Enterprise manage information systems 6th by laudon ch06

Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6eChapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise Primary Storage • Located near CPU • Stores all or part of active software program • Sto

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Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e

Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise

Hardware and Software in the

Enterprise

Chapter 6

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1 What computer processing and storage

capability does our organization need to handle

its information and business transactions?

2 What arrangement of computers and computer

processing would best benefit our organization?

3 What kinds of software and software tools do we

need to run our business? What criteria should

we use to select our software technology?

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Objectives

• What new software technologies are available?

How would they benefit our organization?

• How should we acquire and manage the firm’s

hardware and software assets?

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1 The centralization versus decentralization

debate

2 The application backlog

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Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure

Hardware components of a computer system

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Byte

picture

The Computer System

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Bits and bytes

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The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Controls other parts of computer

• Arithmetic-logic unit performs principle

logical/mathematical operations

• Control unit coordinates other parts, such as

reading a stored program

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Primary Storage

• Located near CPU

• Stores all or part of active software program

• Stores operating system software

• Stores data the program is using

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Primary Storage

• Composed of semi-conductors

• RAM (random access memory): Used for

short-term, temporary storage

• ROM (read-only memory): Semiconductor

memory chips with program instructions

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The CPU and primary storage

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• Semiconductor chips integrate memory, logic, and control

circuits for entire CPU

• Speed depends on number of bits processed at one time;

amount of data that can be moved between devices; and

cycle speed (MHz)

• RISC (reduced instruction set computing) increases speed;

used for scientific, workstation computing

Computer Processing

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Parallel processing

• Multiple CPUs work simultaneously on same

problem

• More than one instruction processed at a time

• Massively parallel computers: use hundreds,

thousands of processing chips

Computer Processing

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Sequential and parallel processing

Figure 6-4

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Secondary Storage Technology

• Used for relatively long-term storage of data outside CPU

• Magnetic disk: floppies, hard disks, RAID

• Magnetic tape

• Storage networking: direct-attached storage;

network-attached storage; storage area networks

Storage, Input, and Output Technology

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A storage area network (SAN)

Figure 6-5

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Input Devices

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Batch Processing

• Accumulates and stores transactions in group or batch until

time to process them

• Found primarily in older systems for occasional reporting

• Use tape storage

Online Processing

• Transactions processed immediately

• Use disk storage

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Interactive Multimedia

• Integrates sound, video or animation, graphics,

text into computer-based application

• Streaming technology

• New compression standards: MP3 (MPEG3)

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• Mainframe: Mainframe: Largest computer; handles massive amounts

of data; used for large business, scientific, military

applications

• Midrange computer: Midrange computer: Smaller, less expensive

minicomputers or servers; used for smaller organizations

or managing networks

• Minicomputers: Minicomputers: Used in systems for universities, factories,

research labs

• Servers: Servers: Manage internal company networks or Web sites

Categories of Computers and Computer Systems

Classifying Computers

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• Personal computer: Personal computer: Portable or desktop

microcomputer

• Workstation:Workstation: More powerful desktop computer

used for computation-intense tasks

• Supercomputer:Supercomputer: Sophisticated, powerful computer

used for tasks requiring rapid, complex

calculations; weapons research, weather

forecasting

Classifying Computers

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• Distributed processing:Distributed processing: Distribution of processing

work among multiple computers

• Centralized processing:Centralized processing: Accomplished by one

large central computer

• Client/server computing:Client/server computing: Splits processing

between “clients” and “servers” on network

Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing

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Client/server computing

Figure 6-6

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Types of client/server computing

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• Network computer (NC):Network computer (NC): Simplified desktop

computer, does not store data permanently

• Peer-to-peer computing:Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed processing

that links computers through Internet or private

networks

• Grid computing:Grid computing: Applies computational resources

of many networked computers to solve a large,

complex problem

Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing

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• Software program:Software program: A series of statements or

instructions to the computer

• Two major types of software:Two major types of software: System software and

application software

• System software:System software: Generalized programs that

manage the computer’s resources

• Application software:Application software: Programs written for or by

users to perform a specific task

Types of Software

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The major types of software

Figure 6-8

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• Operating system software:Operating system software: Manages the computer

system, resources; controls memory, input, output,

and task scheduling

• Computer language translation programs:Computer language translation programs:

Compiles source code of high-level language

programs (C, FORTRAN) into object code -

machine language the computer can execute

• Utility programs: Utility programs: Perform routine, repetitive tasks

such as copying, clearing primary storage

Types of Software

System Software and PC Operating Systems

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Operating System Capabilities

• Multiprogramming: Multiprogramming: Concurrent use of CPU by multiple

programs

• Virtual storage: Virtual storage: Breaks programs into smaller portions to

read as needed

• Time-sharing: Time-sharing: Allows many users to share CPU time

• Multi-processing: Multi-processing: Links two or more CPUs to work in

parallel in single computer system

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PC Operating Systems

• Software written for one OS generally cannot run

on another

• Graphical User Interface (GUI):Graphical User Interface (GUI): Dominant model

for user interface for operating systems and

applications

Types of Software

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Leading PC Operating Systems

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The Case for Linux

• Should a company select Linux as an operating

system for its major business applications?

