Discovering the humanities 3rd by henry m sayre 2016 chapter 06

The Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres, France.... Saint-Denis and the Gothic Cathedral known as Gothic originated at the Abbey of Saint-Denis, just north of Paris.. Flying buttresses, Ca

Discovering the Humanities

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The Gothic and the Rebirth of Naturalism: Civic and Religious Life

in an Age of Inquiry

6

Learning Objectives

innovations, and stylistic

developments that distinguish the

Gothic style in France

preeminent among medieval

institutions of higher learning

Learning Objectives

in Siena and Florence

literary style in European culture

The Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres, France.

Moses window, Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, France 1140–44.

© Bednorz-images, Cologne [Fig 6.2]

Saint-Denis and the Gothic

Cathedral

known as Gothic originated at the

Abbey of Saint-Denis, just north of

Paris

Suger of Saint-Denis

Saint-Denis and the Gothic

Cathedral

prominence to the Île-de-France by

creating an architecture that surpassed all others in beauty and grandeur

towers and a triple portal

France followed suit

West facade, Chartres Cathedral, France ca 1134–1220;

south spire ca 1160; north spire, 1507–13.

© Bednorz-images, Cologne [Fig 6.3]

Architectural Panorama: Chartres Cathedral

Saint-Denis and the Gothic

Cathedral

that interpreted light as the physical and material manifestation of the

Divine Spirit

elevate the soul to the realm of God

Stained Glass

programs in all Gothic cathedrals was

to tell the stories of the Bible to an

audience that was largely illiterate

is immensely complex

The Tree of Jesse window, Chartres Cathedral ca 1150–70.

© Dean Conger/Corbis [Fig 6.4]

Stained Glass

Gothic freed the walls to contain

increasingly larger windows

with mullions and traceries extending outward from its center, in the north transept at Chartres symbolizes the

Virgin Mary in her role as the Mystic

Rose

Gothic Architecture

the massive Romanesque stonework

with thinner columns and patterns of

ribs and windows

upwards like a gravity-defying

crescendo that carries the viewer's

gaze toward the heavens

Rose window and lancets, north transept, Chartres ca 1210–30.

Angelo Hornak, London [Fig 6.5]

Gothic Architecture

weight of the vaults over more

supporting stone, allowing the walls to

be thinner

• Crockets, or leaflike forms that curve

outward, were added to the pinnacles, spires, and gables of the cathedrals

 These were topped by finials, knoblike

architectural forms.

Rib vaulting.

[Fig 6.6]

Architectural Simulation: Ribbed Vault

Flying buttresses, Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris, France 1211–90.

John Bryson/Photo Researchers, Inc [Fig 6.7]

Flying buttresses, Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris, France 1211–90.

[Fig 6.8]

West facade, Amiens Cathedral, France.

1220–36/40, and continued through the 15th century.

© Stuart Black/Robert Harding World Imagery/Corbis.

[Fig 6.9]

Architectural Panorama: Cathedral of Notre

Dame, Amiens, France

Gothic Sculpture

Classical principles of sculptural

composition into Western art

tradition would no longer speak through abstracted and symbolic types, but

instead required believable, individual bodies and animated facial expressions

to tell their stories

Jamb statues, west portal, Chartres Cathedral 1145–70.

© Bednorz-images, Cologne [Fig 6.10]

Jamb statues, south transept portal, Chartres Cathedral ca 1215–20.

© Bednorz-images, Cologne [Fig 6.11]

Annunciation and Visitation, central portal, west facade, Reims

Cathedral, Reims, France Angel of the Annunciation, ca 1245–

55; Virgin of the Annunciation, 1245; Visitation group, ca

1230–33.

© Photo Scala, Florence [Fig 6.12]

Architectural Panorama: Cathedral of Notre

Dame, Reims, France

Music in the Gothic Cathedral:

Growing Complexity

the Gothic cathedral could be as

animated by its acoustics as by its light

the first collection of music in two parts,

the Magnus Liber Organi (The Great

Book of Polyphony), was widely

distributed by about 1160

Music in the Gothic Cathedral:

Growing Complexity

composers Léonin and Pérotin

 Among their most significant

innovations is their emphasis on

counterpoint and the complex musical

form of the three- to four-voice motet.

Music in the Gothic Cathedral:

Growing Complexity

regular liberal arts curriculum

associated with music, arithmetic,

geometry, and astronomy

of the language arts including

grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic

The Rise of the University

1158, quickly established itself as a

center for the study of law

students studied Latin in all courses of their first four years of study

1200, and soon after came Oxford

University and Cambridge in England

Heloise and Abelard

University of Paris distinguished it from other universities

was Peter Abelard, who taught by the

dialectical method.

the University of Paris was Thomas

Aquinas

Jacobello and Pier Paolo dalle Masegne (fl 1383–1409) Law Students, relief decorating

the tomb of a law professor at the University of Bologna ca 1200.

Marble.

