World off art 8th edtion by henry m sayre chapter 16

Describe the growing technological sophistication of the river valley societies of India and China.. River Valley Societies in India and China 1 of 4 in the Indus Valley are the best

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The Ancient World

16

Learning Objectives

1 of 3

prehistoric art reflects the social

aspirations of early peoples.

gods and the people in Mesopotamian art.

and culture.

Learning Objectives

2 of 3

4 Describe the growing technological

sophistication of the river valley societies

of India and China.

5 Explain the large size of so many artworks

and cultural sites in the Americas.

6 Differentiate between Minoan and

Mycenaean culture and describe how the Greek polis and its art differ from its

Aegean predecessors.

Learning Objectives

3 of 3

Rome suggest the empire's power.

militarism with Buddhist pacifism.

were exploring caves in southern

France when they came upon drawings

of horses that featured shading,

modeling, and perspective.

 The drawings predate other known cave paintings by at least 10,000 years.

 The cave is speculated to have been a

ritual gathering place for early humans.

Wall painting with horses, Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardèche gorge, France.

ca 30,000 BCE Paint on limestone, height approx 6'

Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles de Rhône-Alpes Service Régional de l'Archéologie/akg-images [Fig 16-1]

The Earliest Art

1 of 3

animals were accomplished in an

abstract style, such as the Woman from

Willendorf.

 These figurines may have served

purposes such as guardian figures.

domesticate animals and cultivate

agricultural products; crafts flourished.

Woman (formerly a.k.a the Venus of Willendorf), Lower Austria.

ca 25,000–20,000 BCE Limestone, height 4-1/2" Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna

akg-image/Erich Lessing [Fig 16-2]

The Earliest Art

2 of 3

in China produced pottery with

decoration.

 Some motifs include "hands" and eyelike forms.

forms were found on ceramics.

 An ibex with exaggerated horns is

surrounded by decorative bands.

Basin, Majiayao culture, Majiayao phase, Gansu province, China.

ca 3000–2700 BCE Earthenware with painted decoration, diameter 11" Metropolitan

Museum of Art, New York

Anonymous Loan, L 1996.55.6 Dorling Kindersley Media Library © Judith Miller/Doris

Kindersley/Wallis and Wallis [Fig 16-3]

Beaker with ibex, dogs, and long-necked birds, from southwest Iran.

ca 5000–4000 BCE. Baked clay with painted decoration, height 11-1/4"

Inv SB3174 Photo © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre)/Droits réservés [Fig 16-4]

The Earliest Art

3 of 3

monumental stone architecture, were constructed without the use of mortar.

 Stonehenge is the most well known and reflects four major building periods

between 2750 and 1500 BCE

 The amount of work it would have taken reflects that Neolithic peoples were

capable of great cooperation.

Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England.

ca 2000 BCE

© Spencer Grant/Photo Edit [Fig 16-5]

Mesopotamian Cultures

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peoples along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to produce more agriculture and experience population growth.

least a dozen city-states based around local deities.

Mesopotamian Cultures

2 of 3

• At ziggurats, visitors could bring an

offering to be sacrificed to the resident god and often left a statue of

themselves in perpetual prayer.

 Inscriptions on many of the statues state,

"May the statue speak my prayers."

 A group of statues at Tell Asmar have

large, ever-open eyes inlaid with lapis

lazuli.

Worshipers and deities from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq.

ca 2900–2600 BCE Limestone, alabaster, and gypsum, height of tallest figure 30" Excavated by the Iraq Expedition of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,

February 13, 1934

Courtesy of Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Photo: Anna Ressman

[Fig 16-6]

Mesopotamian Cultures

3 of 3

upright stone slab carved with 282

"articles" of decisions and decrees.

 At the top, Hammurabi receives

blessings from the sun god Shamash.

at Kalhu, many of its walls were

decorated in alabaster reliefs.