• What are the management benefits Linux

provides?

• What are the business as well as the technology

issues that should be addressed when making that

decision?

Types of Software

Window on Management

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Application Programming Languages

Machine

st generation; binary

C Operating systems; application software

C++ Object-oriented; application software

processing

Visual Basic Visual tool; Windows applications

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Types of Software

Application Programming Languages

FORTRAN Processing numeric data; scientific,

engineering programs

Assembly

language Second generation; close to machine language; system software

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• Fourth generation languages: Fourth generation languages: Enable end users to develop

applications with minimal or no assistance; less procedural

• Procedural languages: Procedural languages: Require sequence of steps

• Nonprocedural languages: Nonprocedural languages: Specify tasks but not details on

sequence

• Natural languages: Natural languages: Nonprocedural languages resembling

human speech

• Query languages Query languages: Software tools for providing online

answers to information requests

Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools

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Types of Software

Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages

WordPerfect, Microsoft Access

files SQL

Crystal Reports

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Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages

FOCUS, Microsoft FrontPage

Generate code with fewer instructions;

productivity tool for programmers APL, Nomad2

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Object-Oriented Programming

• Combine data and methods (procedures) into one

object

• Objects are independent, reusable building blocks

• Based on concepts of class and inheritance

Types of Software

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Class and inheritance

Figure 6-9

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Java

• Object-oriented

• Platform-independent

• Robust; handles data, graphics, video, sound

• Can create “applets”; often used on Web

• Java applications tend to run slower than “native”

programs

Types of Software

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• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML):Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page

description language; creates Web pages and other

hypermedia documents

• XML (eXtensible Markup Language):XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Describes

the structure of a document; provides standard

format for data exchange

• XHTML:XHTML: Reformulates HTML with XML

document-type definitions

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• Word processing software: Word processing software: Create, format, print documents

• Desktop publishing software: Desktop publishing software: Produce professional-quality

documents with greater formatting, design capabilities

• Spreadsheets: Spreadsheets: Display data in grid for recalculating

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Text and the spell-checking option in Microsoft Word

Figure 6-10

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Types of Software

Spreadsheet software

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Data management software

Figure 6-12

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• Presentation graphics: Presentation graphics: Create professional-quality graphics

and multimedia presentations

• Integrated Software Packages and Suites: Integrated Software Packages and Suites: Combine two or

more applications; easy data transfer

• E-mail software: E-mail software: Computer exchange of messages

• Web browsers: Web browsers: Access and display Web, Internet resources

• Groupware: Groupware: Support activities of workgroups

Types of Software

Application Software Packages and Productivity Software

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• Enterprise software: Enterprise software: Integrates multiple business

processes

• Legacy system: Legacy system: System in place for long time

• Middleware: Middleware: Software that connects two disparate

systems

• Enterprise application integration (EAI) software:Enterprise application integration (EAI) software:

Middleware to create hub connecting applications

and application clusters

Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business

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Types of Software

Enterprise application integration (EAI) software versus traditional integration

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• Web services: Web services: Universal standards using Internet

technology for exchanging data between systems

• Web server:Web server: Manages requests for Web pages on

computer where they are stored

• Application server:Application server: Middleware software handling

application operations between user and back-end

business systems

Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business

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Types of Software

A multitiered architecture for e-commerce and e-business

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Application Integration to the Rescue

• How can enterprise application integration and

Web services technology provide value for

organizations?

• What management, organization, and technology

issues should be addressed when making the

decision about whether to use these technologies?

Window on Technology

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• Capacity planning: Capacity planning: Process of predicting when a

computer hardware system becomes saturated

• Scalability:Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or

system to expand to serve a larger number of users

without breaking down

Managing Hardware and Software Assets

Hardware Technology Requirements For Electronic Commerce and the Digital Firm

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• Includes both direct and indirect costs

• Hardware and software acquisitions account for

only 20% of TCO

• TCO for a PC may run to three times original

purchase price

• Hidden costs can make distributed architecture

more expensive than centralized mainframes

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets

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• Space and energy

Managing Hardware and Software Assets

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Cost Components

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