HD đồ án môn học hấp thu

tinh to6n tld x6e dinh cric kich thtrdc co bAn chd y6u nhdt cria thdp hdp tirg, cr; thd la dtrdng kinh vir chibu cao thdp, phn hgp voi yOu chu sAn xudt vb ndng sudt vh hiQu sudt hdp thrl

I '

{

lr\

BII

,\

GIAO TRINH

T4,P 11

AA,

tt)

rAC GIA: V6 THI NGOC TIJdI PGS

rntJoNc DAr Hoc sicH KH0A tp Ub Crri WIINH - 1ee3

rHlgT Bl HAP rHu

Qu:i trinh hdp thq xdy ra khi mQt cdu tt cria pha khf khu6'ch tdn vAo pha l6ng

do sg ti6p xdc gpna 2 pha khi - l6ng, Thidt bi drrgc st? dgng dd ti6n hinh qu6 trinh

hdp thq _dugc gqi ld thidt bi hdp ths'ho{c c,Qt hdp ths, th6p hdp thq Thidt b! hdp

thrt c6 iftg ia viQc girin do4n ho{c lim viQc li€n tuc d day chring t6i chl gidi thi.0u

hai kidu thidt bi lim viQc li6n tr;c:

- thidt bi hdp thg loqi dQm.

- thidt b[ hdp thq lo4i mAm.

Chring ia cbr tinh to6n tld x6e dinh cric kich thtrdc co bAn chd y6u nhdt cria

thdp hdp tirg, cr; thd la dtrdng kinh vir chibu cao thdp, phn hgp voi yOu chu sAn

xudt vb ndng sudt vh hiQu sudt hdp thrl

Ddi vdi thrip dQm, mu6n xric dinh chibu cao thrip thi ta cbn phii tinh.:

'sd don vi truybn khdi'

- chibu cao mQt don vi truYbn khdi

Ddi vd'i th6p mAm, ehibu cao thdp dtrgc xdc dinh theo e6c drr kiQn sau:

sd mAm thr{c t0 cira th6P

khoing c6ch girla e6c mArn.

Cdu trdc tron mAm c6 nhibtr kidu rdt da d4ng: mAm chdp, mAm ld c6 dng ch6y

truybn vh kh6ng cd dng chdy truybn, mAm van v v , tuy nhi6n e6ch xdc dinh sd

mAm thrJc t6 &u gidng nhau Chi khric nhau trong viQc xdc tlinh khoAng uich gida

cdc mAm C6 khi eing mQt kich thtldc drrdng kinh nhung khoing cdch c6c mAm eh6p ldn hon mAm 16 khong c6 dng ch6y truybn v v

Trong bdt k' loqi thrip nio, pha khi vAn li pha liOn tuc vh chi c6 pha khi mdi

tuAn theo ttinh ly liOn tuc vb tru.vbn vfn, do d6 ta dtta vio pha khi ttd x6c dlnh drrdng kinh thdp

Trinh tg tinh torin th6P hdP thq

Ll- LUa chgn dung mOi hdP thq,

btrdc nhy

nhu sau:

ndu riung m0i dA dugc dinh trdd'c thi bd qua

2l- XAy drlng dudng cAn blng vi dtrdng lirm viQc cua hQ hdp thg, tt d6 xric dinh

lugng dung mOi cbn thiO't cho qria trinh

3/- Xic tllnh sd don vi truybn khdi vi chibu cao mQt dor vi truybn khdi ndu ta

sr? dgng cQt dQm, ho{c xdc dinh sd mAm thr.fe td vDr kho6ng cdch mAm ndu ta st?

dUng cQt mAm.

4/- Tinh chibu cao thdp, iludng kinh thdp, c6c chi tidt tren mAm vi cd cdu tdm

dd dQm.

