California science grade 3 (11)

A liquid LIK•wid is matter that has a definite volume but does not have a definite shape.. A When solid steel gains enough heat energy, it will melt or turn into a liquid.. What happens

Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8

Most of an iceberg is under water.

CHAPTER 6

Matter

What are some forms of matter

and how can they change?

Lesson 1

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

3 PS 1 Energy and matter have multiple forms and

can be changed from one form to another.

257

Poem

ELA R 3.3.1.

Distinguish common

forms of literature (e.g.,

poetry, drama, fi ction,

non-fi ction) ELA W 3.2.2 Write

descriptions that use concrete

sensory details to present and

support unifi ed impressions

of people, places, things, or

experiences.

Write About It

Response to Literature During the winter, rain freezes

into ice What word does the author use in the poem

to describe ice? What are some words that describe

things around you? Choose an object to write about

Use as many words as you can to describe the object

by John Frank

A soft rain falls Through the winter air That chills the mountain pass, And clings to the trees

That crown the hills And turns them into glass

- Journal Research and write about it online @ www.macmillanmh.com

259

Have you ever watched a hang glider soar

through the air? What can you see from high

in the sky? How does the ground look? How

can you describe the objects and places below?

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Lesson 1

classroom Observe the object What color

is it? How does it feel? What is the object’s

shape and size?

in a concept web like the one shown Label

each line with a word that describes your

“mystery object.” Leave the circle blank

Think about the descriptive words What

classroom object do the words describe?

Label the circle with the name of your

partner’s “mystery object.”

Draw Conclusions

Were you able to guess your partner’s

“mystery object”? Was your classmate able

to guess your mystery object?

What helped you most in guessing your

partner’s object?

Explore More

be different if you were blindfolded and could

only touch the “mystery object”? Try it again

to find out

Materials

hand lens

3 IE 5.e Collect data in an investigation and analyze

those data to develop a logical conclusion.

261

EXPLORE

What is matter?

If you look around, you will see many things with different sizes, colors, and shapes Things differ in the way they look, feel, sound, and smell All the things around you are alike in one way All are kinds of matter (MA•tuhr).

Matter is anything that takes up space You are matter This book is matter Even the air you breathe is matter All of these things take

up space Matter also has mass Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object

A brick and a sponge might have the same size and shape However, the mass of the brick is greater than the mass of the sponge That is because the brick contains more matter than

Solids, liquids, and gases

are three forms of matter

Adding or removing heat

energy causes matter to

Properties of Matter

Each kind of matter has its own

properties (PROP•uhr•teez), or traits Color and shape are properties that you can see The way an object tastes, smells, feels, and sounds are other properties that you can observe Properties can be used to describe and identify matter.

Many properties of matter can be measured You measure the length and width of an object with a ruler

or meterstick You measure the mass

of an object with a pan balance

Quick Check

of matter?

not matter, but 3 bricks are matter?

A Everywhere you go,

you are surrounded

by matter

A pan balance is used

to measure the mass

A Liquids take the shape of their containers Liquids also take up a definite amount of space inside their containers.

A The glass is a solid It has a

definite shape and volume

Does the liquid have a

definite shape and volume?

How do we classify

matter?

One way scientists classify matter

is in groups called states Three

states of matter are solids, liquids,

and gases Each of these states of

matter has certain properties.

Most of the things you see

around you are solids (SAHL•idz)

Pencils, desks, pillows, and chairs

are all examples of solids A solid

is matter that has a definite shape

and volume (VAHL•yewm) Volume

is the amount of space that an

object takes up This book is a

solid It has a definite shape It takes

up a definite amount of space.

A liquid (LIK•wid) is matter that has a definite volume but does not have a definite shape A liquid takes the shape of its container Water, oil, juice, and shampoo are liquids Milk is a liquid, too When it is inside a carton, milk takes the shape of the carton

When you pour milk into a glass,

it takes the shape of the glass Whatever the shape or size of its container, milk’s volume does not change It takes up the same amount of space regardless

of what it is in.

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Blow into an empty bag Then quickly seal the bag

Fill a second small bag with some water and quickly seal this bag Put a rock in a third small bag and seal the bag

Observe Each bag contains matter in a different state How does each bag look and feel? Record your observations in

a chart

Predict What will happen to the matter

in each bag when the bag

is opened? Record your predictions in a chart

Observe Open each bag

Quick Check

of matter?

solids, liquids, and gases

How are they alike? How do

they differ?