Stele of Hammurabi.

ca 1760 BCE Basalt, height of stele approx 7', height of relief 28" Musée du Louvre, Paris

Photo © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre)/Franck Raux [Fig 16-7]

Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions, from the palace complex of Assurnasirpal II, Kalhu (modern

Nimrud, Iraq)

ca 850 BCE Alabaster, height approx 39" The British Museum, London

akg-image/Erich Lessing [Fig 16-8]

Egyptian Civilization

1 of 3

the Nile made for stability in Egyptian culture.

ka, the soul of a person that survives

after their death.

 Servant figures, mummification, coffins, and even pyramids were built for this

purpose.

Egyptian Civilization

2 of 3

developed in art.

 The Palette of King Narmer applies

these proportions with the figure of

Narmer, who stands in a typical

Egyptian pose with lower body and head

in profile and upper body frontal.

Palette of King Narmer (front), Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt.

ca 3000 BCE Slate, height 25"

akg-image/Erich Lessing [Fig 16-9a]

Palette of King Narmer (back), Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt.

ca 3000 BCE Slate, height 25"

akg-image/Erich Lessing [Fig 16-9b]

Akhenaten briefly changed traditional religious and artistic canons.

 The bust of Queen Nefertiti showed

naturalistic features and a relaxed pose.

King Khafre, Giza, Egypt.

ca 2530 BCE Diorite, height 5' 6-1/8" Egyptian Museum, Cairo

© Jürgen Liepe, Berlin [Fig 16-10]

Queen Nefertiti, Tell el Amarna.

ca 1365 BCE Painted limestone, height 19-5/8" Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin.Acc No AM21300 Photo: Margarete Buesing © 2015 Photo Scala, Florence/bpk,

Bildagentur fuer Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte, Berlin [Fig 16-11]

River Valley Societies in

India and China

1 of 4

in the Indus Valley are the best

preserved from this civilization.

 Atop a citadel from the latter, a giant

pool possibly served as a public or ritual bathing area.

 Fired, durable bricks of identical ratios

were used for houses, platforms, and

city walls.

Large water tank, possibly a public or ritual bathing area, from Mohenjo-daro, Indus

Valley civilization

ca 2600–1900 BCE

akg-images/Gerard Degeorge [Fig 16-12]

River Valley Societies in

India and China

2 of 4

Mohenjo-daro shows the abilities and

desires of the artists.

 Their cultural heritage provided the

basis for Hinduism.

Torso of a "priest-king," from Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley civilization.

ca 2000–1900 BCE Steatite, height 7-7⁄9" National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi,

Pakistan

Photo Scala, Florence [Fig 16-13]

River Valley Societies in

India and China

3 of 4

began to settle along the North China

Plain.

ritual vessels such as the guang

pictured was enabled by sophisticated bronze-casting technology.

Spouted ritual wine vessel (Guang).

Shang dynasty, early Anyang period, 13th century BCE Bronze, height 8-1/2"

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Rogers Fund, 1943 43.25.4 Photo: Lynton Gardiner © 2015 Image copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource/Scala, Florence [Fig 16-14]

River Valley Societies in

India and China

4 of 4

been an object of shamanic

significance.

 It is said that around this time, such

objects symbolized heaven.

Ritual disc (bi) with dragon and phoenix motif, Chinese, from Jincun, Henan Province.

Eastern Zhou Dynasty, (771-256 BCE) Jade, diameter: 6-1/2" The Nelson-Atkins Museum

of Art, Kansas City, Missouri

Purchase: William Rockhill Nelson Trust, 33-81 Photo: Matthew Pearson [Fig 16-15]

Complex Societies in the Americas

1 of 2

 They built their societies on earthen

platforms complete with pyramidal mounds to house ruler-priests.

 At La Venta, four colossal stone heads

guarded the ceremonial platform; as many as eight have been found at other Olmec sites.