Museo Civico, Bologna, Italy/Giraudon/Bridgeman Images [Fig 6.13]

The Education of Women

not allowed to attend universities

existed

 Novella d'Andrea lectured on philosophy and law in Bologna.

 A major work attributed to Trotula of

Salerno, Italy, is On the Diseases of

Women.

Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism

dialectical method to his own

Scholasticism.

authoritative summary of all that was

known on a traditional subject, and it

was the ultimate aim of every highly

educated man to produce one

Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism

upon his rational demonstrations in the

Summa Theologica.

Aquinas' writings, but his influence on

theology was profound

The Radiant Style and the Court of

Louis IX

the Gothic style in France had been

elaborated into increasingly flamboyant

patterns of repeated traceries and

ornament, which is referred to as

Rayonnant or Radiant style.

associated with the court of Louis IX (r

1226–1270)

Interior, Upper Chapel, Sainte-Chapelle, Paris 1243–48.

Sonia Halliday Photographs [Fig 6.14]

Closer Look: Sainte-Chapelle Architectural Panorama: Sainte-Chapelle

The Radiant Style and the Court of

Louis IX

to the Church, and to the history of

Gothic architecture, is the royal chapel

of Sainte-Chapelle on the Île de la Cité

in Paris

chapel, on the model of Charlemagne,

which connects Louis with his great

predecessor

The Gothic Style in the French

Ducal Courts

for their civic government—a

government at least theoretically

independent of ducal authority—

underscores not only its citizens' sense

of self-worth, but also their growing

independence from the very nobles

they imitated

The Miniature Tradition

associated with illumination, which is

a painstakingly detailed painting that decorates manuscripts

a calendar illustrated with images

showing daily life or events associated with each month of the year

Anonymous Flemish architects Town Hall (center and right) and Greffe (left), Bruges,

Belgium Town Hall 1376–1402; Greffe 1534–37.

© Bednorz-images, Cologne [Fig 6.15]

Limbourg Brothers January: The Feast of the Duke of Berry, from Les Très Riches Heures

du Duc du Berry ca 1415.

Illumination on parchment 6-3/4" × 4-1/2".

Musée Condé, Chantilly © RMN-Grand Palais (domaine de Chantilly)/René-Gabriel Ojéda

[Fig 6.16]

Limbourg Brothers February: Winter Scene, from Les Très Riches Heures du Duc du

Berry ca 1415.

Illumination on parchment 6-3/4" × 4-1/2".

Musée Condé, Chantilly © RMN-Grand Palais (domaine de Chantilly)/René-Gabriel Ojéda

[Fig 6.17]

Civic and Religious Life in Siena

and Florence

controlled by arti, or guilds,

associations or groups of people with

like-minded, often occupation-based

interests

the pope retaliated against Siena,

making Florence the principal power in Tuscany

Central Italy in about 1494, showing the Republics of Florence and Siena and the Papal

States.

[Fig Map 6.1]

Ambrogio Lorenzetti Allegory of Good Government, Effects of Good Government in the

City in the Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena 1338–39.

Fresco.

© Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence [Fig 6.18a]

Ambrogio Lorenzetti Allegory of Good Government, Effects of

Good Government in the City in the Sala della Pace, Palazzo

Pubblico, Siena 1338–39.

Fresco.

© Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence [Fig 6.18b]

Closer Look: Ambrogio

Lorenzetti, Effects of

Good Government in the City and Country

Document: Inscriptions on the Frescoes in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena

Siena and Florence: Commune and

Republic

free commune (a collective of people

gathered together for the common

good)

increasing number of people to Siena,

which brought prosperity to the town

Siena and Florence: Commune and

Republic

wealthy, and its wealth was based on

trade

and moneylenders who made Florence

a vital player in world trade

Siena and Florence: Commune and

Republic

credit, even life insurance

single currency, the gold florin

Painting: A Growing Naturalism

themselves under the protection of

Virgin Mary

competing to prove who could paint her the most magnificently

Painting: A Growing Naturalism

her less in the stiff, abstracted manner

of the Byzantine icon and more as a

real person of flesh and blood

Duccio and Simone Martini

Byzantine tradition was the Sienese

native Duccio di Buonsegna (active

1278–1318)

conventions of the Byzantine icon and

to incorporate the Gothic tendency to

naturalism

Duccio di Buoninsegna Maestà, main panel of Maestà

Altarpiece, from Siena Cathedral 1308–11.

Tempera and gold on wood 7' × 13'6-1/4".

Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Siena © Studio Fotografico

Quattrone, Florence [Fig 6.19]

Closer Look: Duccio di

Buoninsegna, Maestà

Simone Martini Maestà, Council Chamber, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena ca 1311–17, repaired

1321.

Fresco 25' × 31' 9".

© Photo Scala, Florence [Fig 6.20]

Duccio and Simone Martini

apprentice on the Maestà, and probably modeled his own version on it

naturalistic, showing the Virgin sitting in the deep space of the canopy

Cimabue and Giotto

Angels and Prophets solidified his

position as the leading painter in

Florence

concern for spatial volume and his treatment of human figures with

naturalistic expressions

Cimabue Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets,

from high altar of Santa Trinità, Florence ca 1285.

