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home-Practical Design of Ships and

Other Floating Structures

Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on

Practical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures

School of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering,

Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Kidlington, Oxford OX5 I GB, UK

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and '83), Seoul ('83 and '95), Trondheim ('87), Varna ('89), Newcastle ('92) and The Hague ('98)

Center, China on 16-21 September 2001 This is the first of the PRADS Symposia in the 21st century.The overall aim of PRADS symposia is to advance the design of ships and other floating structures

countries and regions within the themes were received for PRADS '200 I, and about 170 papers were

Organizing Committee had a difficult task to make a balanced selection and to control the total number

of papers for fitting into the allocated time schedule approved by the Standing Committee ofPRADS

materials

China, who have helped the preparation of this Symposium

You-Sheng WuWei-Cheng Cui

Guo-lun Zhou

These Proceedings of Volumes I and II contain papers presented at the 8th International

2001, and organized by:

Mr Shan-Xiang Hong, Vice Minister, Ministry of Communications

Mr Ping- Tao Huang, President, China Shipbuilding Industrial Corporation

Mr Zu- Yi Lin, President, China Institute of Navigation

Prof Dian-Zuo Wang, Vice President, Chinese Academy of Engineering

Mr Hui Wang, Vice President, China Shipbuilding Industrial Corporation

Mr Guang-Qin, Zhang, Vice President of Commission of Science,

Technology and Industry for National Defence

PRADS STANDING COMMITTEE

Prof S Motora (Honorary Chairman), Previously, Ship and Ocean Foundation, Japan

Prof O.M Faltinsen, The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway

Dr R Porcari, Italian Ship Research Center, Italy

Prof J J Jensen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Prof H Kim, Seoul National University, Korea

Dr D Liu, American Bureau of Shipping, US.A.

Prof H Ohtsubo, University of Tokyo, Japan

Dr M.W.C Osterveld (Ex-officio), MARIN, The Netherlands

Dr S G Tan, MARIN, The Netherlands

Prof Wei-Cheng, Cui (Secretary), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

PRADS LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Mr Tian-Zu Cheng, Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineering Prof Wei-Cheng Cui (Secretary), Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Shi- Tang Dong, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Prof You-Sheng He, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Bing-Han Hsu, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Ke-Yi Hu, Shanghai Jiang Nan Shipyard

Mr Qi-Kang Liang, Marine Design and Research Institute of China

Mr Zhi-Ping Lu, Shanghai Merchant Ship Design and Research Institute

Mr Wen-Sun Shen, Dalian New Shipyard

Prof Zi- Ying Sheng, Shanghai Academy of Science

Mr Heng- Yuan Wang, Shanghai Hu Dong Shipyard

Prof Xiu-Heng Wu, Wuhan University of Technology

Prof Xue- Yan Xu, Marine Design and Research Institute of China

Mr Heng- Yi Zeng, China Ocean Petroleum Co.

Prof Bing- Yan Zhang, Marine Design and Research Institute of China

Prof Sheng-Kun Zhang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Mr Zhen-Bo Zhou, Shanghai Corporation of Shipbuilding Industry

Prof Ying-Fu Zhu, Wuhan Ship Design Institute

PROGRAMME COMMITTEE

Prof Yan-Liang Guo, Marine Design and Research Institute of China

Prof Xiang-Lu Huang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Run-Pei Li, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Guo-Ping Miao, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Hong-Cui Shen, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Prof Guo-Qiang Wang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Prof Fei Xia, Wuhan Ship Design Institute

Prof Zao-Jian Zou, Wuhan University of Technology

Chinese Academy of Engineering, Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Division Chinese Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

China Institution of Navigation

China Ship Scientific Research Center

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Marine Design and Research Institute of China

Wuhan University of Technology

STAFF MEMBERS OF THE SECRETARIAT

Prof Guo-Jun Zhou, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Bo-Ling Kang, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Zhen-Ping Weng, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Ren-Han Li, Chinese Academy of Engineering

Ms Wen-Ji Li, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Xue- Wen Yin, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Ms Jie Xu, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Ms Qi-Hua Li, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Ms Jia- Yu Qian, China Ship Scientific Research Center

Mr Zheng- Yu Song, China Ship Scientific Research Center

1 DESIGN SYNTHESIS FOR SHIPS AND FLOATING SYSTEMS

LIFE CYCLE COST AND SHIPPING SYSTEM

Yasushi Kumakura and Hiroshi Sasajima

The Experiment of River-Sea-Going Ore Barge Fleet and Renovation of Existing Integrated Barge 37

Shun-Huai Chen, Wei Zhang, Jun-Ming Li and Cheng-Fang Wang

DESIGN OPTIMISATION

Optimization of a Wave Cancellation Multihull Ship Using CFD Tools 43

C Yang, R Lohner and 0 Sofa

Ph Riga

The Fine Optimization of Ship Hull Lines in Resistance Performance by Using CFD Approach 59

L Xu and YY Wang

HULL FORM DESIGN

C Abf, S.D Bade, L Birk and S Harries

s.L Toxopeus, PF van Terwisga and c.H Thill

Hull Form Design of a Passenger Catamaran for Operation in the Yellow Sea Region 83

Hull Form Design of Cargo Ship in Shallow and Strong Current Waterways 91

Li-Zheng Wang and Long-Fei Xi

The Impact Load of Wing-in-Ground-Effect Craft in Waves and Application of Hydro-Ski 97

