Discovering the humanities 3rd by henry m sayre 2016 chapter 05

or its affiliates All Rights Reserved Fiefdom and Monastery, Pilgrimage and Crusade: The Early Medieval World in Europe 5... The Merging of Pagan and Christian Styles early medieval Eng

Discovering the Humanities

by Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates

All Rights Reserved

Fiefdom and Monastery, Pilgrimage and Crusade: The Early Medieval World in

Europe

5

Learning Objectives

literature tell us about Anglo-Saxon

culture

medieval culture and the legacy of his rule

relation to pilgrimage churches and

the Cluniac abbey

Learning Objectives

Crusades and appraise their outcome

manifests itself in the literature of the period

Burial ship, from Oseberg, Norway ca 800.

Wood Length 75'6".

Vikingskiphuset, Universitets Oldsaksamling, Oslo, Norway.

© Werner Forman Archive [Fig 5.1]

Sutton Hoo

important source of information about the art, culture, and society in Anglo-

Saxon England

to whom his followers owed absolute

loyalty

Anglo-Saxon England and Celtic Ireland.

[Fig Map 5.1]

Sutton Hoo

• The society was based on feudalism,

which is related to the Roman custom of patronage.

 In feudalism, a patron, usually a lord or

nobleman, provided protection to the

people who worked for him in exchange for his loyalty.

 In the Middle Ages, this relationship

developed into an agriculturally based

economic system.

Anglo-Saxon Artistic Style and

Culture

site is an example of cloisonné

technique, in which strips of gold are

set on edge to form cells

flank a central motif of animal

interlace.

in jewelry design

Anglo-Saxon Artistic Style and

Culture

was shaped by the Anglo-Saxon

traditions

of the wergeld, or the "life-price" of an

individual

identical, but a pregnant woman was

worth up to three times the usual rate

Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo burial ship ca 625.

Gold with Indian garnets and cloisonné enamels, originally on

an ivory or bone background (now lost) Length 8".

© The Trustees of the British Museum [Fig 5.2]

Closer Look: Technique: Enamel

Beowulf, the Oldest English Epic

Poem

reflects many aspects of life in the

northern European climates during the Middle Ages

trilogy The Lord of the Rings.

Bishop Eadfrith Carpet Page from the Lindisfarne Gospels.

Northumbria, England ca 698.

Tempera on vellum 13-1/2" × 9-3/4".

British Library, London © The British Library Board: Cotton

Nero D., f.94v [Fig 5.3]

Closer Look: Carpet Page

from Lindisfarne Gospels

Beowulf, the Oldest English Epic

Poem

Beowulf's themes are consonant with

Christian values, teaching its audience that power, strength, fame, and life

itself are transitory

common to Old English literature, are

kennings, compound phrases that

substitute for a usual name

Beowulf, the Oldest English Epic

Poem

displays a Christlike willingness to

sacrifice himself for the greater good—

values that are reflected in the feudal

warrior culture

The Merging of Pagan and

Christian Styles

• In about 635, the "re-Christianization"

of Britain was underway

Benedictine prior Augustine was sent to England to convert the pagan Anglo-

Saxons

Augustine urging him to incorporate

pagan traditions into Christian practice

Chi Rho Iota page, Book of Matthew, Book of Kells, probably made at Iona, Scotland.

Late 8th or early 9th century.

Manuscript illumination 13" × 9-1/2".

Trinity College Library Dublin, MS 58 (A.1.6.), fol 34v © The Board of Trinity

College/Bridgeman Images [Fig 5.4]

The Merging of Pagan and

Christian Styles

evident in the purse cover from Sutton

Hoo resurface in the carpet page of

the Lindisfarne Gospels.

vocabulary, created to honor a pagan king, was transformed to honor the

Christian conception of God

Page with David and Court Musicians, now fol 30b, but likely once the frontispiece of the

Vespasian Psalter, Canterbury, England First half of 8th century.

© The British Library Board: MS Cotton Vespasian A.i [Fig 5.5]

The Merging of Pagan and

Christian Styles

early medieval England and Ireland is referred to as Hiberno-Saxon

The Merging of Pagan and

Christian Styles

illumination is notable for its unification

of Anglo-Saxon visual culture with the textual tradition of Christianity

elaborate capitals at important sections.

Carolingian Culture

control of most of the European

continent

up their brand of Christianity and to

submit to Rome's Nicene Creed

Carolingian Culture

vast seized territories, Pope Leo III

crowned Charlemagne emperor on

Christmas Day 800

known as the Holy Roman Empire

Equestrian statue of Charlemagne Early 9th century.

Bronze with traces of gilt Height 9-1/2".

Musée du Louvre, Paris akg-images/Erich Lessing [Fig 5.6]

Document: Life of Charlemagne (early 9th c.)

by Einhard

Document: The Song of

Roland, Translated by C K

Moncreif

Map: The Empire of Charlemagne to 814.

