Experiencing MIS 10th by m kronenke chapter 12

Q12-3 How is business process modeling notation BPMN used to model processes?. Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle SDLC?. Business Process Modeling Notation

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Using MIS

10th Edition

Chapter 12

Information Systems Development

“Augmented reality is a dream come true.”

• Example of decision making in small company.

– Zev owner and source of investment funds.

– Team presents options; he listens and makes a

decision.

• Team is nervous, not really sure what will happen.

• “The ad possibilities are huge We could sell new

kinds of ads that people have never seen before.”

• Will focus on building a HoloLens prototype.

Bottom Line

• Startups fun and interesting places to work

• Time and budgets limited

• Decisions made more quickly, but risky if not well

managed.

• Prototypes used to reduce front-end risk.

• Scrum ideal process for creating prototypes.

Q12-3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN)

used to model processes?

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life

cycle (SDLC)?

Q12-5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Q12-6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Q12-7 2027?

Business Processes and Information Systems

Figure 12-1 Activities in a Business Process and the Correlating Information Systems

Q12-1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

Offline process

Relationship of Business Processes and

Information Systems

• Every information system has at least one

application (software)

Q12-1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

Figure 12-2 Relationship of Business Processes and Information Systems

How Do Business Processes, Information

Systems, and Applications Differ and Relate?

Q12-1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

1 Different characteristics and components.

2 Business processes to information systems -

N:M

– Business process need not relate to any information

system, but an information system relates to at least one business process.

3 At least one application in every IS due to

software component.

How Is Scope Related to Development

Processes?

Figure 12-3 Scope of Development Processes

Q12-1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

Role of Development Personnel

Figure 12-4 Role of Development Personnel

Q12-1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

Business Process Management (BPM)

Q12-2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

– Control flow - directs order of activities.

– Data flow - movement of data among activities &

repositories.

Why Do Processes Need Management?

Q12-2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

1 Improve process quality.

2 Adapt to change in technology.

3 Adapt to change in business fundamentals.

Examples of Change in Business

Fundamentals

Q12-2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

• Market (new customer category, change in customer

Four Stages of BPM Cycle

Figure 12-5 Four Stages of BPM

COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology)

Q12-2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN)

Figure 12-6 Business Process Management Notation (BPMN) Symbols

Q12-3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes?

Existing Order Process (BPMN)

Figure 12-7 Existing Order Process

Q12-3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes?

Check Customer Credit Process

Figure 12-8 Check Customer Credit Process

Q12-3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes?

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Figure 12-9 Five Phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

SDLC Definition Phase

Figure 12-10 SDLC: System Definition Phase

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

Role of a Prototype

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

• Direct user experience.

• Assess technical and organizational feasibility.

• Define requirements and functions.

• Parts often reused.

 Code for ARES prototype reused in other digital reality devices?

• Prototype-funding dilemma Which comes first?

SDLC Requirements Analysis Phase

Figure 12-11 SDLC: Requirements Analysis Phase

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

SDLC Component Design Phase

Figure 12-12 SDLC: Component Design Phase

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

SDLC System Implementation Phase

Figure 12-13 SDLC: Implementation Phase

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

System Conversion Approaches

Pilot • • Implement entire system in limited portion of business Limits exposure to business if system fails

Phased • • System installed in phases or modules Each piece installed and tested

Parallel • • Complete new and old systems run simultaneously

Very safe, but expensive

Plunge  • • High risk if new system fails Only used if new system not vital to company operations

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

Design and Implementation for the Five

Components

Figure 12-14 Design and Implementation for the Five Components

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

SDLC System Maintenance Phase

Figure 12-15 SDLC: System Maintenance Phase

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

Successful SDLC Projects

Q12-5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

• Create work-breakdown structure (WBS).

• Estimate time and costs.

• Create project plan.

• Adjust plan via trade-offs.

• Manage development challenges.

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Figure 12-16 Example Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Q12-5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Partial Gantt Chart for Definition Phase of Project

Figure 12-17 Gantt Chart of the WBS for the Definition Phase of a Project

Source: Microsoft Corporation

Q12-5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Partial Gantt Chart with Resources (People) Assigned

Figure 12-18 Gantt Chart with Resources (People) Assigned

Source: Microsoft Corporation

Q12-5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Primary Drivers of Systems Development

Figure 12-19 Primary Drivers of Systems Development

Q12-5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Manage Development Challenges

Q12-5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Four critical factors

• Schedules compress only so far.