Zu-Shun Dong, Xiao-Peng Gao and Wei Sun

Conceptual Design of Very Large-Size Super-High-Speed Foil Catamaran Containership 105

Keh-Sik Min, Seon-Hyung Kang and Oi-Hyun Kim

A Practical Application of Air Lubrication on a Small High Speed Boat 113

Jinho Jang, II Jun Ahn, Jaesung Kim, Jung-Chun Suh, Hyochul Kim, Seung-Hee Lee and Museok Song

B Duffty and C.D Barry

The Design of Trimaran Ships: General Review and Practical Structural Analysis 127

T Coppola and M Mandarino

Calm Water Experimental Research on Geosims of High Speed Trimaran: Hydrodynamic Characteristics

E Begovic, C Bertorello and P Cassella

Trimaran Model Test Results and Comparison with Different High Speed Craft 143

C Bertorello, D Bruzzone, P Cassella and 1 Zotti

Hull Form Development and Powering Performance Characteristics for a 2,500 Ton Class Trimaran 151

Kuk-Jin Kang, Chun-Ju Lee and Do-Hyun Kim

1 Lotsberg

G.B Matter, JS Sales Jr and SH Sphaier

Chun-Tian Zhao, Yong Bai and Yung Shin

An Investigation into Wave Induced Drift Forces and Motions of Very Large Floating Structures 187

N Ma, T Hirayama and K Ishikawa

A Study on the Horizontally Dynamic Behavior of a VLFS Supported with Dolphins 197

Hao Liu, Hiroo Okada, Takashi Tsubogo and Ko}i Masaoka

Experimental Study on the Hydroelastic Response Characteristics of a Pontoon Type Floating Structure 205

TY Chung, JH Chung, SY Hong and YJ Ji

Simulation Study on Coastal Ecosystem Around a Very Large Floating Structure in Tokyo Bay 213

Effects of a Draft on Hydroelastic Responses of a Pontoon Type Very Large Floating Structure 221

H Maeda, T [koma, C.K Rheem and M Arita

A Study on Deck Wetness and Slamming of Very Large Floating Structures 229

Hyunkyoung Shin, Ho-Young Lee, Choon-Gyu Lim, Jeom-Moon Kang, Oi-Hyun Kim and

Myung-Cheol Yoon

SAFETY ASSESSMENT

Probabilistic Analysis Tools for Surface Ships Under Seaway and Extreme Dynamic Loads 237

YJ Loo and PE Hess

Comprehensive Fuzzy Approach in Hazard Identification of Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) 245

Ying-Qiu Chen and Shao-Fen Lin

Estimating the Risk of Cargo Shifting in Waves - Methodology and Results 253

A Ryrfeldt and T Kdllstam

Ship Design Using Probabilistic Damage Stability Rules - A Sensitivity Study 261

P.H Lauridsen, JJ Jensen and J Baatrup

Integration of First-Principle Approaches to Design for Damage Survivability 269

D Konovessis and D Vassalos ",

Rational Design Criteria and Their Application to Hull Form Optimisation of Floating Systems in

I Birk and G.F Clauss

DESIGN METHODS

The Application of a Decomposition and Reuse Approach in Marine Design 285

K.G.Tan and P Sen

Evaluating Design for Upgradeability: A Simulation Based Approach for Ships and Marine Products 293

II Buxton and G.H Stephenson

Soon-Sup Lee, Jong-Kap Lee and Hong- Tae Kim

Jun-Hua Li, Ying-Fu Zhu, Wen- Ye Ying and Jun Lu

Development of a Sophisticated Hull Form CAD System 'EzHULL' Based on a Non-Manifold Model

Kyu-Yeul Lee, Joong-Hyun Rhim, Sang-Uk Lee, Doo-Yeoun Cho and Young-Bok Choi

Jae-Hyung Park, Chang-Hwan Jang and Joo-Ho Heo

Optimization of the Design of Ship Structures Using Response Surface Methodology 331

APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Y Kawamura, T Seki, T Sakuragi and Y Sumi

HE Clausen, M Lutzen, A Friis-Hansen and N Bjerneboe

2 PRODUCTION

H Wilckens

New Production System for Vessels of Composite Materials Using an Adjustable Mould 367

Jong Oh Kwon, Jaesung Kim, Jung Chun Suh, Hyochul Kim, Seung Hee Lee, Young Gill Lee,

Kisung Kim, Jae Wook Lee, Jae Moon Lew, Sanghong Lee, Jae Kyu Lee, Dae Sun Kang and

Duk Soo Chung

Mobile Agent Based Supply Chain Management in Shipbuilding Industry 373

Jing-Yun Cheng, Bei Lu and Sheng-Kun Zhang

MA Shama

Study on Heat Transfer Between Gas Flame and Plate During Line-Heating Process 389

Y Tomita, N Osawa, K Hashimoto, N Shinkai, J Sawamura and K Matsuoka

Study on the Process Technology of Line Heat Forming of Hull Fabrication 397

Yujun Liu, Zhuoshang Ji, Dong Wang and Yanping Deng

Numerical Simulation of Welding Distortions in Large Steel Structures 403

L.F Andersen

3 HYDROMECHANICS

Simulation of Viscous Flow of Modem Surface Ships Using the FINFLO RANS Solver 413