[Fig Map 5.2]

The Song of Roland: Feudal and

Chivalric Values

were praised throughout Europe in

chansons de geste ("songs of heroic

deeds") performed by jongleurs, or

professional entertainers

syllabic, or one-note-per-syllable, style.

The Song of Roland: Feudal and

Chivalric Values

probably also strophic, meaning that

the same music repeated for each

stanza of the poem

Roland as the Ideal Feudal Hero

courageous and loyal, but he possesses

—or is possessed by—a sense of pride that inevitably leads to his demise

becomes a type for Jesus, sacrificing

himself for all of Christendom

The Chivalric Code

earliest expressions of feudalism's

chivalric code from the French

chevalier ("horseman").

strict code of conduct: courage in

battle, loyalty to his lord and peers, and courtesy verging on reverence toward women

The Chivalric Code

mechanisms for maintaining social

order and political harmony throughout medieval Europe

Promoting Literacy

tutor, the grammarian and theologian Alcuin of York (735–804), with creating

a curriculum that promoted literacy

throughout his empire

prelates and country clergy throughout the empire to start schools for children

Promoting Literacy

males, girls—especially those of noble birth—were also admitted

traditional role of the Church

The Medieval Monastery

of the Carolingian era was the

monastery

Benedict of Nursia (ca 480–547) on all monasteries and created what he

believed to be the ideal monastery at

St Gall

The Medieval Monastery

and known as the horarium, which

became the prayer schedule of

liturgical praise called the Divine

Office.

psalms and chanting of hymns and

prayers.

The Ideal Monastery: Saint Gall

to be the ideal monastery at St Gall

rectangular courtyard, typically arcaded and dedicated to contemplation

refectory, or dining hall.

Plan for a monastery at Saint Gall, Swizerland ca 820.

Redrawn from an original in red ink on parchment.

28" × 44-1/8".

Stiftsbibliothek, Saint Gall [Fig 5.7]

Closer Look: Saint Gall Plan

Women in Monastic Life

was generally only available to the

daughters of aristocrats

was Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179)

long line of female Christian visionaries and mystics

Monastic Music

more surviving compositions than any other musician, male or female, who

worked before the early fourteenth

century

collection known as Symphonia armonie

electium revelationum.

Facsimile of page with Hildegard's Vision, Scivias ca 1150–1200.

akg-images/Erich Lessing [Fig 5.8]

Monastic Music

liturgy and its music had become

unified during the twelfth century

planus, plainsong or plainchant.

Monastic Music

which are songs for one or many voices singing a single melodic line with no

harmony

Gregorian chant.

capella (without musical

accompaniment) and in syllabic style

Dixit Dominus from Psalm 109.

[Fig 5-MN.1]

Kyrie Eleison from opening of mass.

[Fig 5-MN.2]

Monastic Music

are indicated by small squares

gives way to a form in which each

syllable is sung to two or three notes

one syllable to many notes, became the stylistic norm

The Mass

of the mass was a central rite of the

Christian Church

determining the nature of a given

plainchant melody is its function in the liturgy, which remained consistent

through the sixteenth century

Capetian France and the Norman

Conquest

against the Saxons, the Normans

constructed motte and bailey castles

between 1066 and 1088

bailey is the enclosed courtyard at its base.

little as eight days.

Motte and bailey castle.

Stephen Biesty © Dorling Kindersley [Fig 5.9]

Document: From Pilgrim's

Guide to Santiago de Compostela (Part I)

Document: From Pilgrim's

Guide to Santiago de Compostela (Part II)

Closer Look

surviving works by women from that

period

dyed in eight colors, and used only two basic stitches

historical and biased

The Bayeux Tapestry (detail) 1070–80.

Embroidered wool on linen.

Height 6', entire length of fabric, 231'.

Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France/With special

authorization of the city of Bayeux/The Bridgeman Art Library.

Norman The Bayeux Tapestry: Harold swears allegiance to William 1070–80.

Embroidered wool on linen Entire length: 231'.

Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France/With special authorization of the city of

Bayeux/The Bridgeman Art Library [Fig 5-CL.2]

Norman The Bayeux Tapestry: The Normans sail for England 1070–80.

Embroidered wool on linen Entire length: 231'.

Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France/With special authorization of the city of

Bayeux/The Bridgeman Art Library [Fig 5-CL.3]

Norman The Bayeux Tapestry: After assuming the throne, Harold is disturbed by the

arrival of a comet 1070-80.

Embroidered wool on linen Entire length: 231'.

Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux, France/With special authorisation of the city of

Bayeux/The Bridgeman Art Library [Fig 5-CL.4]

Norman The Bayeux Tapestry: Harold is hit by an error in the eye and is slain 1070–80.

Embroidered wool on linen Entire length: 231'.

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY [Fig 5-CL.5]

Pilgrimage Churches and The

Romanesque

increasingly did penance for their sins

by undertaking pilgrimages to churches housing the relics of venerated saints

centuries, the most popular pilgrimage destination was Santiago de

Compostela

The pilgrimage routes through France and Spain.

[Fig Map 5.3]

Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy, Conques, Auvergne, France ca 1050–1120.