5/- Tfnh tr& lgc cria thaip dd tt tl6 tinh qu4t vfln chuydn khf vlo th6p

Sau dAy ld phbn trinh biy kh6i qudt nOi dung tinh torin chn thidt

S I LI.'A CHON DUNG MOI

Trong tnrdng hgp dung mOi hdp thq khOng cho tnJdc thi ngudi thidt kd phii

bidt c6ch lga chgn dung mdi mQt c6ch tdi uu, trlc lir phii th6a dring trong mdi hJcrng

quan girla cdc vdn d0: Kinh td (16 tibn), hiQu sudt hdp thr.r vb dibu kiQn h{p thg

Vi dg: Khi hdp thq khi CO2 ta c6 thd d&ng nrrdc, dung dich NaOH, KOH ho{c

c6c dung dieh Otanolamin, v v M5i dung mOi dbu c5 nhrlng ddc didm ri6ng nhu

sau:

-U- Nrrdc:

- R6 tibn, th6a mdn drroc dibu kipn kinh td.

- EQ hba tan CO2 rdt k6m d 6p sudt thudng, ndu mudn dat hi6u sudt hdp thg

dring kd thi phii t6ng rip sudt hdp thg, nhrr vAy thidt bi s6 phfc tgp hon !

2l- Dang dlch Naolt tro4c KOH

- HiQu qua hdp thr; CO2 cao.

- Chi phi cho dung mOi cao hon nr/dc.

- Kh6ng thd hohn nguyOn dung mdi I

Do d6 ngudi ta chi dtng dung mOi ndy trong tnrdng hgp &n phii rt?a sqch CO2

cho mQt h6n hgp khi hoflc vdi mgc dich tgo ra sin phdm vdi cdc 4rt g dich d6.

3l- C6.c dung dlch Otanolamin, cg thd li:

- mono6tanolamin (MEA): RNH2

- diOtanolamin (DEA): R2NH

- tri€tanolamin (TEA): R3N

trong d6 gde R c6 dqng -CHZ-CH2OH.

So srinh girla 3 dung dich tr6n thi MEA c6 khi ndng hdp thq CO2 cao nhdt

nhtrng cd nhrrgc didm: d6 bay hoi nOn hao tdn nhibu, tinh 6n mbn cao, ngoii ra cdn,

Du kiQn:

- Pha khi: nhi6t dQ, ning su5t, nbng dQ dEu, cu6i.

- Ap su{t hdp thg: P

Nhiqt dQ hdp

thqr: l5y blng To

(gii thigt)

Duilng cAn bing pha theo Tc vi P

NhiQt d0 dung m6i

ban dAu Tc

(ch9n)

NhiQt dg cudi pha l6ng T"

T"-Ta:0

t

NO

yes (H{p thV df,ng nhiQt)

kidu thap

Tfnh trd lgc th6p

56 mAm thuc td Du'dng kfnh thdp

ChiEu cao 1 d\rtk

ChiEu cao

thap, n6p, d6y

Dudng kfnh thap

Co c5u chi ti6t tr6n mAm

Bctm & Quqt & M6y n6n

sd Db riwn nHAP HiP rW LIEN TVC"

li0n kdt vdi CO2 rdt bbn nOn kh6 hoirn nguyOn dung m0i.

Do d6 ngudi ta hay chgn dung mOi DEA m{c dr) khi ning hdp thg c6 thdp hor MEA nhung vAn d4t ydu cbu vb hdp thg vi c6 thd hoiin nguyOn dung m0i Dung

moi TEA

"J nta nang hdp thq cAng k6m hcrn nan khong thd chqn v v

T6m lgi, m6i dung moi ddu c6 tnr nhugc didm riOng, ta phii cAn nhdc cric mf;t

dd lqa chon dung mOi thich hgP nhdt

{A

$ il- xAv DLTNG S0 LIEU

.1:rtt{AA\

CAN BANG VA SO LIEU VAN HANH

lf Drrdng cAn bhng:pha

Mudn x6c dlnh cdc th6ng sd vqn hbnh cho qwi trinh hdp thr,r, trudc ti6n ta ph6i

biSt qic sd li6u eAn bing pha cria hQ khi-l6ng Ndu dung dich hdp thq kh6 lodng

thi c6 thd xf cgng phuong trinh Henri dd bidu di6n dtrdng can bing:

P = Hx

ho{c

H

y== -xP

trong d6

p- dp sudt riCng phbn ctra cdu tfi khi hda tan khi cAn bhng pha.