Ting-Qiu Li and J Matusiak

C.Levi and JB V Wanderley

Numerical Simulation of Flows over Underwater Axisymmetric Bodies with Full Appendages 429

Zhen- Yu Huang and Lian-Di Zhou

M Hoekstra, A de Jager and HH Valkhof

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS - ENVIRONMENT

Dong Gi Han, Choung M Lee and Sang J Lee

A CFD-Based Parametric Study on the Smoke Behaviour of a Typical Merchant Ship 459

Eunseok Jin, Jaedon Yoon and Yongsoo Kim

Application ofCFD to Assessment and Design of the Air-Ventilation System in the Reefer Container

Bong Jun Chang

RESISTANCE

Qinzheng Yang, o.M Faltinsen and Rong Zhao

On Scale Effect of the Resistance Due to Stem Waves Including Forward-Oriented Wave Breaking

T Yamano, Y Kusunoki, F Kuratani, T lkebuchi and I Funeno

Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of the Hull Characteristics of Two-Semi-Displacement

CMP Sampaio, K Nishimoto, CH Miyagi, K Hirata and I Miwa

Empirical Prediction of Ship Resistance and Wetted Surface Area Using Artificial Neural Networks 501

K Koushan

A New Method for Resistance and Propulsion Prediction of Ship Performance in Shallow Water 509

T Jiang

Lower Frictional Resistance Characteristics of Foul Release Systems 517

M Candries, M Atlar, A Guerrero and CD Anderson

PERFORMANCE

Evaluation and Computer Program on the Speed Trial Analysis Method of the Ongoing Work in ISO/TC8 525

Eun-Chan Kim, Hyun-Se Yoon, Sa-Young Hong and Yoon-Rak Choi

A Test Procedure and Evaluation Method for Seakeeping Trials with Address to Broaching-To 533

O Lundbdck

Experimental Investigation of Bank Effects under Extreme Conditions 541

D.-Q Li, M Leer-Andersen, P Ottosson and P Trdgardh

Effects of Different Three Dimensional Formulations on the Seakeeping Computations of High Speed Hulls 547

D Bruzzone, P Gualeni and L Sebastiani

Measurement of Ship Motion During Model Tests and Full Scale Seakeeping Trials 555

Nan Xie, Guo-Liang Qian, Huan-Qiu Gao and Na-Xin Wei

Developing Seakeeping Performance Criteria for a Helicopter Pilot Training Vessel 563

Dynamic Behaviour of Rigid Mono- and Multi-Hulled Vessels in Waves, Incorporating Non-Linear

PA Bailey, E.J Ballard and P Temarel

Time-Domain Simulations and Measurements of Loads and Motions of Planning High-Speed Craft

K Garme

SH Kwon, HS Lee, JS Park, MK Ha and YJ Kim

DECK WETNESS AND IMPACT

C.T Stansberg and S.f Karlsen

Long Term Prediction Method of Shipping Water Load for Assessment of the Bow Height 603

Y Ogawa, H Taguchi, f Watanabe and S.Ishida

A Practical Design Tool for Wave Impact on Bow and Deck Structures 6] I

0 Hellan, JR HojJ and e T Stansberg

R Baarholm, OM Faltinsen and K Herjjord

Impact Pressure Analysis on High-Speed Craft in Waves, through FE-AnaJysis on Full-Scale and Model 629 Measurement Data

A Rosen

P.e Sames and T£ Schellin

Prediction of Hydrodynamic Forces Acting on Ship Hull in Oblique and Turning Motions by a Simple

K Nakatake, T Sekiguchi and J Ando

A Numerical Study on Viscous Flow About a Ship in Manoeuvring Motion 651

Xie-Dong Zhang and Xiu-Heng Wu

Simulation of the Propulsion System Behaviour During Ship Standard Manoeuvres 657

G.Benvenuto, S.Brizzolara and M Figari

MANOEUVRABILITY

Experimental Study on the Maneuverability for a Wide Beam New Suezmax Class Tanker 665

Heung-Won Seo, Tae-II Lee and Seung-Myun Hwangbo

On Steady Horizontal Forces and Moment Due to Short Waves Acting on Ships in Manoeuvring Motion 67]

M Ueno, T Nimura, H Miyazaki and K Nonaka

An Empirical Formula for Steering Gear Torque of Tankers with a Horn Rudder 679

D.l Son, JH Ahn and K.P Rhee

VOLUME II

3 HYDROMECHANICS (continued)

Propeller Design and Analysis System Using an Object-Oriented Database in Windows Environment 685

Chang-Sup Lee and Chung-Ho Cho

A Propeller Design Method with New Blade Section for Improving Cavitation Inception Under

Wei-Xin Zhou, You-Hua Wu and Shi-Tang Dong

An Optimisation Method Based on Hilbert Space Theory for Design of Marine Propellers and Hull Form 699

TS Jang, T Kinoshita and T Hino

Numerical Analysis of Cavitating Propellers Including Viscous Flow Effects 705

F Salvatore and PG Esposito

Propeller Design Based on Surface Panel Method by Prescribed Pressure Distribution 713

Ting-Shou Tan

CFD-Based Optimization of Tanker Stern Form - Minimization of Delivered Horsepower Using

