Gas Flame and Plate During Line-Heating Process

Y Tomita, N Osawa, K Hashimoto, N Shinkai, l Sawamura and K Matsuoka

Study on the Process Technology of Line Heat Forming of Hull Fabrication

Ylljun Lill, Zhuoshang Ji, Dong Wang and Yanping Deng

Numerical Simulation of Welding Distortions in Large Steel Structures

L F Andersen

3 HYDROMECHANICS

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS - FLOW SIMULATION

Simulation of Viscous Flow of Modern Surface Ships Using the FINFLO RANS Solver

Ting-Qiu Li and l Matusiak

Viscous Flow Around Rotating Ships

Numerical Simulation of Flows over Underwater Axisymmetric Bodies with Full Appendages

Zhen-Yu Huang and Lian-Di Zhou

Viscous Flow Calculations Used for Dredger Design

Fully Non-linear Wave Computations for Arbitrary Floating Bodies Using the DELTA Method

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS - ENVIRONMENT

Flow Behavior Around Tandem Oil Fences

Dong Gi Han, Choung M Lee and Sang J Lee

A CFD-Based Parametric Study on the Smoke Behaviour of a Typical Merchant Ship

Eunseok Jin, Jaedon Yoon and Yongsoo Kim

Application ofCFD to Assessment and Design of the Air-Ventilation System in the Reefer Container

Holds of Container Carriers

Bong Jun Chang

RESISTANCE

Wash and Wave Resistance of Ships in Finite Water Depth

Qinzheng Yang, o.M Faltinsen and Rong Zhao

On Scale Effect of the Resistance Due to Stem Waves Including Forward-Oriented Wave Breaking

Just Behind a Transom Stern

T Yamano, Y Kusunoki, F Kuratani, T Ikebuchi and 1 Funeno

Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of the Hull Characteristics of Two-Semi-Displacement

Fast Monohulls

Empirical Prediction of Ship Resistance and Wetted Surface Area Using Artificial Neural Networks

K Koushan

A New Method for Resistance and Propulsion Prediction of Ship Performance in Shallow Water

T Jiang

Lower Frictional Resistance Characteristics of Foul Release Systems

M Candries, M Atlar, A Guerrero and CD Anderson

Evaluation and Computer Program on the Speed Trial Analysis Method of the Ongoing Work in ISOrrC8 525

Eun-Chan Kim, Hyun-Se Yoon, Sa- Young Hong and Yoon-Rak Choi

A Test Procedure and Evaluation Method for Seakeeping Trials with Address to Broaching-To 533

0 Lundbdck

Experimental Investigation of Bank Effects under Extreme Conditions 54 I

SEAKEEPING AND RINGING

Effects of Different Three Dimensional Formulations on the Seakeeping Computations of High Speed Hulls 547

D Bruzzone, F Gualeni and L Sebastiani

Measurement of Ship Motion During Model Tests and Full Scale Seakeeping Trials 555

Nan Xie, Guo-Liang Qian, Huan-Qiu Gao and Na-Xin Wei

Developing Seakeeping Performance Criteria for a Helicopter Pilot Training Vessel 563

Dynamic Behaviour of Rigid Mono- and Multi-Hulled Vessels in Waves, Incorporating Non-Linear

Excitation

FA Bailey, EJ Ballard and F Temarel

Time-Domain Simulations and Measurements of Loads and Motions of Planning High-Speed Craft

in Waves

K Garme

Analysis of Ringing by Continuous Wavelet Transform

DECK WETNESS AND IMPACT

Green Sea and Water Impact on FPSO in Steep Random Waves

Long Term Prediction Method of Shipping Water Load for Assessment of the Bow Height

Y Ogawa, H Taguchi, f Watanabe and S Ishida

A Practical Design Tool for Wave Impact on Bow and Deck Structures

SLAMMING AND SLOSHING

Wave Impact on Decks of Floating Platforms 621

Impact Pressure Analysis on High-Speed Craft in Waves, through FE-Analysis on Full-Scale and Model 629 Measurement Data

A Rosen

Assessment of Sloshing Loads for Tankers 637

MANOEUVRABILITY - COMPUTATION AND SIMULATION

Prediction of Hydrodynamic Forces Acting on Ship Hull in Oblique and Turning Motions by a Simple

A Numerical Study on Viscous Flow About a Ship in Manoeuvring Motion 651

Simulation of the Propulsion System Behaviour During Ship Standard Manoeuvres 657

G Benvenuto, S Brizzolara and M Figari

MANOEUVRABILITY

Experimental Study on the Maneuverability for a Wide Beam New Suezmax Class Tanker 665

On Steady Horizontal Forces and Moment Due to Short Waves Acting on Ships in Manoeuvring Motion 671

M Uena, T Nimura, H Miyazaki and K Nanaka

An Empirical Formula for Steering Gear Torque of Tankers with a Horn Rudder 679

VOLUME II

3 HYDROMECHANICS (continued)

PROPULSOR AND PROPULSION

Propeller Design and Analysis System Using an Object-Oriented Database in Windows Environment 685

Chang-Sup Lee and Chung-Ho Cho

A Propeller Design Method with New Blade Section for Improving Cavitation Inception Under