H- hC sd Henri (don vi 6p sudt)

P- rip sudt chung cia hQ.

y- nbng dQ cAn bhng ctia pha khi, lphhn mol]

x- nbrig dg khi hda tan trong pha l6ng, [phhn mol]

HQ sd Henri cd thd tra trong cdc sd tay ky sr/ h6a hgc H-e sd ndy ui !i:i tri

khdc nhau theo trlng hQ khf-l6ng vd phg thuQc nhibu vho nhiQt dQ r

Ndu nhrr dung dich c6 nbng dQ hdp thg cao kh6ng thd sf dgng phrrcmg trinh Henri, thi ta phAi tim sd liQu cAn bing thgc nghiQm trong cdc sd tay ky sr'f h6a

chdt

Chn ehd f ld trong qu6 trinh hep thqr c6 thd xdy ra hiQn tuo.ng t6a nhi$t, mir

sd liQu cAn bing phq thuQc nhibu vio nhiQt ilQ, do d6 ta eln phii xAy dqmg tlldng

cAn blng hiQu chinh theo nhi.6t dQ Tuy nhi6n, tnrdc ti0n ta phAi gii thiSt nhi$t tlQ

hdp thq (cd thd giA thidt bhng nhiQt dQ dung mOi) tld tqo co s& ban dlu eho viQc

xdc ilinh cric th0ng sd vfln hhnh dn thidt

C6c th6ng sd vfn hAnh mA ngrrdi thidt kd c6 thd bidt tntdc tiOn li lrrgng pha

khi cbn phAi n4p vho cQt hdp thg, nbng tlQ ban &u cria-pha khi, c6 khi cring bi6t nhiQt dQ pha khi nhflp liQu, nhtrng chtra dfi dd kiQn dd thi6't kd Ta chn phii c6

th6m cdc sd liOu vAn hhnh khdc nhtl sau:

(1.1)

- Ifbrrg d0 cudi vi nhiQt d0 cudi cfia pha

- Ltrgng dung m6i ebn thie't dd tud'i vio

dinh vi d,iy thdp

Ta s6 dga vio cdc phrrong trinh cAn bing vSt lipu vi cAn bing nhipt dd x6c

cllnh cric s6 lipu niy Ddi vdi nbng a0

"qdi cria pha khi, c6 khi y6u cbu sin xudt cho trtldc mQt con sd cg thd, ho4c c6 khi ngrrdi ta drta ra yOu clu dtrdi d4ng hiQu

su{t hdp thqr phAi t14t clrrgc bao nhi€u phhn tr6m cdu tt? cbn trich

2/- Phuong trinh c6n bhng vgt 1i9u

Ky hiQu:

G- luqng khf tro, kh6ng ddi khi vf;n hinh, kmol/h

L- lugng dung m0i, khOng tldi khi v{n hinh, kmol/h

' Yo, Y"- nbng ttQ dau vi cudi cda pha khi, Kmol/I(mol khi tro

Xa, X"- nbng tlQ tlbu vi cudi erSa pha l6ng, Kmol/I(mol dung mdi.

X+- nbng dQ pha l6ng cAn bang tudng rtng vdi Y6, Kmolfi(mol dung m6i

-J

G,Y*

khi

thdp, nbng d0 vA nhiet d0 dung rn6i &

Ndu

nbng d0

Hinh 1.7 : MO hinh cdn bdng ugt li€u

ta gqi Gun le ltrgng h5n hgp khi n?p vho thdp hdp

phhn mol cria h6n hgp khi ban dbu, thi ta s6 tinh

G-Gnrr(1 yd:Gnn 1

1+Yd

thq [Kmol/h] va ya le

Itrgng khi tro nhu sau:

(1-2)

Phrrong trinh cAn bbng vAt ligu ci d4ng:

GYa + LX'6- GY + LX"

td d6:

L

= Yo - Y" (1-3)

G X.- Xd Nhtr vfy, tf sd girla lrrgng dung moi L vi khi trd G la hc s6 goc cta drrdng lhm

viQc Dd xAy dgng aoatrg lhm viQc ta phdi xdc dlnh c6c thong sd chr-ra bi6t: L' )Q'

c6 thd ca Y" vh X6.