Y Tahara, J Ando and Y Himeno

R Zhao

Guo-Qiang Wang and Chen-Jun Yang

Prediction of Transient Loading on a Propeller from an Approaching Ice Block 741

P Liu, B Colbourne and Chin Shin

PODDED DRIVES

J Friesch

R Hdmdldinen and J van Heerd

Hydrodynamic Trends in Hull Lines of Podded Driven Large Cruise Vessels 767

R Lepeix

Simulating the Self-Propulsion Test by a Coupled Viscous/Potential Flow Computation 777

SK Chou, e.y Hsin, S W Chau and we Chen

Numerical Computation of Ship's Effective Wake and Its Validation in Large Cavitation Tunnel 785

Wake Fields Prediction on the Propeller Plane by Neural Network 791

N./ Shin and SM Hwangbo

Effect of Vertical Pre-Swirl Stator Vanes on the Propulsion Performance of a 300K Class VLCC 799

Jiman Yang, Kihyun Park, Kwang Kim, Jungchun Suh, Hyochul Kim, Seunghee Lee, Jungjoong Kim and

Hyoungtae Kim

Development and Experimental Study of a Novel Submarine Guide Vane Propeller System 807

Hui-Zhi Yao and Hong-Cui Shen

Development and Application ofa High Speed Video System in HSVA's Large Cavitation Tunnel HYKAT 815

C Johannsen

Mo-Qin He, Hong-Cui Shen and Shu-Long He

.1M Riola and.l Valle

4 STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

WAVE INDUCED LOADS AND RESPONSES

Prediction of Wave-Induced Rolling Responses by a Time-domain Strip Theory 839

Zhao-Hui Wang, 1.1 Jensen and Jin-Zhu Xia

Methods to Reduce the Effects oflrregular Frequencies in Hydrodynamic Analysis of Vessels with

S-X Du, D.A Hudson, WG Price and P Temarel

The Effects of Forward Speed on Hydrodynamic Pressure and Structural Response of Ships in Waves 857

Chih-Chung Fang, Hua-Tung Wu, Hoi-Sang Chan and Chung-Yung Lu

Li Xu, Wei-Xing Zhang, Chen-Bi Zhao, Fa-Yan Xu and You-Fang Chen

Rui-Zhang Chen, Shuang-Xing Du, You-Sheng Wu, Ji-Ru Lin, Jia-Jun Hu and Ya-Lin Yue

Estimation of Nonlinear Long-Term Extremes of the Vertical Bending Moments in Ships 879

G.S Baarholm and T Moan

A Direct Calculation Approach of Determining Extreme Combined Bending Moments for Fast Fine

Xue-Kang Gu and Jin-Wei Shen

HYDROELASTICITY

Can Sima, Xiao-Ci Zhang and You-Sheng Wu

Symmetric and Antisymmetric Hydroelastic Analysis of a Bulker in Waves 903

Hydroelastic Model for Bottom Slamming 911

A Bereznitski and V Postnov

Gang Wang

RELIABILITY

Risk Analysis Applied to Occurrence of Maximum Wave Bending Moment 925

EA Dahle, D Myrhaug and H T Wist

JM Yang and J Y Huang

T Moan ando.r Vardal

Deterministic and Probabilistic Assessment ofFPSO Hull Girder Strength 947

A Incecik and Y Pu

A.E Mansour, JS Spencer, PH Wirsching, JE McGovney and D.D Tarman

K Rajagopalan

T Yoneya, H Kobayashi, M Abdul Rahim, Y Sasaki and M Irisawa

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses in the Predicted Critical Buckling Strength of a Longitudinally

Wei-Cheng Cui, Li-Juan Shi and Jin-Fei Zhang

Ph Rigo, C. Toderan and T Yao

A Ikeda, rYao,O.Kitamura, N Yamamoto, M Yoneda and H Ohtsubo

Ultimate Strength and Reliability Assessment for the Ship Hull Girders Used in ISSC-2000

Hai-Hong Sun and Yong Bai

An Assessment of the Ultimate Plastic Strength of the Ship's Aged Hulls 1013

G V Egorov and V V Kozlyakov

A New Design Model for Ultimate and Buckling Strength Assessment of Stiffened Plates 1021

E Steen, T.K 0stvo!d and S Valsgard

Ultimate Strength of Longitudinally Stiffened Panels: Multi-Criteria Comparative Analysis 1029

Ultimate Strength of Submersible Structures 1037

I.P Pasqualino and SF Estefen

A Report on Fatigue Failure of a Highly Skewed Fixed Pitch Propeller 1045

Hochung Kim, Keunjae Kim, Sungpyo Kim and Moonchan Kim

Fatigue Analysis of Aluminium Box-Stiffener Lap Joints by Nominal, Structural and Notch Stress

Naiquan Ye, T Moan and B W Tveiten

W Fricke and R Wernicke

S Berge, A Johansen and I.G Bjorheim

Evaluation of Simplified Prediction Method of Stress Response Function From the Viewpoint of

T Fukasawa, K Hashimoto and Y Tomita

Combination of Fatigue Damages Produced by Several Wave-Induced Loads Based on Correlatioo

H Kawabe and K Shibazaki

Fatigue Analysis of an Aged Jack-up Platfonn Structure Refitted to Cantilever-Beam Type 1097

Wu Nie, Yu-Wu Sun and Li-Ping Sun

Analysis of Three-Dimensional Cracks in Ship Structures Subjected to an Arbitrary Loading by

YSumi

Effect of Mean Stress Changes on the Fatigue Strength of Spectrum Loaded Welds I I 13

G.B Marquis and TPJ Mikkola

A New Look at the Effect of Bandwidth and Non-Normality on Fatigue Damage 1121

Lei Yu, PK Das and ND.P Barltrop

FATIGUE TESTS

An Experimental Investigation on Fatigue Behavior of Inverted Angle and T-Type Side Lorogih.d; L.