Wei-Xin Zhou, You-Hua Wu and Shi-Tang Dong

An Optimisation Method Based on Hilbert Space Theory for Design of Marine Propellers and Hull Form 699

TS Jang, T Kinoshita and T Hino

Numerical Analysis of Cavitating Propellers Including Viscous Flow Effects 705

F Salvatore and PG Esposito

Propeller Design Based on Surface Panel Method by Prescribed Pressure Distribution 713

Ting-Shou Tan

CFD-Based Optimization of Tanker Stem Form - Minimization of Delivered Horsepower Using

Y Tahara, J Ando and Y Himeno

Numerical and Experimental Studies of Ducted Propeller 725

R Zhao

Design of Cavitating Propellers by Lifting Surface Theory 733

Prediction of Transient Loading on a Propeller from an Approaching Ice Block 741

P Du, B Colbourne and Chin Shin

PODDED DRIVES

Investigations of Podded Drives in a Large Cavitation Tunnel

J Friesch

Triple Pod Propulsion in the World's Largest Ever Cruise Liner

Hydrodynamic Trends in Hull Lines of Podded Driven Large Cruise Vessels

R Lepeix

HULL-PROPULSOR-APPENDAGES INTERACTION

Simulating the Self-Propulsion Test by a Coupled ViscouslPotential Flow Computation

Numerical Computation of Ship's Effective Wake and Its Validation in Large Cavitation Tunnel

Wake Fields Prediction on the Propeller Plane by Neural Network 791

Effect of Vertical Pre-Swirl Stator Vanes on the Propulsion Performance of a 300K Class VLCC 799

Jiman Yang, Kihyun Park, Kwang Kim, Jungchun Suh, Hyochul Kim, Seunghee Lee, Jungjoong Kim and

Hyoungtae Kim

Development and Experimental Study of a Novel Submarine Guide Vane Propeller System 807

Hui-Zhi Yao and Hong-Cui Shen

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Development and Application of a High Speed Video System in HSVA's Large Cavitation Tunnel HYKAT 815

Uncertainty Analysis of Towing Test 823

Mo-Qin He, Hong-Cui Shen and Shu-Long He

Transient Flooding in a Damaged Ferry 831

4 STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

WAVE INDUCED LOADS AND RESPONSES

Prediction of Wave-Induced Rolling Responses by a Time-domain Strip Theory 839

Methods to Reduce the Effects of Irregular Frequencies in Hydrodynamic Analysis of Vessels with

The Effects of Forward Speed on Hydrodynamic Pressure and Structural Response of Ships in Waves 857

Ship Motions and Sea Loads by a 3D Rankin Panel Method 865

Li Xu, Wei-Xing Zhang, Chen-Bi Zhao, Fa-Yan Xu and You-Fang Chen

EXTREME WAVE LOADS

Experiment on Extreme Wave Loads of a Flexible Ship Model

Estimation of Nonlinear Long-Term Extremes ofthe Vertical Bending Moments in Ships

G.S Baarholm and T Moan

A Direct Calculation Approach of Determining Extreme Combined Bending Moments for Fast Fine

Form Ships

Xue-Kang Gu and Jin-Wei Shen

HYDROELASTICITY

Flutter of Hydrofoil in Viscous Field

Can Sima, Xiao-Ci Zhang and You-Sheng Wu

Symmetric and Antisymmetric Hydroelastic Analysis of a Bulker in Waves

Hydroelastic Model for Bottom Slamming

A Bereznitski and V Postnov

Hydrodynamic Impulsive Loads Acting on Ship-Hull Plates

Gang Wang

RELIABILITY

Risk Analysis Applied to Occurrence of Maximum Wave Bending Moment

EA Dahle, D Myrhaug and H.T Wist

Fuzzy Reliability Analysis of a Ship Longitudinal Strength

.1M Yang and.l Y Huang

Reliability-Based Requalification of Existing Offshore Platfonns

T Moan and 0.1 Vardal

Deterministic and Probabilistic Assessment of FPSO Hull Girder Strength

A Incecik and Y Pu

Consistent Code Formulation for Ship Structural Design

A.E Mansour, Is Spencer, PH Wirsching, IE McGovney and D.D Tarman

Reliability of Stiffened Ship Decks

K Rajagopalan

ULTIMATE STRENGTH - SENSITIVITY

Total Analysis System for Ship Structural Strength

T Yoneya, H Kobayashi, M Abdul Rahim, Y Sasaki and M Irisawa

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses in the Predicted Critical Buckling Strength of a Longitudinally

Stiffened Sub-Panel

Wei-Cheng Cui, Li-Juan Shi and Jin-Fei Zhang

Sensitivity Analysis on Ultimate Hull Bending Moment

ULTIMATE STRENGTH - HULL GIRDER

Assessment of Ultimate Longitudinal Strength of Aged Tankers

A Ikeda, T Yao, 0 Kitamura, N Yamamoto, M Yoneda and H o.htsubo

Ultimate Strength and Reliability Assessment for the Ship Hull Girders Used in ISSC-2000

Benchmark Study

Hai-Hong Sun and Yong Bai

An Assessment of the Ultimate Plastic Strength of the Ship's Aged Hulls

G V Egorov and V V Kozlyakov

ULTIMATE STRENGTH - STIFFENED PLATES AND SHELLS

A New Design Model for Ultimate and Buckling Strength Assessment of Stiffened Plates