Gases are the third state of

matter Most gases are invisible

You cannot see them, but they

are all around you Air is made

of gases that you need to survive

A gas is matter that does not

have a definite shape or volume

What happens when you blow

into a balloon? The gas takes

the shape of its container—the

balloon Because the gas does not

have a definite volume, it spreads

out and fills the balloon liquid

solid

D The gas used to fill

all these balloons came from this one small tank

Gases do not have

a definite volume

They spread out and fill whatever they are in

gas

265

EXPLAIN

A When solid steel gains

enough heat energy, it will

melt or turn into a liquid

A The Golden Gate Bridge is

made from tons of solid steel

What happens when heat

Adding Heat to Solids

The amount of heat energy needed

to cause matter to change state varies When a solid gains enough heat energy it will melt , or turn into

a liquid Chocolate and ice cream melt after gaining a small amount

of heat energy Rocks deep beneath Earth’s surface melt after gaining a huge amount of heat energy.

The lava fl owing from this

volcano is rock that melted

deep beneath Earth’s

surface C

ice cubes water steam

Adding Heat to Liquids

When a liquid gains heat energy, it will evaporate

(i•VAP•uh•rayt), or turn into a gas For example,

when wet clothes are placed on a clothesline, the

water in the clothes evaporates The liquid water

in the clothes gains heat energy and turns into a

gas The gas state of water is called water vapor

You cannot see water vapor, but it is part of the

air around you As the liquid water turns into

water vapor your clothes get dry.

A When the liquid water in these clothes gains enough heat energy, it will evaporate, or turn into a gas

Quick Check

when it gains heat energy?

and blow it dry What happens to the

water in your hair? What causes this

267

EXPLAIN

What happens when matter

loses energy?

When matter is cooled, it loses heat energy

Its temperature drops If it loses enough heat

energy, its state can change When a liquid loses

enough heat energy, it will freeze , or become a

solid When a gas loses enough heat energy, it

will condense (kuhn•DENS), or become a liquid

For example, on cool mornings, small droplets

of water called dew can appear on objects This

happens when water vapor in the air touches cool

objects and loses heat energy The water vapor

condenses and forms dew.

Quick Check

condensation alike?

turn to ice after being placed in a freezer?

A The dew on this spider web formed when water vapor cooled and condensed

D When carbon dioxide gas loses enough heat energy,

it will change state and become solid

When juice is cooled enough, it will

change state and become solid C

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Main Idea What is matter?

Vocabulary What are the three states of matter?

Main Idea What are some properties

of a solid that you can measure?

into three states—

solids, liquids, and gases (pp 264–265)

Matter can change

state by gaining

or losing heat energy (pp 266–268)

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Critical Thinking After taking a hot shower, Luis noticed drops of water on the bathroom mirror What caused the water drops to form?

Test Practice Air is an example of this state of matter

Writing Link Math Link

- Review Summaries and quizzes online @www.macmillanmh.com

Write an Article

What happens when oil and water

mix? In 1989 a ship spilled oil into

the water off the coast of Alaska

Research the Exxon Valdez oil

spill Write a short news article

describing what happened

Solve a Problem

It takes 80 calories of heat energy

to melt one gram of solid water (ice) to liquid water It takes 539 calories of heat energy to change one gram of water from the liquid state to the gas state How many more calories are needed for evaporation than for melting?

269

EVALUATE

You learned that matter is anything that takes

up space and has mass Water is matter that

comes in three forms: solid, liquid, and gas Does

the solid form of water have the same mass as

the liquid form? To answer questions like this,

scientists measure things.

Learn It

When you measure, you find the size, distance,

time, volume, area, mass, or temperature of an object

Scientists use many tools to measure things Some

of these tools are shown on this page Scientists use

measurements to describe and compare objects

Try It

You know that scientists measure things to answer

questions You can measure too, to answer this question

Do solid ice cubes have the same mass after they melt?

measuring cup

thermometer balance

tape measure

C To start, place several ice cubes in a cup Then,

cover the cup with plastic wrap so the water cannot

evaporate

C Measure mass by placing the cup on one end of a pan

balance Add masses to the other side of the balance

until both sides are even Record the mass on a chart

Beginning Mass

Mass Every Half Hour

Ending Mass

C Measure the mass every _21 hour until the ice is

completely melted

C Now use your measurements to answer the question

Do solid ice cubes have the same mass after they melt?