Gii st? hiQu sudt hdp thq you cbu ld 95To, e6 nghia la cdn l4i 57o cdu tr? bi h6p

thu di theo dbng khi ra kh6i thdp, rhtl vfy ta suy ra nbng dQ cu6i Y":

Y" = 0'05 Ya Mudn x6c dinh t,rqrrg dung mdi ldm viQc thich hqp L thi ta phii biSt lugng

dung mOi tdi thidu L-io:

L*io

- Ya - Y" (1-4)

G X*-Xu

Trong d6 x+ Cltrgc x6c dinh bing tlb thi, tudng rlng vdi giao didm c0a Ya vd'i

drrdng cAn bing

Dd x6c dinh Xa, ta ph6i d{t ra 2 trrrdng hgp:

-Ndudungm6isachkhivbothdpthiXd=O,dod6tac6:

L*ir,-fu-Y"

GX*

(1-5)

Tt d6 ta aO dhng xdc dinh L*i','

- Ndu ta xt? dgng dung m6i hobn nguyon thi ro ring x6 s6 c6 mQt giti tr! ndo d6 trrong fng vdi diau kiQn vAn hhnh Vi dg: yeu cbu phii Lich d'Jqc 95Vo ch{t b! hdp thq.ra kh6i dung dleh thi ta s6 'c6:

& _ & :0,g5

x"

tfi d6 Xd - 0,05 X"

'l ;a thay:

Nphi ra, theo kinh nghigm ngUdi t

L : (1,2 + 1,3) L*i* .

Tt cric phudng trinh tr0n, tB rdt -ra dUgc:

! =x*-xu

L*ir, & )fu

ho6c ndu Xa= 0 thi:

L*io CAn bhng

hi€u:

t n6ng:

G"- lugng h6n hgp khi dbu vh cuOi,

Lr- lugng dung dich dAu vi cudi,

vA cudi,

khi ban &u

*

dung dich &u

ttT'c L4-rg ct

Hinh 1"2

x"

nhig

3l-K)t

Ga,

If's/h

La,

Ks/h

td,

"C

tc- nhiet d0

Ta, T"- nhigt d0

1C

fa, Ic- entalpi h6n hgp khi ban

cudi, KJ/kg

vh cudi,

dbu vh

Qo- nhigt mdt m6t, KJ/h

Phrrong trinh cAn beng nhiet c6 dang:

GaIa + LdCdTd + Q* - G"I" + L.C"T" + Qo

trong d5:

Q.- nhipt ph6t sinh do hdp thv khf, KJ/h

od aon gi6n hda

'dn & tfnh todn, ta c6 thd gi6 thict nhrr sau:

- nhipt mdt mdt ra moi tnrdng xung quanh kh0ng rling kd, do tt6 lAy eo = 0.

- nhipt tlQ cria h6n hgp khi ra kh6i thrip bhng nhiQt d0 dung dich vio thrip:

t": Td

- tf nhiQt qria dung dich kh6ng ddi trong su6t qu6 trinh hdp thq ( trong mt?c

tlQ ghn ttring cho ph6p, ta ldy blng tf nhigt ctia ntrdc nou dung m6i ld nrldc), v6y:

C6= Q"= Q

Trong qu6 trinh hdp thq c6 thd phrit sinh nhiQt, do rt6 ndu ky hipu q li nhipt

ph6t sinh ctia 1 mol edu tri bi hdp thu, thi ta s6 c6:

Q":9L(&-xd

vdi mrlc tlQ ghn dring ta cd thd coi nhrr q kh6ng ,ldi trong qu6

Bay gid phuong trinh cAn blng nhi€t s6 cd dang:

GaI6 + LdCTd + qL(& - Xd = G"I" + L"CT"

ho6c:

( L-7)

trinh hdp thq

T" : tu ,u + GaIa - G"I"

+ qL (& xd) L" L"C L"C

Vi lrrgng cdu tt? hba tan trong dung dich rdt nh6, do d6 lugng dung dich L6 vi cudi L" kh0ng khdc nhau nhibu, trong mt1c tlQ gpn thing ta e6 thd ldy:

!1= r

L"

Dbng thdi ta cring c6 thd b6 qua mrlc tlQ bidn ddi nhiQt ctia pha khi, tfc li:

GaIa-G"I"=g

Nhrr vfy, cdng thfc tinh nhiQt dQ cudi T" cria dung dich sE c6 d4ng sau:

T" = Ta * 9L (& - xd (1-9)

Ndu ta ding dung m6i s4eh thi Xa= 0.