Ultimate Strength of Longitudinally Stiffened Panels: Multi-Criteria Comparative Analysis

Ultimate Strength of Submersible Structures

FATIGUE ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN

A Report on Fatigue Failure of a Highly Skewed Fixed Pitch Propeller

Hochung Kim, Keunjae Kim, Sungpyo Kim and Moonchan Kim

Fatigue Analysis of Aluminium Box-Stiffener Lap Joints by Nominal, Structural and Notch Stress

Range Approaches

Naiquan Ye, T Moan and B W Tveiten

Fatigue Strength Assessment of Cruciform Joints

W Fricke and R Wernicke

Fatigue Strength Assessment of Hull Details for an FPSO

S Berge, A Johansen and I.G Bjorheim

Evaluation of Simplified Prediction Method of Stress Response Function From the Viewpoint of

Fatigue Strength Analysis of a Ship

Combination of Fatigue Damages Produced by Several Wave-Induced Loads Based on Correlation

Coefficient Method

H Kawabe and K Shibazaki

Fatigue Analysis of an Aged Jack-up Platform Structure Refitted to Cantilever-Beam Type

Wu Nie, Yu-Wu Sun and Li-Ping Sun

FATIGUE STRENGTH - VARIOUS FACTORS

Analysis of Three-Dimensional Cracks in Ship Structures Subjected to an Arbitrary Loading by

Numerical Weight Function Method

YSumi

Effect of Mean Stress Changes on the Fatigue Strength of Spectrum Loaded Welds

A New Look at the Effect of Bandwidth and Non-Normality on Fatigue Damage

Jinsoo Park, Kuk Bin Kim, Wha Soo Kim and Doe Hyun Kim

Fatigue Behaviour of Different Bracket Connections ] 137

H Paetzold, O Doerk and H Kierkegaard

Fatigue Tests on Large Scale Knuckle Specimens 1145

FATIGUE CONTROL

The Pre-Fabricated Hull Details for Application in Design and Repair 1153

Fatigue Strength of Load-Carrying Box Fillet Weldment in Ship Structure

Wha Soo Kim, Doe Hyun Kim, Sang Gab Lee and Yoon Ki Lee

VIBRATION AND NOISE

A VBAR Model to Identify the Dynamic Characteristics of Marine Structures

C.F Hung, YT Peng and WJ Ko

Vibration Analysis Method of Ship Structures in the Medium Frequency Domain

A New Method for Determining Acoustic Added Mass and Damping Coefficients of Fluid-Structure

Interaction

Vibration Prediction of Rectangular Tank Structures

Y Takeda

Influence of Journal Bearing Model1ing Method on Shaft Line Alignment and Whirling Vibrations

L Murawski

VIBRATION CONTROL

Experimental Studies on Resistance Reduction and Vibration Reduction by Bubbly Layer

Wen-Cai Dong, Fan Wu, Yun-Xiang Zhu and Ri-Xiu Guo

Application of Higher Order Balancer to Control the Superstructure Vibration of a Container Ship

Soo-Mok Lee, Won-Hyun Kim and Kyoon-Yang Chung

Nonlinear Dynamics of Towed Underwater Vehicles - Numerical Model1ing and Experimental Validation 1227

G.F Clauss and M Vannahme

Vortex-Induced Vibration of Two Dimensional Wing-Spring Coupled System 1237

Zhi-Xing Yu, Ying-Zhong Liu and Guo-Ping Miao

FIRE AND BLAST

Fire Risk Analysis and Its Application to Ships ]243

M Dogliani and A Vergine

The Characteristic Analysis of Marine Fire Spread Phenomena with Multi-Equations System for Fire

Nobuyoshi Fukuchi and Changhong Hu

Application of Computation a] Fluid Dynamics in the Fire Safety Design of Marine Systems 1261

Changhong Hu and Nobuyoshi Fukuchi

An Examination of Some Structural Limit States for Hydrocarbon Explosions ]269

PA Frieze, RB Corr, R.o Snell and VH Y Tam

COLLISION AND GROUNDING

Design Against Minor Impacts

M Liitzen and P.T Pedersen

Experimental Study on the Buffer Bow Structures

]277

1285

Calculation of Collisions with the Aid of Linear FE Models

E Lehmann, ED Egge, M Scharrer and L Zhang

COLLISION AND EXPLOSION

A Simplified Internal and External Mechanics Model for Ships' Collision

K Suzuki, H Ohtsubo and K.s Sajit

Numerical Simulation of Ship-Submarine Collisions

R Donner, F Besnier and H Le Sourne

Fluid Mesh Modeling on Surface Ship Shock Response Under Underwater Explosion

APPLICATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Weight Reduction in Sandwich Structures by Use of Curved Panels

Use of Large-Deflection Theories for Design ofFRP Panels

Design of Tee Connections in FRP Ships Using an Analytical Approach

R.A Shenoi and W Wang

You-Sheng Wu, Wei-Cheng Cui and Guo-Jun Zhou (Eds)