Colossal head, Olmec culture.

ca 900–500 BCE Basalt, height 7' 5" La Venta Park, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico

© Carlos S Pereyra/age Fotostock [Fig 16-16]

Complex Societies in the Americas

2 of 2

Cahokia was probably constructed over

the course of three centuries, beginning

 This was a focal point of a ritual center

containing as many as 120 mounds.

 A stockade surrounded it, suggesting

that warfare likely had a role in Mississippian life.

Monks Mound, the centerpiece of Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Illinois,

Mississippian culture

ca 1150 CE–1650 CE

Art Archive/Ira Block/NGS Image Collection [Fig 16-17]

Aegean and Greek Civilizations

Aegean cultures as their ancestors.

legends passed down, first orally and

then in writing.

 Modern archaeology only confirmed

their beliefs.

Aegean Cultures

1 of 4

culture shows not a bullfight, but rather

an acrobatic, possibly ritual, activity.

culture, as was the half-human, half-bull Minotaur of legend.

deities.

The "Toreador" fresco, Knossos, Crete.

ca 1500 BCE Height, including upper border, approx 24-1/2" Archaeological Museum,

Iraklion, Crete [Fig 16-18]

Aegean Cultures

2 of 4

Priestess figurine is questionable, as its authenticity as an object of Minoan

society.

 Parts were missing when Sir Arthur

Evans excavated it, and were fabricated and attached.

 There are no other images of snake

goddesses in surviving Minoan works.

Snake Goddess or Priestess, from the palace at Knossos, Crete.

ca 1500 BCE Faience, height 11-5/8" Archaeological Museum, Iraklion, Crete

© Craig & Marie Mauzy, Athens [Fig 16-19]

Aegean Cultures

3 of 4

Myceneans.

• The Warrior Vase depicts soldiers

marching to war, perhaps to meet

Dorian invaders who would destroy

The Warrior Vase, Mycenae.

ca 1200 BCE Ceramic, height 16" National Archaeological Museum, Athens

© Craig & Marie Mauzy, Athens [Fig 16-20]

Aegean Cultures

4 of 4

dead in beehive tombs that were full of gold and silver.

 The funerary mask of Agamemnon was found to predate the Trojan War by

about 300 years.

developed into city-states that feuded until the truce of the Olympic Games.

Funerary mask (Mask of Agamemnon), from Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece.

ca 1600–1550 BCE Gold, height approx 12" National Archaeological Museum, Athens

© Craig & Marie Mauzy, Athens [Fig 16-21]

Greek Civilization

1 of 5

of human strengths and powers in

Western culture.

 Interest toward human behavior and the human form increased, and the concept

of democracy arose.

reflected in temples such as the

Acropolis in Athens.

The Acropolis, Athens, Greece.

Rebuilt in the second half of the 5th century BCE

© Craig & Marie Mauzy, Athens [Fig 16-22]

Greek Civilization

2 of 5

was the Parthenon, dedicated to

Athena.

 A Doric temple composed of marble

hosted an enormous statue of the

goddess.

 A relief of Nike at the Temple of Athena

Nike exemplifies Phidian style with its sense of body weight and modeling.

Nike, from the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike.

ca 410–407 BCE Marble, height 42" Acropolis Museum, Athens

© Craig & Marie Mauzy, Athens [Fig 16-23]

Greek Civilization

3 of 5

and accurate observation continued

into the reign of King Philip of Macedon.

• Hellenism dominated the Western

world around the time of Alexander the Great.

Greek Civilization

4 of 5

proportion to rival that of Polyclitus,

giving statues a sense of greater

height.

 Apoxyomenos (The Scraper) showcases

this.

marked by figures in contrapposto and

three-dimensional realism.

Apoxyomenos (The Scraper), Roman copy of an original Greek bronze by Lysippus.

ca 350–325 BCE Marble, height 6' 8-1/2" Vatican Museums, Vatican City

© 2015 Photo Scala, Florence [Fig 16-24]

Greek Civilization

5 of 5

• Nike of Samothrace displays an

animated and dramatic pose.

contains a Trojan priest and his two sons overwhelmed by serpents in a theatrical attempt to evoke emotion.