• Once late and over budget, no good choice exists.

Configuration Control and Unexpected

Events

Q12-5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

• Configuration control

– Set of management policies, practices, and tools.

– Used to maintain control over project resources.

• Unexpected events

– New management

– Technology, competitor changes

– Disasters

– Loss of critical people

– Team morale fades

Banking on IoT

So What?

• Immediate access to analytics allows for

– Better strategic decision making

– New strategic competitive opportunities

• Sensor technologies and the ability to rapidly

transmit, store, and analyze large data sets have redefined operations and industries.

• As more smart devices (IoT) are connected to the

Internet, increasing amounts of data are captured and transmitted by these devices.

Banking on IoT (cont’d)

• Banks want to manage automated transactions

conducted by IoT devices.

– Huge potential for loyalty programs paired with

these transactions.

– Debit card charged several times a day when your

refrigerator orders groceries for you.

Estimation Ethics

Ethics Guide

• Estimating just a “theory.”

– Average of many people’s guesses.

Estimation Ethics (cont’d)

Ethics Guide

• Be aware of “buy-ins” – some vendors make a

practice of it

– Carefully scrutinize unbelievably low bids

• No substitute for experience

– Hire expertise to evaluate bids.

• Consider your position on buy-ins

– Can you ever justify a buy-in? If so, when?

Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development

Figure 12-20 Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development

Q12-6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Scrum Essentials

Figure 12-21 Scrum Essentials

Q12-6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Scrum Process

Figure 12-22 Scrum Process

Q12-6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

When Are We Done?

Q12-6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

• Scrum periods continue until:

1 Customer satisfied and accepts it.

2 Project runs out of time.

3 Project runs out of money.

How Do Requirements Drive the Scrum

Process?

Figure 12-23 Example Requirement and Tasks

Q12-6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques

Figure 12-24 Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques

Q12-6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Q12-6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

• Incorporates team iteration and feedback for

scheduling and tasking

– Team exceeds what members can do individually

• Framework for team learning.

– Learns how to assign points and what team’s true

velocity is.

Information Systems Development in 2027

Q12-7 2027?

• AI, machine learning, and deep neural networks

are reshaping the way systems are developed.

– Systems will be “trained” rather than “created.”

– Developers will become more like architects rather

than builders

• Nature of IT industry changes—more agile using

SOA and Web services.

• New systems will come online fast, the limiting

factor will be humans’ ability to cope.

Psst There’s Another Way, You Know

Security Guide

• Code sent copies of engineering drawings on host

machine to one of several email servers in China

• Original infection on server of a Peruvian

manufacturer whose suppliers needed

manufacturer’s engineering designs to create

component parts.

• Tens of thousands of engineering drawings were

leaked.

Developing Your Personal Brand

Career Guide

• Professionals use social media, such as LinkedIn,

to build their personal brand.

• Personal brand is the means by which you

conduct authentic relationships with the market for your talents and abilities.

• That market might be your professional

colleagues, your employer, your fellow employees, your competition, or anyone who cares about what you care about.

Developing Your Personal Brand (cont’d)

Career Guide

• What is your personal competitive advantage?

• Why would someone choose you, your expertise,

or your work products over others?

• How could you use social media (like LinkedIn) to

make an existing professional contact more

personal in nature while still maintaining your

privacy?

Q12-3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN)

used to model processes?

Q12-4 What are the phases in the systems development life

cycle (SDLC)?

Q12-5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Q12-6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Q12-7 2027?

When Will We Learn?

Case Study 12

• 1974: Cause of failure

– Lack of user involvement in creating and managing

system requirements.

• Access CT project (2013) successful.

– If schedule fixed, funding fixed, what factors can be

traded off to reduce project difficulty and risk?

 Requirements Reduce to bare minimum, get system running, add to it.

When Will We Learn? (cont’d)

Case Study 12

• Failure: State of Oregon wasted $248+ million

attempting to develop an information system to

support healthcare exchange

• Very early in project, consulting firm hired to

provide quality assurance, warned requirements were vague, changing, and inconsistent.

• Warnings made no difference Why?

• Software and systems made of “pure

thought-stuff.”