© 200 I Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved

PROPELLER DESIGN AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM

IN WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT

Chang-Sup Leel and Chung-Ho Chol

IDepartment of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea

ABSTRACT

An integrated propeller design and analysis system using an objected-oriented database in Windowsenvironment is developed The system consists of various computational modules such as the basicgeometry definition, optimization, lifting-line and lifting-surface design and analysis, finite-elementsteady and unsteady analysis, and cavity analysis The whole system is controlled by a user-friendlygraphic user interface (GUI), which enables the user to perform the design swiftly and accurately Anew database-drive class is designed and implemented to enable the exchange of information betweenthe object-oriented database and the computational modules The dynamic link library (DLL)technique enables the whole system disintegrated into modules Selected graphical outputs aredemonstrated very helpful in performing design and analysis

The easiness in carrying out the design can be achieved by adopting the graphic user interface (GUI) tocontrol the computational flow The GUI is now very popular in many applications working inWindows environment and facilitates the use of the complicated programs through a series of simplemouse clicks To maximize the visual effect in judging the input parameters and the computationalresults, the graphic package commercially available may be linked to the design package as a

dynamically linked library (DLL) file The techniques are well known in the computer softwaretechnology and have been successfully applied to the propeller design and analysis (ProDAS) package

by Jung et al(1996, 1997)

In order to provide the input data to each computational module and also to exchange the informationbetween modules, the data has to be stored and managed systematically, and to be easily accessible bythe user and by each program module This paper will describe the procedure to build the systematicrelation between modular programs and the database (DB) system together with the sample application

of the package for the design and analysis of a propeller

We note first that most of the existing programs in the ship design and marine hydrodynamics does notuse the database Even when the database is in use, most programs only accept the ASCII file tocommunicate between the database and the modular programs Use of ASCII file is traditional as aninput/output form With the increase of the package size, the code will generate unwanted junk filesand produce and save duplicate data files deteriorating the efficiency and accuracy of the designprocedure The ASCII file is very inefficient in re-processing the information and is very difficult inproviding the proper data to the other modules The number of the ASCII files increases with thenumber of the modular programs, whereas only one

database file is necessary to support the whole

package If separate treatment of the data among

different modules is necessary, the data set may be

grouped into separate tables to match the modular

programs

To secure the linkage between the modules and the

database, we selected a relational database package,

Access of Microsoft, which is known easy to use

and reliable Figure 1 shows the linkage between the

database system and the computational modules

under the control of the design system If the user

asks, the modules can also be connected to the

traditional file system

We will now describe the procedure developing the interface to enable the data exchange between theapplication and the database, using the driver, e.g., DAO (Data Access Objects) as adopted in thepresent work, supplied by the developer of the database system Figure 2 shows the relations betweenthe database interface classes, which may be grouped into three regions (Allison 1996) The classesCDaoDatabase and CDaoRecordset, supplied by the database developer, connect the database and theapplication, and provide the information passage between them The programmer needs only to knowthe meaning of the member variables and the usage of the member functions of these classes Theclasses in the upper-left region of Figure 2, CProdasDB, , CUpdate, provide the application moduleswith the basic functions which locate the proper record set and enable the read/write operation Theseclasses are very general and not related to the content of each module or to the specific tables or fields

in the database The classes in the lower-left region of Figure 2, CDBMopti, , CDBMoptiRecSet,provide the connectivity to exchange information between the module and database record set Thisportion has to be implemented into each module within the application package

2.1 Function and Interrelations of Interface Classes

The CProdasDB class is the top-level class in the application containing the member variables,pConnect and IObjlD, that connect the database and point the record, respectively The class CConnectcreates an object to connect, to open, to attach or to detach from the database and also has thefunctions to commit the data-writing into the disc or to roll-back the works that are not yet storedpermanently into the disc The class CInterface contains the CConnect pointer pConnect andCDaoRecordset pointer pRset, which are to be inherited into two derived classes CQuery and CUpdateand used to point the database and the proper record The CQuery class is used to move the pointerinto the requested record according to the query conditions The class CUpdate is an abstract classwhich updates the data modified by the application modules The five classes described above, whichare the basic classes in ProDAS, provides the functions to create and to control the data flowmanagement

The classes shown in the lower-left region in Figure 2 are dependent upon each computational module.The class CDBMopti is derived from CProdasDB; CDBMoptiQuery and CDBMoptiUpdate fromCQuery and CUpdate, respectively; CDBMoptiRecSet from CDaoRecordset The most basic classamong them, CDBMopti, has the right to use two friends CDBMoptiQuery and CDBMoptiUpdate andhence can query and modify the data, upon creation of the CDBMopti object This object may also useits own member functions (e.g getNumberOfBladesO and setNumberOfBladeO) to read and write thedata The class CDBMoptiRecSet initializes the data in the record and provides gateways to do data

Once the interface classes are completed, they may be implemented into the source code as shown inFigure 3 The upper portion shows the query table array of the CDBMoptiQuery class corresponding tothe fields of the database For simplicity, shown only here are the table name "Mopti" and oneparticular field [NoOfBlades] in the optimization module in ProDAS Figure also shows how thefunction getNumberOfBladesO returns the value of m_NoOfBlades, which is the member variable ofthe object pRset pointing the recordset The lower portion shows how the data m_NoOfBlades gets thevalue [NoOfBlades] through DoFie!dExchangeO function implemented in DBMoptiRecSet code.