Jinsoo Park, Kuk Bin Kim, Wha Soo Kim and Doe Hyun Kim

H Paetzold, 0 Doerk and H Kierkegaard

D.D Dijkstra, G.TM Janssen and J WI Ludolphy

FATIGUE CONTROL

The Pre-Fabricated Hull Details for Application in Design and Repair 1153

Fatigue Strength of Load-Carrying Box Fillet Weldment in Ship Structure ] 161

Wha Soo Kim, Doe Hyun Kim, Sang Gab Lee and Yoon Ki Lee

VIBRATION AND NOISE

A VBAR Model to Identify the Dynamic Characteristics of Marine Structures ] 169

C.F Hung, YT Peng and WJ Ko

Vibration Analysis Method of Ship Structures in the Medium Frequency Domain ] 177

F Besnier, G Bechepay, Y Mavrakakis and M Ferry

A New Method for Determining Acoustic Added Mass and Damping Coefficients of Fluid-Structure

Q Zhou, W Zhang and FF Joseph

Y Takeda

Influence of Journal Bearing Modelling Method on Shaft Line Alignment and Whirling Vibrations 1205

1 Murawski

Experimental Studies on Resistance Reduction and Vibration Reduction by Bubbly Layer 1213

Wen-Cai Dong, Fan Wu, Yun-Xiang Zhu and Ri-Xiu Guo

Application of Higher Order Balancer to Control the Superstructure Vibration of a Container Ship 1221

Soo-Mok Lee, Won-Hyun Kim and Kyoon- Yang Chung

Nonlinear Dynamics of Towed Underwater Vehicles - Numerical Modelling and Experimental Validation ]227

G.F Clauss and M Vannahme

Vortex-Induced Vibration of Two Dimensional Wing-Spring Coupled System 1237

Zhi-Xing Yu, Ying-Zhong Liu and Guo-Ping Miao

FIRE AND BLAST

M Dogliani and A Vergine

The Characteristic Analysis of Marine Fire Spread Phenomena with Multi-Equations System for Fire

Nobuyoshi Fukuchi and Changhong Hu

Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Fire Safety Design of Marine Systems ]261

Changhong Hu and Nobuyoshi Fukuchi

An Examination of Some Structural Limit States for Hydrocarbon Explosions ]269

FA Frieze, R.B Corr, R.o Snell and VNY Tam

M Liitzen and P T Pedersen

Calculation of Collisions with the Aid of Linear FE Models 1293

E Lehmann, E.D Egge, M Scharrer and 1 Zhang

A Simplified Internal and External Mechanics Model for Ships' Collision 1301

K Suzuki, H Ohtsubo and K.s Sajit

R Donner, F Besnier and H Le Sourne

Fluid Mesh Modeling on Surface Ship Shock Response Under Underwater Explosion 1315

Sang-Gab Lee, Jeong-II Kwon and Jung-Hoon Chung •

C Berggreen and B C Simonsen

B Hayman, MJ Larsen, D McGeorge and P Noury

Design of Tee Connections in FRP Ships Using an Analytical Approach 1339

R.A Shenoi and W Wang

PLENARY LECTURES

You-Sheng Wu, We i-Cheng Cui and Guo-Jun Zhou (Eds)

© 200] Elsevier Science Ltd AU rights reserved

MARITIME SAFETY CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

OF SHIP AND OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS DESIGN STANDARDS

IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Ke-Jun Li

40 Dong Huang Cheng Gen Nan Jie, Beijing 100006, China

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

Maritime Safety Culture, Design Standards, Ship & Offshore installation

1 INTRODUCTION

technologies have been woven into class rules

important In addition to safety requirement, there are increasing demand from shipping companies foroperability and economy, which poses challenge to design technology.

effective measures to identify at an early stage the factors affecting maritime safety, which is one of the

discussions is as follows:

cannot be alternated are in poor condition

will increase once ship owners raise the standards

Absence of unified loading manual

vessels provided by shipbuilders

scantlings resulting from direct calculation

How to solve the decrease of structural fatigue strength as a result of new design approach

that poses threat to safety To be specific, it includes the following implications:

seas

Substandard is a comprehensive concept Some even propose a four "M" definition:

tensile steel, which result in vibration and noise

Men: technical competence, training and health (including mental health) of seafarers

share in maritime safety

into design standards of ships and offshore installations

disaster

Lesson has been learnt from the loss of over 100 bulk carriers and 500 seafarers in 1990's Improper

lead to accidents

Lessons have been learnt trom the loss of Estonia in Baltic sea in 1995 that aside from improving bow

Lessons have been learnt from the losses of Leader L and Erika in recent years that ships under poor

Statistics show that 80% of marine accidents are caused by human elements, which has been widelyaccepted among the maritime world

working well, efforts must be make in all associated areas, such as ship and offshore installation design

protection

her life span is put on the top of the agenda There is detailed analysis of the age of the world fleet asfollows