Tempera and gold on wood 11' 7-1/2" × 7' 4".

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence © Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence [Fig 6.21]

Cimabue and Giotto

throne are surprisingly individualized, suggesting the increasing prominence

of the individual personality in the era

naturalism can be seen in the work of Cimabue's apprentice, Giotto di

Bondone

Cimabue and Giotto

accurately from life, and his figures

show his skill

wide range of emotion and character in the human face

in painting with tempera, which

allowed them to increase details

Giotto di Bondone Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Saints,

from Church of the Ognissanti, Florence ca 1310.

Tempera and gold on wood 10' 8" × 6' 8-1/4".

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence © Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence [Fig 6.22]

Closer Look

• Buon fresco is the technique of

painting on wet plaster

drawing of the work, or cartoon, to the

wall

• Sinopia refers to a filled-out charcoal

drawing on the wall

Closer Look

wet wall, small sections, or giornata

(literally "day's work") were made with seams at the contours of major figures and objects

Giotto The Life of Christ and the Virgin frescoes 1305–06.

Scrovegni Chapel, Padua © Studio Fotografico Quattrone,

Giotto di Bondone The Lamentation, Scrovegni Chapel, Padua 1305–6.

Fresco 78-1/2" × 73".

© Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence [Fig 6-CL.2]

Giotto The Adoration of the Magi, Scrovegni Chapel, Padua

The Spread of Vernacular

Literature in Europe

across Europe began to write in the

vernacular, the language spoken in

the streets

vernacular poets was Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)

Dante's Divine Comedy

vernacular poets was Dante Alighieri

(1265–1321)

travels of the Christian soul from Hell to Purgatory and finally to Salvation in

three books—the Inferno, Purgatorio,

and Paradiso.

Dante's Divine Comedy

Comedy is terza rima—an interlocking three-line pattern invented by Dante

that goes a/b/a, b/c/b, c/d/c, and so on

numerological pattern in the poem

The Black Death and Its Aftermath

arrived in Sicily

northward throughout Europe

ran about 60 percent

Literature after the Black Death:

Boccaccio's Decameron

the visual arts carried over into

literature

proved an especially appropriate

vehicle for rendering truth

Jean Le Noir Pages with The Three Living (left) and The Three

Dead (right) from the Psalter and Book of Hours of Bonne of

Luxembourg Before 1349.

Grisaille, color, gilt, and brown ink on vellum 5" × 3-1/2".

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York The Cloisters

Collection, 1969 (69.86) Image copyright © The Museum/Art

Resource/Photo Scala, Florence [Fig 6.23]

Document: "The Tale of the

Three Rings" from The

Decameron by Giovanni

Boccacci

Literature after the Black Death:

Boccaccio's Decameron

the plague can be found in the

Decameron ("Work of Ten Days") by

Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), who

had survived the Black Death

stories as told by young noblemen and women who escaped plague-ridden

Florence for the countryside

Literature after the Black Death:

Boccaccio's Decameron

literature a kind of social realism

previously unexplored

that surrounds them, the stories depict daily life as it is truly lived

Andrea Del Castagno Francesco Petrarca ca 1450.

Fresco transferred to wood 97-1/4" × 60-1/4".

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence Erich Lessing/akg-images.

[Fig 6.24]

Document: Letters to Cicero (14th c.) by Petrarch

Petrarch's Sonnets

itinerant scholar and poet Francesco

Petrarca (1304–1374), known as

Petrarch

memory of the poet's beloved Laura,

inaugurate one of the most important poetic forms in Western literature

Petrarch's Sonnets

sonnets, also known as Petrarchan sonnets due to the perfection of

Petrarch's form

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales

Petrarch was the middle-class civil

servant and diplomat Geoffrey Chaucer (ca 1342–1400)

modeled on Boccaccio's Decameron.

Wife of Bath, from Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ("The

Ellesmere Chaucer") ca 1400–05.

Illumination on vellum.

Victoria and Albert Museum, London The Art Archive/Victoria and Albert Museum

London/Eileen Tweedy [Fig 6.25]

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales

collection of stories told by a group of

pilgrims traveling from London to the

shrine of Saint Thomas à Becket,

Archbishop of Canterbury

is written in verse, not prose, and

composed in heroic couplets.

Christine de Pizan: An Early

Feminist

Christine needed to support three

children, a niece, and her mother, so she became the first female

professional writer in Europe

Anonymous, La Cité des Dames de Christine de Pizan ca 1410.

Illumination on parchment, page size 4-3/4" × 7".

Bibliothèque nationale de France [Fig 6.26]

Continuity & Change

• Humanism can be defined as the

recovery, study, and spread of the art and literature of Greece and Rome, and the application of their principles to

education, politics, social life, and the arts in general

 This concept would come to define the Renaissance in the two centuries

following Petrarch.