2.3 Creating Objects in Applications

If the interface classes and the implementation programs are completed, the remaining task is now tocreate the object in the application program Figure 4 shows a code segment extracting or storing thedata between the database and a DLL module in ProDAS The function MOpti first connects to thedatabase by creating the CConnect object *pc, and then creates a CDBMopti object mopti Twofunctions InputFromDBFileO and OutputToDBFileO are then shown The objective and contents of thefunctions are obvious The global variables belonging to the particular module, e.g nve! or svs[n], areassigned by calling the member functions of the CDBMopti class object mopti All other variablesrequired by computation modules are extracted from the database similarly Values determined by themodules can also be stored by calling the member functions of the CDBMopti class as shown inOutputToDBFileO function As demonstrated so far, the interface class and implemented functions arevery simple to use and easily applicable to the computing modules

Existing design programs require high level of knowledge in using the codes, making decision andevaluating designs When various computation modules are involved, it is important to select proper

programs and to exchange information between

them In practice, any computations can be repeated

as many times as needed with the updated input data

when passing through the design spiral An ea~;jest

way to control the design flow in a complicated

package is to introduce the menu-driven method in

Windows environment as shown in Figure 5 Visual

display of various design steps in the pull-down

menu enables selections of proper "buttons"

representing pre-combined design stages Figure 5

shows the package consists of six major design

steps including the data preparation, the preliminary

design, the lifting surface design, the strength

analysis, the cavity analysis and the diagnosis

3.1 Data Preparation via Database System

The most significant advantage of adopting the

database is to use SQL to locate the record, to filter

and manipulate the data easily Existing data may be

used as the stock propeller Each module in ProD AS

has the corresponding data tables in the database as

shown in Figure 6 Each button in the figure, when

clicked by the mouse, shows the data input/out

windows as typically shown in Figure 7 Each box

in this figure contains the data for computing

module This set of data may be manually typed,

corrected or read from the ASCII files, which might

be generated by other computations or experiments

The computed output may also be displayed

3.2 Visual Display of Outputs

By selecting the computation steps one by one as

suggested in the design menu in Figure 5, all the

design works can be performed without much

difficulty The DLL technique also allows us to link

the commercially available graphic packages as the

library dynamically The computed output may be

directed into the database and at the same time to

the graphic routines Figure 8 shows the sample

plotting of the computed hull pressure fluctuation

induced by the cavitating propeller The color contour maximizes the visual effect in locating theregion of high loads

3.3 Onsite Guidelinesfor Decision Making

Since the design criteria can also be stored in the database, the computed output may be directlycompared with the criteria and displayed as shown in Figure 9 The computed unsteady forceamplitudes (in red) are compared with the guideline (in green) This online guideline feature isespecially useful to alert the designer, minimizing the likelihood of erroneous judgement and is useful

to the beginners who have limited amount of experiences

Online Help Message

When the designer is not experienced or when the

design procedure is very complicated, the online

help system is very helpful Figure 10 shows that

methods using various steps in design are fully

supported Help files are written in HTML

(Hypertext Markup Language), which can be

accessed with a simple mouse click over the

underlined keywords The help fIles remains open

on top of all other windows and thus the user is

assisted by the detailed online information trom the

Help file

4 CONCLUSIONS

1.The database interface classes for easy exchange of information between the database and computingmodules are designed, illustrated in detail, so that the same technique can be applied to otherapplications

2 Each elemental program is modularized for dynamic linkage with the main program when needed,reducing the size of the execution file, and ensuring easy maintenance in the future

3 Storage of all design data into a single database can play the role of the stock propellers, and provideinformation for other designs

4 The menu-driven windows system is shown very easy to use, providing the maximum accuracy and

swiftness Visual effect to demonstrate the output of the computations helps the designer to correctlyinterpret the results and to make decisions for the subsequent design stages.

References

Allison, C (1996) Object Persistence with Relational Database C/C++ Users Journal, 14:5,37-46.

Jung, I.-S., Lee, c.-S and Cho, C.-H (1997) Design and implementation of interface between the

database and the application program 1 SNAK, 34:4,139-147 (in Korean)

Jung, I.-S., Lee, C.-S and Lirn, H.-K (1996) Propeller design using QUI technique Proc Spring Conference, Society of Naval Architects of Korea (SNAK), 220-223 (in Korean).

You-Sheng Wu, We i-Cheng Cui and Guo-Jun Zhou (Eds)

© 200 I Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved

A PROPELLER DESIGN METHOD WITH NEW BLADE SECTION FOR IMPROVING CAVITATION INCEPTION UNDER UNSTEADY

CONDITION

Wei-Xin Zhou, You-Hua Wu and Shi-Tang Dong

China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214082, China

ABSTRACT

A propeller design procedure for improving cavitation inception in non-uniform inflow is presented.Special attention is paid to the design of blade sections with Eppler Method, in order to behave highercavitation inception speed The two-dimensional section directly obtained by Eppler method isconverted into a new blade section in three-dimensional case since they are significantly different fromeach other Calculations show that the cavitation-free bucket diagram of new blade sections is widerthan the conventional NACA sections

The lift-line and lift-surface method are used for the initial propeller design with the circumferentialaveraged inflow Using steady/unsteady panel method to check and to modifY the design for meetingthe thrust requirement and selecting a key section suffering from cavitation New blade sections areadopted to improve the cavitation bucket To investigate the influence of the chordwise loadingdistribution forms on the propeller performance, two propellers with different chordwise loading aredesigned Their model test results confirm the effectiveness of the design method

theoretical design methods, which take into consideration the radially varied but circumferentiallyaveraged inflow and adopt NACA66 thickness form and a=O.8 mean line for section design, have beencommonly employed.