 This marks a shift from sculptors

needing simply to represent a figure realistically.

Nike of Samothrace.

ca 190 BCE Marble, height approx 8' Musée du Louvre, Paris

Inv MA2369 Photo © Musée du Louvre, Dist RMN-Grand Palais/Thierry Ollivier

[Fig 16-25]

The Laocoön Group, Roman copy, perhaps after Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus

of Rhodes

1st century CE Marble, height 7' Vatican Museums, Vatican City

© 2015 Photo Scala, Florence [Fig 16-26]

The Roman World

1 of 4

artworks and made copies of thousands more.

society, which was heavily inspired by the Greeks.

 The life-size bronze head as well as

other bronze objects were crafted with superb metalwork and were traded.

Portrait of a Boy.

Early 3rd century BCE Bronze, height 9" Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Florence

Nicolo Orsi Battaglini/Ikona [Fig 16-27]

The Roman World

2 of 4

twins Romulus and Remus, shown in a bronze statue to be nursed by a she-

wolf.

Greeks, accurate portrayal of human

features was long established.

 Augustus of Primaporta shows a pose

similar to that of the Doryphoros.

ca 500 BCE Bronze, height 33-1/2" Museo Capitolino, Rome

© 2015 Photo Scala, Florence, courtesy of the Sovraintendenza di Roma Capitale

[Fig 16-28]

Augustus of Primaporta.

ca 20 BCE Marble, height 6' 8" Vatican Museums, Vatican City

© Araldo de Luca/Corbis [Fig 16-29]

The Roman World

3 of 4

• Romans perfected the arch, dome, and use of structural concrete.

composed of a barrel vault enclosed

within a rectangle.

relief sculpture 50 inches high and

totaling 625 feet long.

Arch of Titus, Rome.

ca 81 CE Concrete with marble facade, height 50", width 44' 4"

Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy [Fig 16-30]

Attributed to Apollodorus, Column of Trajan, Rome.

113 CE Marble, height originally 128', length of frieze approx 625'

© Vincenzo Pirozzi, Rome [Fig 16-31]

Attributed to Apollodorus, Column of Trajan, Rome (detail).

113 CE Marble, height originally 128', length of frieze approx 625'

© 2015 Photo Scala, Florence, courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att Culturali

[Fig 16-32]

The Roman World

4 of 4

Augustus's reign, elaborate public

works such as the Colosseum and

Pantheon were constructed.

Empire under Constantine was marked

by the establishment of a new capital in Byzantium.

Developments in Asia

1 of 4

discourage the Huns from invading.

 Simultaneously, 4,350 miles of roads were built to connect the Central Plain

to the edges of the empire.

the death of Qin Shihuangdi.

The Great Wall, near Beijing.

Begun late 3rd century BCE

© Steve Bloom Images/Alamy [Fig 16-33]

Model of a Multi-Storied Tower.

Eastern Han dynasty, 1st century CE Earthenware with unfired pigments, 4' 4" × 33-1/2"

× 27" The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri

Purchase: William Rockhill Nelson Trust, 33-521 Photo: John Lamberton [Fig 16-34]

Developments in Asia

2 of 4

through recorded poetry as well as

ceramic models of domestic

architecture from a tomb.

the silk trade, the route of which

reached Imperial Rome.

 Lady of Dai with Attendants is painted

with Han conception of the cosmos.

Lady of Dai with Attendants.

Han dynasty, after 168 BCE Painted silk banner from the tomb of Dai Hou Fu-ren, Mawangdui Tomb I, Changsha, Hunan, China Silk, height 6' 8-1/4" Hunan Museum,

Changsha, China

© Asian Art & Archaeology, Inc./CORBIS [Fig 16-35]