Slide 12.2Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009... Slide 12.4Saunders, Lewis and Tho
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Chapter 12
Analysing quantitative data
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
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Quantative data analysis (1)
Key points
• Data must be analysed to produce information
• Computer software analysis is normally used for
this process
• Data should be carefully prepared for analysis
• Researchers need to know how to select and use
different charting and statistical techniques
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Quantative data analysis (2)
Main concerns
• Preparing, inputting and checking data
• Choosing the most appropriate statistics to describe the data
• Choosing the most appropriate statistics to examine data relationships and trends
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
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Preparing, inputting and checking data
(1)
Main considerations
• Type of data (scale of measurement)
• Data format for input to analysis software
• Impact of data coding on subsequent analyses
• Case weighting
• Methods for error checking
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Preparing, inputting and checking data
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Preparing, inputting and checking data
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Preparing, inputting and checking data
(6)
Final stages of the process
• Entering data – rubbish in = rubbish out!
• Weighting cases
• Always take time to check for errors – including
illegitimate codes, illogical relationships and that
rules were followed in filter questions
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Exploring and presenting data (1)
Exploratory analysis can include:
• Specific values
• Highest and lowest values
• Trends over time
• Proportions
• Distributions
Sparrow (1989)
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Exploring and presenting data (2)
Checklist Box 12.8
Complete the Checklist in Box 12.8
to help you design diagrams and tables
Saunders et al (2009)
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Exploring and presenting data (3)
Showing aspects of individual variables
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Examples of diagrams (1)
Bar Chart
Source: adapted from Eurostat (2007) © European Communities, 2007
Reproduced with permission Figure 12.2 Bar chart
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Exploring and presenting data (4)
Comparing variables to show
• Specific values and independence
• Highest and lowest values
• Proportions
• Trends and conjunctions
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Exploring and presenting data (5)
Comparing variables to show
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Describing data using statistics (1)
Statistics to describe a variable focus on
two aspects
• The central tendency
• The dispersion
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Describing data using statistics (2)
Describing the central tendency
• To represent the value occurring most frequently
• To represent the middle value
• To include all data values
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Describing data using statistics (3)
Describing the dispersion
• To state the difference between values
• To describe and compare the extent by which values differ from the mean
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Examining relationships, differences
and trends
Using statistics to
• Test for significant relationships and differences
• Assess the strength of relationship
• Examine trends
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• Existing coding schemes enable comparisons
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Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Summary: Chapter 12
• Data must be checked for errors
• Initial analysis should use both tables and diagrams
• Subsequent analyses involve describing data and
exploring relationships by using statistics
• Longitudinal data may necessitate different
statistical techniques