For higher-speed marine propellers operating in non-uniform wake fields, some extent of cavity isinevitable It is not good enough to use usual design method with choosing the conventional bladesections However, use of the Eppler's method[2] makes it possible to design new blade sections forprescribed pressure distributions around the blade section to delay cavitation inception

During recent decade, numerous researchers have made contributions to developing propeller designmethods with new blade sections based on Eppler method for improving cavitation performance It hasbeen theoretically and experimentally verified that the cavitation-free buckets of the new sections aremuch wider than those from NACA series Among them, the methods by Yamaguchi et.al [3-5],Kuiper [6], Nakazaki et.al.[7], Jin-Tae Lee et.a! [8], Dang et al [9] and C Kawakita and T.Hoshino[lO] have gotten satisfactory results

This paper presents a design procedure of marine propeller with new blade sections The existinglifting-line and lifting-surface design method are employed for an initial design, by which only radiallyvaried but circumferential averaged inflow can be involved.As a check, the steady and unsteady panelmethod are used to predict the hydrodynamics performance of the designed propeller at steady andunsteady conditions From unsteady calculations, in which both radial and circumferential non-uniformity of inflow are taken into account, the sections suffering from cavitation can be found and akey section is chosen New blade section based on Eppler method is designed to raise cavitationinception speed An approach to convert a 2-D Eppler section into the one suitable for 3-D propellercase is applied The thickness form and the chordwise load distribution form of the key section areemployed for all radii to avoid the difficulty of surface fairing and smoothing

To investigate the influence of the chord wise loading distribution form on the propeller performance,two propellers with different chordwise loading forms are designed, one with NACA series sectionsand the other with new sections The model test results verify that the cavitation inception speed withthe application of new blade sections is significantly higher and its induced fluctuating pressure andnoise are much better than those of the conventional one

2 DESIGN METHOD OF MARINE PROPELLERS BY USING NEW BLADE SECTIONS

Our new procedure of propeller design consists of six parts Figure I shows its flow chart Everypart needs iteration until the desired propeller performance is reached The brief descriptions of eachpart are described below

2.1 Principle dimensions

The principle dimensions, such as diameter, tentative blade area ratio and radial chord-lengthdistribution, number of blades, skew and thickness are designed as usual way after examination onwake harmonic analysis and strength Those parameters except the blade area ratio and radial chord-length distribution, which may be modified in lifting line design, are not changed in the further

2.2 Propeller Lifting-line and lifting-surface design

In order to achieve the required thrust and better cavitation performance, the existing propeller line and lifting-surface design methods are used to design detailed propeller geometry At this stage,only,circumferentially averaged, radial wake distribution can be considered

lifting-In the lifting-line calculation, discretized vortex model is proposed instead of continuous one,including each free vortex represented by segments of vortex line The induced velocities arecalculated by numerical integration directly instead of Lerb's methods By this way, the deformation

of the slipstream can be assigned to be closing to the real case in the near wake The lifting-line design

is mainly utilized to obtain the initial hydrodynamic pitch angle and the chord-length distribution forthe lifting-surface code

The lifting-surface design is to get the geometrical pitch angle distribution and the geometry of eachblade section The blade shapes is usually chosen from the existing NACA a=O.8 camber lines and themodified NACA66 thickness form, but now is from new blade sections if necessary It will bedescribed in details in section 3

2.3 Analysis of blade strength

The blade strength is checked according to the rules of ship classification societies Then the staticstress distribution over the blade surface is analyzed by utilizing Finite Element Method (FEM) underthe static hydrodynamic loading distribution from the steady panel method calculation Also thedynamic blade stress can be examined by unsteady panel method and FEM

2.4 Prediction of hydrodynamic performance

The propeller's thrust and torque are predicted by the steady panel method in circumferentiallyaveraged wake field Using the unsteady panel method checks its time-averaged thrust and torque.Both the steady and unsteady panel methods used were developed in CSSRC Once the thrust is notsatisfied, modification of the design should be made until it is fulfilled

2.5 Prediction of cavitation inception

For checking the cavitation inception on the blade sections at each radius, the pressure distributions ofeach blade section are calculated over one revolution in both radial and circumferential non-uniformwake field by the unsteady panel method The operating curves for each section that is lift coefficient

CLversus -cpmin. where cpmin is minimum pressure coefficient, can be drawn Among the sections, arepresentative one suffering from cavitation is selected as a key section, usually O.7R or O.8R section

to be the candidate Meanwhile, an equivalent 2-D section of the key blade section is defined based

on the same chord wise loading distribution and thickness distribution as in 3-D case, referring to theconcept of [6]