Td d6 ta thdy rd nhiQt dQ cr3a dung dieh tang dAn ttl tlinh ddn d6y th6p hdp

thg vi nbng dQ cdu tt bi hdp thq tdng dAn Ndu nhrr ch€nh lQch nhiQt dQ girra T"

vi T6 ldn thi ta phii v6 clrrdng cong cAn bing pha hiQu chinh

-Xc T.

Hinh 1.3

Crich vE dtrdng cong cAn bXng hiQu chlnh nhrl sau:

- ldy mQt vAi nbng elQ dung dich troirg gidi hgn ctia X6

Xz, Xs vh tinh ra dtrgc e6c nhiQt d0 Tr, T2, T3, T".

- vd c6c drrdng cong cAn bing trrong t?ng nhiQt dO Td, Tt

(1-8)

dbu

x* T*

*'tt

XeTz

X;T

Y*

Y

Y*

Yc

_l

X4- X{ Xe t Xc

va X", vi dqr nhu Xr,

, Tz, Te va T".

4ct

<\,

4,

4 ,lN

'*$ N'I

10

- M6i nbng dQ X sE cho

dng Ndi edc didm nby l+i ta

mQt didm tr6n dtrdng cAn beng c6 nhiQt d0 ttfdng dtrgc dtrdng cong cAn bXng hiQu chinh

(r- 10)

d+ng don gi6n

ta

sd

g rn- rfrun rcicn rHufc rHAp r-rAp rHU

Cdc kich thrtdc chf yO'u cfia th6p hdp thg mi ta cbn ph6i xric dlnh lA tltrdng

k(nh vir chibu cao thdp Nhu v6y, tldi vdi thrip tlgm ta dn phdi tinh sd don vi truybn

khdi vi chibu cao mQt tlon v! truybn khdi, d6i vdi thrip mAm ta phAi xdc dinh drrgc

sd m$m thtlc td cia thrip vi khoang crich girla cdc mAm, tfi d6 mdi suy ra chibu eao

thdp

r/- Tinh th6p dem

al- Xdc itinh sf don vi trrybn khdi mv

t -

T"orrg trrrdng -hgp dung dich hdp thrf dfm dac thi mv 6 dAng phrrcrng trinh

sau:

Y6

r dy 1, 1+,Y"

Ii-u-f : J

-

T-rir

Y"Y-Y* 2 1+Y6

- Trong trr-tdng hgp dung dich hdp thu loSng thi phtrong trinh c6

hon:

Y6

fdY rDy_J ' Y"Y Y*

(1- L2)

(1- 13)

Ta s6 ding tich phAn db thi dd xric dlnh s6 don vi truybn khdi my, trong d6

Y - Y'la dQng lgc ctia qud trinh truybn khdi

- Ndu dudng cong cAn bang c6 doqn nhm giria 2 nbng dQ Ya vb Y" ld doqn

th&ng ho{c.gpn nhu th&ng, thi m y drrge tinh theo c6ng thdc nit ggn sau:

Yd Y

IIty :

(Y Y*)ro

trong d6:

Cr Y*)ro = Cru - vb - g' vll

Y6 Y;

t"""-i

- Sd tlon vi truybn kh6'i my cbn c6 thd xric dinh mQt cdch don giAn theo phrrong

ph,ip dO thi cfia Baker nhu sau:

Ta v6 nhrlng dudng th8ng !, 2, 3 song song vdi trgc tung vh ndi nhrlng tlidm

girla L', 2', 3' thdnh mQt dtrdng cong phg A'P' nhm girla ilrrdng cAn bing vd drrdng

Yr

x+ X /a

lirm viQe AP Bdt dbu tt] A v6 edc do4n nlm ngang vir th8ng ddng sao cho:

AI = IB; CK - KD; EL = LF v v vh didm C, E phAi nim trdn drriing l)rm

viQc Nhtr 1r4y ta t4o ra nhrSng bge thang mi m6i bfc li mQt tlon vi truybn khdi

bl- Xdc ilinh chibu caa mbt don vi truybn khdi: '

