business english 2e by mary chapter 03

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MARY ELLEN GUFFEY AND CAROLYN M

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certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

Level 1

L E A R N I N G

O U T C O M E S

▶ Distinguish between proper

and common nouns.

▶ Make regular and irregular

nouns plural.

▶ Spell correctly the plural

forms of nouns ending in y, f, and o; proper nouns;

surnames; compound nouns;

and numerals, letters, abbreviations, and

acronyms.

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 Nouns name:

Persons Places Things Qualities FeelingsConcepts Activities Measures

 Nouns may be grouped into two classes:

Common Nouns Proper Nouns

Noun Classes

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Larysa Ray/Shutterstock

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tablet computer politician

Examples of Noun Classes

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Plural nouns: name two or more things

Regular nouns: form the plural with the

addition of s or es

Noun Plurals—Regular

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office, offices manager,

managers

Add s to

most regular nouns

Exception: quiz,

quizzes

loss, losses box, boxes klutz, klutzes bench, benches brush, brushes

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 A few plural nouns change form

Examples:

man, men foot, feet mouse, mice child, children

Making Irregular Nouns Plural

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house quiz tax virus wish porch woman mouse

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 When y is preceded by a vowel

(a, e, i, o, u), add s only.

attorney, attorneysholiday, holidays

 When y is preceded by a consonant,

change the y to ies.

luxury, luxuries secretary,

Nouns Ending in y

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 For nouns ending in f, add s.

tariff, tariffs cliff, cliffs

Add s

surf, surfs safe, safes

Change to ves

knife, knives shelf, shelves

 For nouns ending in f or fe, no

standard rule is followed Study these examples and use a dictionary when in doubt.

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Nouns Ending in f, f, or fe

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 When o is preceded by a vowel, add

s only.

curio, curios studio, studios ratio, ratios portfolio, portfolios

 When o is preceded by a consonant,

no standard rule applies add s or es.

Add s

auto, autos memo,

Add es

potato, potatoes veto, vetoes

Nouns Ending in o

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 Musical terms ending in o are always

made plural by adding s only.

piano, pianos banjo, banjos

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Nouns Ending in o

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 Most proper nouns are made plural

by adding s When the appears

before a surname, the name is always plural Avila, the Avilas

Kennedy, the Kennedys

Pagano, the Paganos Guffey, the Guffeys Miller, the Millers Petty, the Pettys October, Octobers

Proper Nouns and Surnames

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 Proper nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, or

sh are made plural by adding es.

Williams, the Williamses

Rex, the Rexes Gomez, the Gomezes Lynch, the Lynches

Bush, the Bushes March, Marches

14 Proper Nouns and

Surnames

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 If a compound noun is written as a

single word, make the final element

plural bookshelf, bookshelves

workman, workmen

Compound Nouns

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 If a compound noun is written as

separate words, make the principal

word plural.

editor in chief, editors in chief account payable, accounts payable

board of directors, boards of directors

bill of sale, bills of sale

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 If a compound noun is hyphenated,

make the principal word plural.

father-in-law, fathers-in-law runner-up, runners-up

 If a compound noun has no principal

word, make the final element plural.

data processor, data processors

start-up, start-ups

Compound Nouns

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 Generally, add s only.

pros and cons Cs and Ds

 Isolated lowercase letters and

the capital letters A, I, M, and U

require ’s for clarity.

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Letters, and Isolated Words

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 Usually add s to the singular form of

abbreviations, acronyms, academic degrees, and measurements.

wk., wks.

MD, MDs PIN, PINs MBA, MBAs

lb or lbs (either plural form is acceptable)

Abbreviations and Acronyms

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CPA editor in chief knife

p and q Sunday 1990 tomato radio

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Level 2

L E A R N I N G

O U T C O M E S

▶ Follow three steps in applying

the apostrophe to show possession.

▶ Distinguish between

descriptive nouns and possessive nouns.

▶ Create correct possessive

forms of compound nouns, names, and abbreviations

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 Apostrophes are used to show the

following:

Ownership Origin

Authorship Measurement

Kim’s book

Dr Moss’s prescription Hemingway’s works

ten years’ experience

Showing Possession

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How do we know where

to place apostrophes?

Showing Possession

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 Reverse the nouns Use the second

noun to begin a prepositional phrase

book of Kim playground of the children schedule of the waitress experience of ten years

Three Steps in Using the Apostrophe to Show

Possession

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 Examine the ownership word Is it

singular or plural? Does it end in s?

Kim (singular and does not end in s) children (plural and does not end in s) waitress (singular and does end in s) years (plural and does end in s)

Possession

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 If the ownership word does NOT end in

s, add an apostrophe and s, whether

the noun is singular or plural

Kim’s book children’s playground

Possession

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 If the ownership word is singular and

DOES end in s, add an apostrophe and s

waitress’s schedule

If the ownership word is plural and

DOES end in s, add an apostrophe

only.

ten years’ experience

Possession

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TRY YOUR

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TRY YOUR

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