3 DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW BLADE SECTION

3.1 Design of two-dimensional sections

Taking into account the cavitation number, Reynolds number and lifting coefficient of the key section,Eppler's method is used to design a new two-dimensional section, which is tried to widen and deepenthe cavitation-free bucket as much as possible During the design process, many parameters have to

be adjusted and meanwhile, it should be kept in mind that as much as possible to avoid separationoccurring within the wide range of angles of attack, i.e., enough region for pressure recovery onsuction side to be required In the present design procedure, a boundary layer calculation code isprovided for checking separation possibility No separation occurring implies low drag of the section

Fig.2 shows the cavitation-free bucket diagram and the operating curve of the key section of ourexample The cavitation bucket of conventional NACA blade section can't envelop the operating curvebut the new blade section can

3.2 Design of three-dimensional blade sections of propeller

After gaining the two-dimensional new section design, a 2-D panel method is used to analyze thechordwise loading distribution of that section Fig.3 is the comparison between it and that of NACAa=O.8 section

The chordwise load distribution form and the chordwise thickness distribution form of that new section

is adopted for all blade sections of the new blade design by using lifting surface method again

The camber lines from 2-D design and 3-D design are shown in figure 4, in which NACA a=O.8camber line from 3-D design also shown Fig.S shows the difference between the sections from two-dimensional and three-dimensional design

3.3 Verification of hydrodynamic performance of the new design

Utilizing the steady and unsteady panel method, its hydrodynamic performance and the pressuredistributions on the blade surface are checked in order to verify if the new design satisfies thrustrequirement and the cavitation inception speed is improved Figures 6-8 are the comparisons of chord-wise pressure distribution ofO.8R section between the new design and the conventional one They alsoshow that the propeller with new blade section has more even pressure distribution than that ofconventional one, even if at the unsteady condition That implies that the new design will have bettercavitation performance, such as higher inception speed, lower exciting forces and noise

It should be mentioned that all the steps described above have been assembled into a package code

4 DESIGN EXAMPLE AND ITS MODEL TEST RESULTS

In order to verify the effectiveness of our method, two propellers were designed for a high speed ship.One propeller is designed with sections formed with NACA66(mod)and NACA a=O.8 meanline The

other was designed with new blade sections by using present method Fig2.-Fig.8 show some of thedesign results and their test verification is presented and discussed below.

4.1 Propeller open-water characteristics

The present design procedure uses panel method to check and to ensure the design accuracy In order

to verify the accuracy of the panel method, the designed example's open water hydrodynamic forcesare compared between the test results and calculated ones, and shown in figure 9 It shows in goodagreement with each other

4.2 Cavitation observation and inception speed

Cavitation observation and inception tests were carried out in the simulated wake inside the cavitationtunnel The variations of cavitation pattern on the propeller blade during one revolution are shown inFig.IO-12 with angle interval 10 degree Fig.IO shows that there exists bubble cavitation on thebackside from 0.5R to 0.88R for the propeller with conventional sections when the blade location at80° It is in good correspondence with the pressure prediction by the panel method (see Fig.7).Fig.11 shows that there is face cavitation from the root to 0.55R along the leading edge within therange of blade locations 280°-320° for that propeller It is also in correspondence with the resultsshown in Fig.8 Fig.l2 shows that neither bubble cavitation on the backside nor face cavitation wasobserved for the propeller with new blade sections

Fig.13 is the cavitation inception curve in the uniform inflow and Fig.14 is one in the non-uniforminflow It is proved that the cavitation bucket of the propeller with new blade sections is wider than theone with the conventional blade section And Cavitation inception tests in non-uniform inflow alsoshow that the inception speed of the propeller with new blade section is about 1.5knots higher than that

of the conventional propeller

4.3 Fluctuating pressure and noise

Induced fluctuating pressures on a flat plate above the propeller models were measured and theharmonic components of the maximum measured pressure among the transducers are shown in Table I.The fluctuating pressure level of the propeller with the new blade sections is lower than that withconventional sections

Table 1 Comparison of the fluctuating pressure level for harmonic components

151order 2ndorder 3'd order 41h order I

The conventional propeller 3.16kPa 1.23kPa 0.32kPa O.3lkPa

The new propeller 1.85kPa 1.05kPa 0.35kPa 0.32 kPa

Table I Comparison of the fluctuating pressure level for harmonic components

The noise tests were also carried out in the cavitation tunnel and its results are shown in Table 2 Thenoise level of the propeller with the new blade sections is about 4dB lower at the maximum speed thanthat of with conventional section The overall noise level of the propeller with the new blade sections

lower over different ship speeds.

Max speed 29knots 26knots 18knotsConventional sections 144.0dB 144.0 dB 140.6 dB 136.4 dB

New blade sections 140.3 dB 139.1 dB 138.0 dB 135.5 dB

Table 2 Comparison of noise level for different ship speeds

5 CONCLUSIONS

From the design process and the model test results, following conclusions can be drawn:

(1) Due to marine propellers that operate in circumferential non-uniform wake fields, the propellerwith new blade sections can provide with better cavitation performance at wide range of anglepositions over one revolution than that of one with the NACA blade sections

(2) From the open-water test, it shows that the panel method used in present design procedure providesgood accuracy

(3) Model test results also show that all blade harmonic amplitudes as well as the noise levels of thepropeller with the new blade sections are significantly lower than those of the propeller withconventional sections, and the cavitation inception speed of the new propeller is higher than theconventional one

References

[I] Abbott I.H and Von Doenhoff A.E., Theory of Wing Sections Dover Publications.