The youngest fleet is container fleet, 50% of which are under 5 years of age Bulk carrier fleet is older,30% of which are under 5 years and the average age is below that of the total world fleet Generalcargo ship fleet comes last, 7% of which are under 10 years of age and only 2% under 5 years This

seriously, world passenger ships are aging rapidly, 44.3% of which are above 25 years Although there

number of tankers will be phased out

3 SAFETY CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHIP AND OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONSDESIGN STANDARDS

3.1 Maritime safety culture

defined as spirit of safety at sea and the associated systems, behaviors The spirit of safety at sea means

safety culture

3.2 Extension of implication of maritime safety culture

involved Safety chain was not in place due to lack of insight and low level of scientific technology

experience and theory

maritime safety culture (Li Kejun, 2001)

extended concept In addition to the four "Ms", it includes the concept of quality control All partners

addition to ISO/9000 Quality shipping is also a part of safety culture

management has become a major part of safety culture

3.3 Classification society - a major role in safety culture

industry with its technical expertise in the following aspects:

safety system of shipping companies and ensuring their safety system to be in compliance with

3.4 Development of ship and offshore installations design standards in 21st century

aspects

substantial progress

design within the ships' life, such as

fatigue design,

crack extension design,

ultimate strength design;

non-linearity;

vessels of special purposes such as SWATH and WPC;

container vessels

following areas (Wu Yousheng et a!., 1999):

Moulding technics simulation;

Precision control design;

Today, ship & offshore engineering design have developed from singularity to complexity, from

&offshore installation design standard as well as design technology will develop at a rapid speed

3.5 Initiatives taken by classification societies with regard to services

To reduce the freight cost, it is inevitable to increase the size of the ships VLCC, large-size container

aspects in order to provide better services The objective of these initiatives is to:

with an ability in structural design and strength analysis of ships with added hi-tech and hi-value,

train a contingent of well qualified bellwethers and followers in science and technology;

and market needs, its main contents being as follows:

hatch cover strength of bulk carriers;

fatigue strength of oil tankers;

research on application of FSA;

container ships;

ship building rules in force;

excellent loading, etc.) ;

Appropriate class notations are to be assigned to the above ship type

4 CONCLUSION

partners on the same chain to make it the common fortune of the human beings and to create a saferand cleaner ocean in the 21 st" century

References

Mare Forum '99,Amsterdam, June

Li kejun (2001) Safety Chain Theory is the Foundation of the of Maritime Safety Culture China Ship Survey, 2

Wu Yousheng et al (1999) Ship Mechanics at the Beginning of the New Century Mechanics and Engineeing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, ShanghI, China (in Chinese).

You-Sheng Wu, Wei-Cheng Cui and Guo-Jun Zhou (Eds)

(;) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved

STRUCTURAL SAFETY OF SHIPS

Donald LiuSenior Vice PresidentAmerican Bureau of ShippingHouston, Texas, USA

ABSTRACT

The topic of this lecture is the Structural Safety of Ships This is a very broad topic and this lecturewill focus on tankers and bulk carriers, two ship types that have been the subject of structural safety in

by considering:

I will begin with the 1960's and 1970's, which were a time of incredible growth in the field of ship

demand increased an annual average of more than 12%

These economic driving forces promoted the most dramatic changes in tanker design that the marine

500,000 DWT ULCC

These changes, while initiated in the 1960's continued to influence tanker designs and tanker safety

economic driven change to primarily regulatory change

That event was the grounding of the 119,000 DWT tanker, Torrey Canyon, off the southwest coast of

which were in the explosive range It was also learned that water washing could build up charges ofstatic electricity to cause such explosions to occur A concerned industry would soon develop InertGas Systems as the solution to the explosion problem

driving force for technical safety changes in tanker design from economic to regulatory

2 TANKER DESIGN AND THE MARPOL CONVENTION

for the prevention of Pollution from Ships was held in London in 1973

the U.S shores However, in the next three months there were 14 more tanker related incidents offtheU.S coast, of which eight were serious

Following these incidents, the U.S government threatened unilateral action to require double bottoms

(IMO) scheduled the Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention Conference for February 1978

Shortly after the opening of that conference, the 250,000 ton AMOCO CADIZ grounded off the coast

industry

The Convention on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention of 1978 dealt with a wide range of issues

74 Protective location of segregated ballast was accepted as a substitute for a double bottom

requirement on new tankers, which was being proposed by the U.S Inert gas systems and crude oil

be retrofitted on existing crude oil tankers, and redundant steering gear facilities were required on allnew and existing tankers.

With the new 1978 protocols to MARPOL and SOLAS, it was hoped that these new regulations would

did for a while, lasting through most of the decade of the 80's

But that peace came to an end in March of 1989, when the oil tanker EXXON VALDEZ, which met

The regulatory breather was over and the call for stricter regulations started over again

3 THE U.S OIL POLLUTION ACT OF 1990

As result of the VALDEZ oil spill, the U.S Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 OP A-90,

the world

grounding of the oil tanker BRAER off the Shetland Islands, and the grounding of the oil tanker SEAEMPRESS off the coast of Wales

4 NEW EMPHASIS ON THE HUMAN ELEMENT

While this has very little to do with technical design change in a direct sense, greater attention wasbeing given to the human aspects of marine safety, since it is known that about 80% of accidents is due

to human error

S RECENT CASUALTIES

Unfortunately tanker disasters resulting in oil pollution still make the news today From December

off the coast of Brittany France, spilling over 10,000 tons of heavy fuel oil, resulting in the pollution of

structural failure

Fortunately it did not sink

7 lACS AND SOLAS REQUIREMENTS

7.1 Existing Bulk Carriers

in No 1 Hold, the corrugated transverse bulkhead between the first two cargo holds, and the double

and more frequent and close-up surveys of critical areas such as side frames and side shell had to bemade