Erich Lessing/akg-images [Fig 5.10]

Pilgrimage Churches and The

Romanesque

various pilgrimage routes to house the

relics (possessions of Christian saints

and martyrs) that were bought in the Middle East

in a jeweled reliquary, a container

used to protect and display relics

Reliquary effigy of Sainte-Foy Made in the Auvergne region, France, for the Abbey Church

of Sainte-Foy, Conques, France Mostly 983–1013, with later additions.

Gold and silver over a wooden core, with precious stones and cameos Height: 34".

Church Treasury, Conques Erich Lessing/akg-images [Fig 5.11]

Interior of the nave, Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy, Conques ca 1050–1120.

© Photo Scala, Florence [Fig 5.12]

Pilgrimage Churches and The

Romanesque

as Romanesque, "in the manner of the

Romans."

Roman architectural tradition, such as portals modeled after the triumphal

arches in Rome, and barrel vaults.

tympanum) was filled with reliefs.

Floor plan of the nave, Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy, Conques

ca 1050–1120.

[Fig 5.13]

Diagram of a Romanesque portal.

[Fig 5.14]

Architectural Simulation: Romanesque Portal

Document: Description of Cluny (begun 909 CE )

Last Judgment, tympanum and detail of west portal, Sainte-Foy, Conques, Auvergne,

France ca 1065.

Photononstop/SuperStock [Fig 5.15]

Pilgrimage Churches and The

Romanesque

sides of the door supporting the lintel, were subject to being covered with

decorative relief as well as trumeau columns and archivolts.

formed by voussoirs making up the

arch.

Pilgrimage Churches and The

Romanesque

of light signifying divinity that is widely used by Romanesque arts

death," was provoked by Pope Innocent III's dramatic new description of hell in

the sermon On the Misery of the Human

Condition.

Detail of west portal tympanum of Sainte-Foy, Conques.

© White Images/Scala, Florence [Fig 5.16]

Cluny and the Monastic Tradition

most influential of the Romanesque

pilgrimage churches

status in the Church hierarchy,

reporting directly to the pope

Cluny and the Monastic Tradition

celibacy of its monks and nuns long

before celibacy was officially imposed

on Catholic priests in 1139

Reconstruction drawing of the Abbey Church (Cluny III), Cluny, Burgundy, France 1088–

1130.

After Kenneth Conant Stephen Conlin © Dorling Kindersley [Fig 5.17]

Choral Music

choral music into the liturgy sometime

in the first half of the tenth century

of polyphony—two or more lines of

melody—as opposed to the monophonic quality of Gregorian chant

Diagram of melismatic organum from Léonin's "Halleluia, dies sanctificatus."

[Fig 5.18]

Choral Music

polyphonic music, consisting of voices singing note-to-note in parallel

in contrary motion to the bass chant

(free organum) or add numerous

notes to the individual syllables above

the bass chant (melismatic

organum).

The Crusades and the Culture of

Romance

motivated by several forces

sending of Europe's feuding aristocrats

The Crusades and the Culture of

Romance

motivated by several forces

to disenfranchised young nobility

• The system of primogeniture left large

numbers of aristocratic younger brothers

to their own devices.

of adventure

The Crusades and the Culture of

Romance

crusades were failures

Muslim influence, they cemented it

more firmly than ever

Western trade with the East

The Crusades and the Culture of

Romance

motivated almost entirely by profit, as

Venice agreed to transport some

30,000 Crusaders in return for their

destroying its commercial rivals in the

Middle East

Krak des Chevaliers and the

Medieval Castle

was occupied by the Knights

Hospitaller, whose mission was to care for the sick and wounded

the castle-fortresses built by the

Normans in England and northern

France

Krak de Chevaliers, Syria First occupied 1109.

Robert Harding World Imagery/Michael Jenner [Fig 5.19]

Closer Look: Krak des Chevaliers and the Medieval Castle

Stone Castle

Joanna Cameron © Dorling Kindersley [Fig 5.20]

Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Art of

Courtly Love

cultural and literary movement that

originated in the South of France

Eleanor of Aquitaine and her daughter

Marie, Countess of Champagne in

Poitiers

Casket with scenes of courtly love, from Limoges ca 1180.

Champlevé enamel 3-5/8" × 8-1/2" × 6-3/8".

© The Trustees of the British Museum [Fig 5.21]

Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Art of

Courtly Love

sung mostly by male troubadours—

occasionally by a female troubairitz—

at the courts

longing of a knight or nobleman for a

woman who is usually unattainable,

because she is either married or of a

higher status

The Romance: Chrétien de Troyes'

Lancelot

on the courtly-love-inspired relationship

between Lancelot and Guinevere, is an

example of medieval romance.

Old French term romans, which referred

to the vernacular, everyday language of the people as opposed to Latin.

Page with Lancelot Crossing the Sword Bridge and Guinevere in the Tower, from Romance

of Lancelot ca 1300.

Illuminated manuscript 13-1/2" × 10".

© The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource/Scala, Florence [Fig 5.22]