[2] Eppler R And Somers D.M (1980) A Computer Program for the Design and Analysis of low

Speed Aifoils, NASA Technical Memorandum 8021 O.

[3] Yamaguchi H.etal (1985) Development of Marine Propellers with Better CavitationPerformance(1 SIReport) Journal o(SNAJ 158.

[4] Yamaguchi H et al (1986) Development of New Marine Propellers with Improved Cavitation

Performance Procedings of ISPC, Wuxi, China, CSNAME.

[5] Yamaguchi H.etal (1988) Development of Marine Propellers with Better Cavitation Performance(2ndReport) Journalo(SNAJ 163.

[6] Kuiper G et al (1993) A Propeller Design Method for Unsteady Conditions Technical Session of the Centennial Meeting of the Society o(Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

[8] Lee J.I., Kim M.C., Ahn, J.W.Kim, K.S and Kim H.c (1991) Development of Marine propellers

with New Blade Sections for Container Ships Proceedings of Propellers Shafting 91 Symposium.

Virginia Beach, Virginia

[9] Dang 1.,Chen J and Tang D (1992) A Design Method of Highly Skewed Propellers with NewBlade Sections in Circumferentially Non-Uniform Ship Wake China Ship Scientific Research Center, Report English version 92004.

[10] Kawakita c., Hoshino I (1998) Design System of marine Propellers with new Blade Sections

23'" International Symposium on Cavitation Mistubishi Heavy Industries.

You-Sheng Wu, Wei-Cheng Cui and Guo-Jun Zhou (Eds)

(;) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved

THEORY FOR DESIGN OF MARINE PROPELLERS AND HULL

FORM

Taek S JangI ,Takeshi Kinoshita Iand Takanori Hino1

Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Ship Research Institute 6-38- I, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 18 I -0004, Japan

ABSTRACT

By using the infinite dimensional optimization[Jang and Kinoshita(2000)], which is based on theHilbert space theory, optimal marine propellers and optimal hull forms are studied In the first study,Koyama's code[Koyama(l 980)], based on potential flow with simple viscous correction, are applied tonumerical calculation of hydrodynamic forces on blades of marine propellers As a numerical example,the MAU type propeller is considered and used as the initial guess for the optimization method In thesecond study, the Navier-Stokes solver[Hino(1996)] is used as a practical tool for hull design For thefirst step, two dimensional hull form is studied to minimize its drag The numerical results for anoptimal marine propeller as well as hull form are illustrated and it is shown that practically reasonableoptimizations could be found

KEYWORDS

Infinite dimensional optimization method, Optimal marine propellers, Optimal hull forms

OPTIMAL MARINE PROPELLERS

Forward speed of a propeller U, a diameter of a propeller d and revolution per time n being fixed

constant, the advance ratio J =U/nd is constant, so that thrust T and torque Q of the propeller are

functionals of the geometry of the propeller.(Figure I) Because the geometry can be described by adistribution of pitch p(r), it is possible to assume that both the thrust T and the torque Q are

functionals of the pitch distribution p(r);

T=T(p)

Q=Q(p)

(I)(2)

According to Eqn I and Eqn 2., the propeller efficiency 17 is also a functional of the pitch

In this paper, the infinite dimensional optimization method based on the Hilbert space theory is applied

to find the optimal pitch distribution for marine propellers and the optimal shape for the twodimensional hull form Thereby desired performances are significantly improved compared to originalones Especially, it is interesting that pressure drag can be significantly reduced compared to frictionalone for the optimal hull Unfortunately, in the case of the optimal hull form, there are some changes indisplacement, which looks like weak point of the present method; it is necessary to develop the methodfurther so that it can overcome the problem of change in displacement

References

Baldwin B.S and Lomax H (1978) Thin layer approximation and algebraic model for separated

turbulent flows AIAA , 78-257

Hino T (1996) Towards Drag Reduction byHullForm Optimization Proc 68th General MeetinR of Ship Research Institute, December [in Japanese]

Jang T.S and Kinoshita T (2000) A minimization theory in a Hilbert space and its application to twodimensional cavity flow with a numerical study Journal of Marine Science and Technology

(submitted)

Jang T.S Kinoshita T and Yamaguchi H.(2000) Application of an infinite dimensional optimizationmethod to marine propellers; unique optimal pitch distribution Journal of Marine Science and Technology (submitted)

Kodama Y (1998) Scope of CFD for computing ship now Proc The third Osaka Colloquium on advanced CFD application to ship flow and Hull(orm design 395-405

Koyama K (1980) On application of the lifting surface theory to marine propellers Proc 13'" Svmposium on naval hydrodynamics, Tokyo, 13-40

Roman P.( 1975) Some Mordern Mathematics For Physicists and Other Outsiders. 1,2,Pergamon PressInc