Apply It

Now measure to answer this question: Does ice cream

have the same mass after it melts? How does mass

change when matter changes state?

271

EXTEND

Suppose you had a bead collection How

would you organize your collection? How

do you think scientists classify matter?

each object Record your observations

on a chart

that have similar properties

each group that describes how its items

are alike

Draw Conclusions

group have the same properties as objects

in another group? How did you decide

how to classify each object?

classifying matter?

Explore More

peanuts and a can of stewed tomatoes? The

cans look the same except for the labels How

could you tell the cans apart if someone takes

off the labels? What experiments can you

do to find out what is in the cans without

opening them?

Materials

Step

3 IE 5.e Collect data in an investigation and analyze

those data to develop a logical conclusion.

273

EXPLORE

C Main Idea

All matter is made up

of elements An atom is

the smallest unit of an

element The periodic

table groups the

What are elements?

You know that everything around you is made up of matter But do you know what makes up matter? Ancient people wondered what made up the things in their world, too They made observations and performed investigations They decided that all matter was made up of earth, air, fire, and water Today scientists use experiments and modern tools, such as high-powered microscopes,

to observe matter These tools let scientists observe things that ancient people could not observe Today we know that all matter is made

up of elements (EL•uh•munts) Elements are the building blocks of matter More than 100 different elements have been named Everything

is made up of one or more of these elements.

People once thought that

earth, air, fi re, and water

were the basic elements

that made up all matter C

Quick Check

called the building blocks of matter?

properties of water and sugar different?

Some elements, such as gold or copper,

have names that you may have heard Others

are named for famous scientists or even for

places Einsteinium is named for Albert Einstein

Californium is named for California.

One or More Elements

Some matter is made up of mostly one element

An iron nail contains mostly the element iron

Aluminum (a•LEW•muh•nuhm) foil contains mostly

the element aluminum

Most matter is made up of more than one

element Water is made up of the elements

hydrogen and oxygen These same two elements

are also found in sugar Sugar also contains a third

element called carbon Elements join in different

ways and in different amounts to form everything

aluminum

A These three kinds of matter all

contain the element carbon

275

EXPLAIN

What are atoms?

Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms

(AT•uhmz) An atom is the smallest unit of an element

that has the properties of that element All atoms of a

specific element are identical to each other

Think about dividing an object into smaller and

smaller pieces Eventually you would get to the

smallest piece of the object that still has the same

properties—an atom.

Atoms are everywhere, but you cannot see them

An atom is tinier than a speck of dust It is too small

to be seen with your eyes Atoms cannot even be seen

through most microscopes Scientists study atoms

with special instruments called electron microscopes

These high-powered tools help scientists learn about

these tiny bits of matter

D Scientists study atoms with a scanning tunneling microscope

How do scientists study atoms?

Clue: Look at the tools the scientist is using

Read a Photo Carbon Atoms

This is how carbon looks under

a scanning tunneling microscope B

Quick Check

is made up of the elements

hydrogen and oxygen

What kinds of atoms does

water contain?

scientists study things that

are too small to see with

your eyes?

Model of an Atom

Observe Look carefully at a piece of aluminum foil Make

a list of its properties

Tear the foil in half Then tear each half in two Continue tearing the pieces until you have tiny bits of foil

How can objects be made up

of anything that tiny? Look at

a magazine cover The colors

you see look solid But if you

look at a magazine cover with a

microscope, you will see a pattern

of colored dots.

Atoms are very small If you could

compare the size of an atom to

the size of an apple, this would be

the same as comparing the size of

an apple to the size of Earth B

Compare What are the properties of the foil bits?

Read the properties you listed for the whole sheet of foil Are the properties the same?

Draw Conclusions Did the properties of the foil change

as its size changed? Are the bits of aluminum foil still aluminum? How are the bits

of foil similar to atoms of

an element?

277

EXPLAIN