7.2 New Single Side Skin Bulk Carriers

7.3 SOLAS Regulations

8 SAFETY IN CARGO HANDLING

so in the case of dense cargoes such as iron ore

How the ship is loaded and unloaded has not always been appreciated at the cargo terminals, where a10-15 percent overload of a given hold has been known to occur For a large bulk carrier such adiscrepancy can amount to 5,000 tons of cargo in a hold The magnitude of forces and stresses thatcan develop during cargo handling can be very significant, and marginal errors in loading can becatastrophic

The importance of controlling the loading and discharging in the proper sequence so as not to

improper cargo loading and discharging of holds To increase the safety during cargo handling,

and new bulk carriers are to have a loading manual with typical loading and unloading sequences

9 DOUBLE HULL BULK CARRIERS

Another approach to increasing the structural safety of bulk carriers is to consider the double hull bulk

The smooth tank surface provides a better quality surface preparation and coating application The

initial costs for a double hull bulk carrier will be higher than for a single side skin bulk carrier, the lifecycle costs may be less because of lower maintenance and repair costs

10 BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT

Another area of loading and discharging aboard ships that can affect structural safety of both tankersand bulk carriers is the handling of ballast water This concern has developed as a result of new

spread of harmful aquatic species in ports The regulations require ships to exchange ballast in openwaters (away from ports) before entering a port Some examples of harmful aquatic species are zebramussels, which rapidly multiply and clog pipes and attach themselves to ships In the U.S it isestimated that the zebra mussel alone has caused more than US$5 billion in damage to water pipes,boat hulls and other surfaces in the Great Lakes region

Great Lakes ('93), Israel ('94), Chile ('95), Alaska and Great Lakes (amended) ('96), New Zealand('98) IMO is now progressing toward ever widening international regulations

There are five approaches to minimizing unwanted organisms from ballast water:

(I) Retention of ballast on board - this is practically not feasible, as there is not sufficient ballastreception facilities in ports

(2) Reducing organize taken on board - this can be done whenever practical by delaying the loading ofballast until the ship is in open ocean waters Ballasting should be avoided in very shallow waters,

in stagnant areas, in the vicinity of sewage outflows and dredging operations, in areas whereorganisms are present, etc

(3) Exchange of ballast at sea - these methods are about 95% effective in eliminating aquatic

organisms

(4) Shipboard ballast treatment - although ballast water treatments are currently being investigated,none has yet been shown to be practical or cost effective for general use by most ships (biocides,separators, ultraviolet light)

not currently have the capability in their piping system to discharge water ashore

is the Sequential Empty and Refill Method wherein ballast tanks are completely emptied and refilled

water is pumped into a full ballast tank, overflowing the tank to three times the tank capacity

In the sequential method, emptying of certain tanks may lead to significantly reduced stability, higher

stresses, high sloshing pressures, and/or reduced forward drafts A secondary effect of reducedforward draft would be an increased probability of bow slanlilling

Thejlow throughmethod achieves 95% replacement Applying the method does not alter the stability,

arrangements to insure tanks will not be over-pressurized There are also safety concerns associated

with the flow through method in that it may be necessary to remove manhole covers or butterworth

11 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN STRUCTURAL SAFETY

been largely reactive, rather than pro-active In some cases this is necessary because the types of

causes of the problems were identified, appropriate changes were made to avoid those problems,thereby increasing structural safety Factors not relating at all to structural safety, such as the suddenincrease in size and number of tankers, led to an increase in the number of accidents and much largeroil spills when an accident occurred That led to increased awareness of tanker safety and

safety

11.1 Risk-Based Safety Standards

one can assume that risk is reduced Certainly, structural safety is not the only aspect of shippingwhich relates to risk, and in fact I believe it is a smaller part of the risk equation than many otherfactors such as human error and operational issues However, the concept of risk assessment and risk

to place safety in the context of overall risk This is a new way of looking at structural safety, and onewhich I am sure will be both challenging and rewarding It will be a gradual evolution in which new

You-Sheng Wu, Wei-Cheng Cui and Guo-Jun Zhou (Eds)

© 200 1 Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved

SHIPPING INDUSTRY

IN THE TWENTY -FIRST CENTURY

Jia-Fu WeiChina Ocean Shipping (Group) Company

Beijing 100031, China

ABSTRACT

an example, should act to meet the new challenges

KEYWORDS

1 TRENDS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY AND TRADE AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY

uncertainties in world economy at present

(1) Although the world economy is slowing down, the international economic outlook is quite healthy With that several important economic regions keep growing, the development momentum will not be reversed.

Ever since 90's of the last century, the world economy was slowing down as a result of the regional

remains relatively intact Japanese economy will finally be brought back to normal when structural and

that the world economy is heading for a third golden age after pre-WWI period and 1950-1973 period,with world average at around 4%.

