World off art 8th edtion by henry m sayre chapter 21

Learning Objectives1 of 2 have attempted to access spiritual states, and describe the role of art in these practices.. by various religions in giving their deities human form, and descri

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Spiritual Belief

21

Learning Objectives

1 of 2

have attempted to access spiritual

states, and describe the role of art in these practices

by various religions in giving their

deities human form, and describe

some strategies for overcoming these problems

Learning Objectives

2 of 2

suitable for representing spiritual

matters

1 of 3

sailed from England one of the most distinctive art forms that Cook and his crew encountered was tattooing

face of a Maori warrior

sacred and ritual traditions found

throughout the Pacific Islands

2 of 3

individuals, places, and objects were

imbued with mana.

skillful or courageous acts, or by

wearing certain items including tattoos

of the body was the head, and so it was the most appropriate place for a tattoo

3 of 3

and is meant to celebrate it

ability to create has been associated with Creation itself

experience that communicates that higher realms might exist

Sydney Parkinson, Portrait of a Maori.

1769 Wash drawing, 15-1/2 × 11-5/8", later engraved and published as Plate XVI in

Parkinson's Journal, 1773 British Library, London.

© British Library Board, Add 23920, f.55 [Fig 21-1]

Connecting with Spirits and the Divine

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peoples is informed by the belief that

the forces of nature are inhabited by

living spirits—known as animism

the divine takes multiple forms,

represented by multiple gods and

goddesses

Connecting with Spirits and the Divine

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God is the creator and transcendent

power of the world

but followers cultivate a spiritual

practice that will allow them to

ultimately experience transcendence

Connecting with Spirits and the Divine

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to connect with the spirit world and

attain spiritual states of being

attempted to connect with the spirits

residing in nature through the rock art

that survives in open-air caves

Wall painting with giraffes, zebra, eland, and abstract shapes, San people, Inanke Cave,

Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe.

Before 1000 CE Photo: Christopher and Sally Gable © Dorling Kindersley [Fig 21-2]

Connecting with Spirits and the Divine

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to the spiritual lives of the Pueblo

peoples of the American Southwest

originated in the womb of Mother Earth

manifest themselves in performance

and dance

Connecting with Spirits and the Divine

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are considered empty of any agency,

power, or even significance

walls and ceilings of Byzantine

Orthodox churches beginning in the

seventh century CE were believed to

help the faithful communicate with the

divine

Kachina doll (Maalo), Hopi culture.

Late 19th century Wood, pigment, feathers, fiber, and string, height 11-1/2" The

Brooklyn Museum of Art.

Museum Expedition 1904, Museum Collection Fund, 04.297.5604 Image courtesy of

Brooklyn Museum of Art [Fig 21-3]

Connecting with Spirits and the Divine

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• The Christ from the Deësis mosaic in

Hagia Sophia in present-day Istanbul is

an example

role in spiritual practice developed in

Buddhism as well

Christ, from Deësis mosaic.

13th century. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul Photo: Ayhan Altun/Altunimages [Fig 21-4]

Connecting with Spirits and the Divine

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frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra is an

invitation to contemplate the writings

within, which consist of a collection of

the Buddha's sayings

Frontispiece, Diamond Sutra, from Cave 17, Dunhuang.

Printed in the ninth year of the Xiantong Era of the Tang dynasty, 868 CE Ink on paper,

woodblock handscroll British Library, London.

© British Library Board, Or 8210/P.2, frontispiece and text [Fig 21-5]

Giving Gods Human Form

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of the gods in temples and monuments and worshiped them as cult images or idols

acted like humans, and spoke like

humans in the many myths

Giving Gods Human Form

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they did not overstep their bounds and try to compete with the gods the gods would protect them

the Archeological Museum in Athens

reveals a great deal about how the

Greeks thought of their gods

Zeus, or Poseidon.

ca 460 BCE Bronze, height 6' 10" National Archaeological Museum, Athens Ministry of Culture Archeological Receipt Fund, 15161 © Marie Mauzy [Fig 21-6]

Giving Gods Human Form

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Son of God made flesh found multiple styles of expression in works of art

balances both aspects of Jesus' being

Raphael, The Alba Madonna.

ca 1510 Oil on panel transferred to canvas, diameter 37-1⁄4 in., framed 4' 6" × 4'

5-1/2" National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Andrew W Mellon Collection, 1937.1.24 Photo © 1999 Board of Trustees, National

Gallery of Art Photo: José A Naranjo [Fig 21-7]

Giving Gods Human Form

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Reformation, Ulrich Zwingli instituted a program of iconoclasm in which

churches in Zurich were purged of all religious images

Giving Gods Human Form

5 of 6

church dedicated to St Bavo, in

Haarlem shows a typical Dutch

Reformed interior stripped of all

furnishings, its walls whitewashed by Calvinist iconoclasts

Pieter Saenredam, Interior of the Choir of St Bavo's Church at Haarlem.

1660 Oil on panel, 27-7/8 × 21-5/8" Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts.

Charlotte E.W Buffington Fund, 1951.29 Bridgeman Images [Fig 21-8]

Giving Gods Human Form

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(Allah) is never to be represented in

human form

by any one of his 99 names

a calligraphic scroll containing verses

from the Qur'an features the name

al-Shafi (the Healer).