Khi d6 bi6t sd don vi truybn khdi thi ta cbn x:ic dlnh chibu cao tudng dng dcrn v! truybn khdi hy dd suy ra chibu cao eQt dQm H ebn thidt cho qu trinh

thu:

H - rrry hy [m]

trong d6 hy dtroc xac dinh theo phddng trinh sau:

hy=hs*?nt

6 dAy:

h6 la chibu cao mQt don vi truybn khdi ttldng tfng

h1 le chibu cao mQt don vi truybn khdi trlcrng tlng

m ta hQ sd g5c cria drrdng cAn bhng'

I le ltrgng dung mOi tiOu tdn riOng (l: I;.

G

Ta c6 thd drra thtic thr{c nghi.em sau dAY dd tfnh h6 vA

h6:

h1 =

pha pha

khi [m]

l6ng tml

( 1- 14)

m0t

hdp

(1-16)

3

'tu Prl'u

vao c6c cOng

vr

*d,ru rr1, avo

t\

zsllryl"u nd

\P*l

hl:

trong dd:

12

%- thd tich tg do efia dgm, m3/m3

o- bb m{t ri6ng ctia dQm, m2lm3.

a- hg sd phg thuQc vio dang dQm:

- dQm vbng a = 0,123

- tlpm 96 a = 0,152

?- hg sd thdm udt, phg thuQc mft ttQ trrdi, drrgc xric dlnh theo s6 lipu thgc

nghiQm (tra sd tay)

F.^- tlQ nhd't pha l6ng, N.s/mz

pr- khdi lugng'riOng pha l6ng, kg/m3

Cdc cOng thrlc ehudn sd Re", Pr" cho pha khi vi Re" ,Pr" cho pha 16ng tlrrgc

tinh nhu sau:

Tt o\y rty p:r Dy

R" : #t Pr* =

vrx

P* D*

Gy, L*- t6e dQ khdi ltrong cria khi vh l6ng tuong fng mQt don vi tidt di6n ngang

cria thrip, kg/mz s.

t y, py- dQ nhdt vA khdi ltrgng ri6ng pha khi, N s/m2 vi Kglm3.

D, D*- hQ sd khudch tdn trong pha khf vh l6ng, m2ls.

Ghi chi.

'

- Khi lga chgn cd dQm cho cOt th6p nOn chri y ddn in6i trlong quan girla dudng

kfnh vflt tlQm d vA drrdng kfnh cQt hdp thq D nhrJ sau:

l=9,1

8D15

- Ndu k6't qua tinh to6n cho ta cQt dQm qud cao thi ph6i c6t ra nhibu ttogn dd

bd tri viQc.phAn bd lai chdt l6ng Theo kinh nghiQm thge td, chibu cao mQt cQt tlQm e6 thd ld'n hon dtrdng kfnh thrip tt] 3 ddn 10 lbn

2/- Tinh thrip mAm

al- Cdth xdc dinh sd mdm thqc t{

d aay chi gidi thiQu c6ch xdc dinh sd mAm thr/c td bing & thi, eq thd li trOn

f0 thi Y-X ta vE th€m drrdng eong phg, hay cbn ggi li drrdng cong hiQu sudt, vb tt

tl6 ta vE cric bfc thang ttd xdc dinh sd mAm thtrc

13

{* il,r xr Xs X X

Hinh 1.5

Mudn vd dr/dng cong phg, ta cbn phdi bi6t hiQu sudt mAm Ta c6 thd tinh hieu

sudt mam 6 5 vi tri kh6c nhau cda thdp, trong d6 c6 2 vi trf dinh vA tt6y th6p (tuong fng vdi nbng dO & ui &) vh 3 vi tri bdt k) khric c5 nbng dQ nlm trong

khoAng grtta & rd &, tt d6 xAy dgng l6n drrdng cong phg: drrdng D123C tr€n dd thi

Sau dAy xin gidi thi$u

mAm.

mQt vei phudng phrip thgc nghiQm dd xdc dinh hiQu sudt

Phtrong phrip Cdng thfc thr{c

trong d5:

_ I

Walter-SherWood:

nghiQm dd tinh hieu sudt

-a

-e

mAm chdp c6 dqng:

(1-18)

( 1- 1e)

vdi

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