(2) With major breakthrough in service trade liberalization, world trade will keep a steadfastdevelopment characterized by openness, fair competition and steady growth

Openness: The three fundamental agreements of telecommunication, IT and financial services settledunder WTO framework, which is distinguished by wide coverage and rapid opening up process, markthe penetration of world trade liberalization from cargo trade to service trade Regional economicorganizations have expedited the process of economic corporation Special attention should be paid toEuro which embodies the voluntary delegation of national sovereignty of the member states, which isunprecedented in modern history It will definitely cast profound influence on global and regionaleconomic integration Moreover, modern IT has already grew out of the traditional concepts of timeand space The interaction of technological advance and trade liberalization has enlarged the economicarena of many countries

Competition: There is an intensified rivalry on market, assets and resources The Southeast Asianfinancial crisis has triggered the reshuffie of world trade relations And the competition amongdeveloping countries has become fiercer The US' sustained attack on external trade has resulted inconstant friction with Japan, Europe and new economies Traditional trade protectionism, though still

in low profile, will find its way in the WTO clauses Raised technological and environmental standardshave formed 'green barrier' Those developing countries find their competitive edge blunted when lowsalary fails to bring about advantages Things like policy, law and institutional system, which used tofall into the category of national sovereignty, have become the new focus for international trade.The openness and fair competition will contribute to the steady development of world trade Theconcepts of market, trade liberalization, and technological information, as well as cross bordermanagement of those multinational companies, cross border M&As and development of regionalorganizations have sped up the free flow of commodity, service, asset, technology, human resourcesand information in the world The optimization of the allocation of resources, further classification ofthe jobs, and the expansion of market capacity will definitely push forward the steady development ofworld trade It is estimated that world trade will grow at 6-7% on a year-on-year basis, 2-3 percentagehigher than the growth rate of world economy Service trade will grow 1-2 percentage faster than cargotrade

2 FEATURES OF SHIPPING INDUSTRY AT THE TURN OF TWENTY-FIRST CENTURYThe development of the global shipping industry mainly depends on the development of theinternational trade, and the development of international trade is mainly based on the development ofthe international economy and politics In a short time, the global shipping industry is usually effected

by some bursting forth incidents in the international economy and politics But in the long run, thedevelopment of the global shipping business mainly depends on the general trend of internationaleconomy and trade We can see the features of shipping industry at the turn of the twenty-first century

meantime the price of the raw commodity in the international trade will be decreasing Accordingly, as

a shipping company we should watch out the changes in the shipments' structure in the internationaltrade, to adjust our transportation structure on time, to improve the method of transportation, and toobtain much higher freight rate, i e., the high value-added commodities, to improve and assure thefreight quality

(2) The international transportation will enter into the era of comprehensive transportation, toaccomplish the logistics system modernization

With the development of international economy and trade, more and more transnational companies arerequiring shipping companies to provide the global transport services After the bulk carrierspecialization and containerization, the international shipping is entering into the era of modernlogistics In the 21 century the new transport means will turn so many isolated transport methods into awhole system In the future one shipping company should operate every method of the transportation.The carrier will not only transport the commodities from port to port, but also from door to door, frompoint to point

Actually many large shipping groups have already made the modern logistics as their strategy Forinstance, Maersk has announced that logistics will be their important business in the future OOCL hasplanned to turn into a whole logistics provider in five years NOL has changed their strategy toincrease their logistics income ratio from 8% in 1998 to 30% in 5 years, and to decrease theirowned-ship ratio as well With the expansion of the value chain, those shipping companies who havedeveloped the logistics services are lifting the competition platform from low level price-competition

to the total logistics services value-competition The shipping companies are facing more and morepressure from the lowering their cost and improving their services

At the same time, the port is no longer the terminal of transportation, but only a part of the wholetransport chain in international trade As a result, for the time being the function of port will bechanged completely and revolutionarily to comprehensive transportation center The shippingcompanies are and will be increasing investment in port development

(3) The international shipping market is becoming" the buyer's market" The competition inshipping industry is getting more and more intense Shipping companies are providing the "masscustomization" services, introducing larger and higher-speed ships, and pushing forward thedevelopment of middle-sized and small-sized ships in the meantime

Currently the global shipping has already turned into the "buyer's market" With the development ofthe shipping industry, the "buyer's market" is furthering and the competition in shipping industry isgetting heated The shippers will require the carriers more and more specialized services, such asproviding express services and calling fewer ports On the other hand, the carriers will provide moreand better services to satisfy the shippers' specialized services requirement In order to provide thespecialized services, and accomplish their own scale-economy as well, some shipping companieswith foresight are ready to provide the "mass customization" services, which can satisfy both sides Toprovide the service, the ships are getting larger and pushing forward with the middle-sized andsmall-sized ships' development in the meantime

At the same time ship's speed is increasing At the moment, the designed speeds of post-panamaxcontainership are between 25-27 knots According to some reports, many shipyards and shippingcompanies are designing the ships whose capacity is 8000~12000 TED, and the speed is up to 30 knots.Norasia has already operated a 1400 TED ship with 25 knots speed; Fastship has also planned todevelop the 38 knots speed container ship in the transatlantic service Their aim is not only to competewith other liners, but also to contend for the air freight market

(4) Shipping companies are building a global information network shared by different companiesall over the world.

companies make better use of resources and become more competitive

in July of 1999

The shipping policies of EU and US tend to be more and more liberalized, rendering a heavy blow to

The FEFC, based in London, was divided into 3 parts in 1992, namely MJEFC, WRA and EMA In

shipper Therefore, many freight conferences have decided to dissolve Up to now, three conferences of

stop setting price TSA and WTSA nevertheless are still playing an active role

protection