Calligraphic scroll (detail), Syria or India.

14th–15th centuries Ink, watercolor, and gold on paper, full scroll 14-3/8" wide, 26' 3"

long The al-Sabah Collection, Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah, Kuwait [Fig 21-9]

Sacred Space

yourself in a place where the normal

concerns of daily life are suspended

to the challenge of creating this unique environment and investing it with

symbols of the faith

The Kaaba

1 of 3

world's religions

to participate at least once in their lives

in the annual pilgrimage to Mecca

known as the Hajj

seven times around the Kaaba

The Kaaba

2 of 3

of origin, the site of the first "house of God."

fourteenth centuries, images of

Muhammad began to appear widely in illustrated manuscripts

The Kaaba

3 of 3

• Muhammad Placing the Black Stone on

His Cloak, from Rashid Din's Jami Tawarikh (Universal History) depicts a

al-key story in the history of the Kaaba

and the Muslim faith

The Kaaba, center of the Haram Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

© Ahmed Jadallah/Reuters/Corbis [Fig 21-10]

Muhammad Placing the Black Stone on His Cloak, from Rashid al-Din's Jami al-Tawarikh

(Universal History), copied and illustrated at Tabriz, Iran.

1315 Illuminated manuscript, 5-1/8 × 10-1/4" University Library, Edinburgh.

© Edinburgh University Library [Fig 21-11]

The Japanese Shrine

Kumano are considered places of

physical healing—depicted in a hanging scroll dating from around 1300

the kami of the three Kumano

mountains, Hongu, Shingu, and Nachi

in the natural world

Kumano Mandala.

Kamakura period, ca 1300 Hanging scroll, ink and color on silk, 4' 4-1/4" × 24-1/4" The

Cleveland Museum of Art.

John L Severance Fund, 1953.16 Photo © Cleveland Museum of Art [Fig 21-12]

The Hindu Pilgrimage Place

sacred spaces are especially important

to spiritual life

temples and shrines, such as the

Kandariya Mahadeva Temple

and foremost sacred

Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Chandella dynasty, ca 1025–50.

© Neil Grant/Alamy [Fig 21-13]

The Pilgrimage Church

likewise customary for Christians to go

on religious pilgrimages to holy places

or sites containing sacred objects

France, housed the relics of Saturninus

St Sernin

Nave, St Sernin, Toulouse, France.

ca 1080–1120.

© Bildarchiv Mondheim GmbH/Alamy [Fig 21-14]

The Native American Mission Church

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contemporary Native American cultures are more complex

Southwest never comfortably

assimilated Western religion

The Native American Mission Church

2 of 2

of San José at Old Laguna Pueblo has

the altar and retablo, or altarpiece

ensemble, created by an artist known

as the Laguna Santero

unified in the design

The Laguna Santero, Retablo and high altar of the Church of San José, Old Laguna

Pueblo, New Mexico.

ca 1780–1810.

© Julien McRoberts/DanitaDelimont.com [Fig 21-15]

Spirituality and Abstraction

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spaces in the U.S is the Rothko Chapel

Spirituality and Abstraction

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paintings offered people something akin to a "religious experience."

chapel as an imaginative space into which the viewer was invited to enter

Mark Rothko, Rothko Chapel, Houston, Texas.

Opened 1971.

© Arcaid Images/Alamy [Fig 21-16]

Spirituality and Abstraction

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the viewer a religious experience was first articulated by the painter Wassily Kandinsky

space that induced in viewers the same feelings they might experience when

entering a church

Wassily Kandinsky, Composition VII.

1913 Oil on canvas, 6' 6-1/2" × 9' 11-1/8" Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia akg-image/Erich Lessing © 2015 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York [Fig 21-17]

Spirituality and Abstraction

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series of paintings based on the poems

of the ninth-century Buddhist hermit

Cold Mountain

the flow of a kind of restrained Jackson Pollock-like line

Brice Marden, Cold Mountain 6 (Bridge).

1989–91 Oil on linen, 9 × 12' San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Purchase through a gift of Phyllis Wattis 99.367 © 2015 Brice Marden/Artists Rights

Society (ARS), New York [Fig 21-18]

Spirituality and Abstraction

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something of the spiritual reverence for nature

spiritual quest that may lead to

enlightenment

The Critical Process Thinking about Art and Spiritual Belief

Reflecting Pool he was trying to get at

the original notion of baptism in a way

Room for St John of the Cross.

Bill Viola, The Reflecting Pool.

1977–79 Still Video, color, mono sound, 7 min Bill Viola Studio LLC Photo: Kira Perov [Fig 21-19]

Bill Viola, Room for St John of the Cross.

1983 Video/sound installation Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.

Bill Viola Studio LLC Photo: Kira Perov [Fig 21-20]

Thinking Back

1 of 2

have attempted to access spiritual

states, and describe the role of art in these practices

by various religions in giving their

deities human form, and describe

some strategies for overcoming these problems

Thinking Back

2 of 2

suitable for representing spiritual

matters