The two most significant examples are equatorial East Africa from the Miocene epoch about 23 million years ago to the present and the North American Great Plains from the Oligocene epoch
Trang 1MCAT Section Tests
Dear Future Doctor,
The following Section Test and explanations should be used to practice and to assess your mastery of critical thinking in each of the section areas Topics are confluent and are not necessarily in any specific order or fixed proportion This is the level of integration in your preparation that collects what you have learned in the Kaplan classroom and synthesizes your knowledge with your critical thinking Simply completing the tests is inadequate; a solid understanding of your performance through your Score Reports and the explanations is necessary to diagnose your specific weaknesses and address them before Test Day
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Kaplan Test Prep
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All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by Photostat, microfilm, xerography or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic
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Trang 2KAPLAN 1
VERBAL REASONING TEST 5
Time – 85 Minutes
60 Questions DIRECTIONS: There are nine passages in this Verbal Reasoning test Each passage is followed by several questions After reading a passage, select the one best answer to each question If you are not certain of
an answer, eliminate the alternatives that you know to
be incorrect and then select an answer from the remaining alternatives
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Passage I (Questions 1-7)
The temperate conifer forests flanking the Cascade
Mountains of the Pacific Northwest are a product of the
regional climate Frequent rain and fog encourage the
growth of lush vegetation in a part of the world where cool
Pacific storms march relentlessly shoreward from the north
and west A million years from now, a geoscientist
examining the fossils and sediments of the rocks that are
currently being formed in this region would be able to say
confidently that the climate had been moist and cool
Unless, that is, that scientist happened to be looking at rocks
formed near Mount St Helens or another of the active
volcanoes in the range Looking at these rocks, the scientist
might think that the Pacific Northwest was a savannah or
even a desert
According to Judith Harris of the University of
Colorado Museum and John Van Couvering of the
American Museum of Natural History, volcanically
influenced ecosystems may look, in retrospect, as if they
developed in a much drier regional climate than actually
existed They named the phenomenon “mock aridity.”
Their idea may explain why computer models tend to
predict wetter climates than those suggested by the fossils
And it may mean that some paleoecologists will have to
reevaluate their evidence
The fact is, explains Harris, “Volcanic activity makes
for a barren environment.” The sedimentary processes in
that barren environment are very similar to or
indistinguishable from processes in a desert After an
isolated volcanic episode, a pioneering biological
community will develop, followed by successional
communities and, eventually, a climax community When
an ecosystem has reached climatic climax, it is a steady-state
community that reflects the regional climate But if
volcanism is persistent, the biological community will
never have the chance to reach climatic climax It will
bounce around between several pioneer and successional
stages
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The possible implications are that some well-established paleoclimate stories might have to be rewritten The two most significant examples are equatorial East Africa from the Miocene epoch (about 23 million years ago) to the present and the North American Great Plains from the Oligocene epoch (about 38 million years ago) to the present Both have been interpreted as having woodland
or savannah mosaic ecologies throughout each period A savannah mosaic may consist of woodlands, treed grasslands and grasslands Both areas, however, experienced persistent volcanism throughout each period Had there been no volcanic activity, both regions might have appeared wetter There might have been deciduous forests in North America and deciduous rain forests in East Africa
The ecosystems in these two examples developed during the transition from globally warm and wet climates
of the Cretaceous period, which ended about 65 million years ago, to the climatically fluctuating ice ages of the past few million years A big question among paleoecologists, particularly those who study human evolution, has been, when did the climate become cool and dry enough for forests to give way to savannah environments? Harris’s work suggests that this may have happened later than scientists have thought and that at least some of the Miocene savannah environments in the fossil record may be
an effect of volcanism
A test of this idea, asserts paleoanthropologist Richard Potts, is to look at the global climate record in places where volcanism is not a factor In the oceans, global temperature fluctuations are recorded in the oxygen-isotope ratios of marine sediments These records are relatively immune to the local effects of terrestrial volcanism “There you see the climatic change occurring later than what people have been seeing on land,” says Potts This is consistent with Harris’s suggestions about the regional climates of the North American Great Plains and equatorial East Africa However, Potts says, the change is not steady and, in fact, fluctuations in the global climate have increased over the past 50 million years
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Trang 31. In using ocean records to test the idea that the Miocene
savannah environments in the fossil record are an effect
of volcanism, which of the following assumptions
does Potts make?
I. Marine sediments form as the result of underwater
volcanic activity
II. There is no reason to think the marine sediment
record may have been disturbed
III. The ocean changes temperature more slowly than
the atmosphere
A. II only
B. III only
C. II and III
D. I, II and III
2. With which of the following statements would Harris
and Van Couvering most likely agree?
A. Ecosystems near volcanoes were more successful
than fossils indicate
B. Computer models are more accurate gauges of
ancient climate than fossils
C Persistent volcanism destroys the fossils and
sedimentary rocks in the surrounding region
D. There have been in fact no true deserts in the past
few million years
3. If a geoscientist were to discover fossils that indicated
the Pacific Northwest was a savannah environment a
million years ago, what effect would this development
have on the argument of Harris and Van Couvering?
A. It would strongly support the argument
B. It would support the argument somewhat, but not
conclusively
C. It would neither support nor weaken the argument
D. It would substantially weaken the argument
4. Which of the following would most challenge the idea
that equatorial East Africa may have had a wetter
climate than was previously suspected?
A. Previous climate estimates were based on fossils
from climax communities
B. The fossil record contains no evidence of
deciduous rain forests
C. The level of volcanic activity in East Africa has
never declined since the Miocene
D. Computer models suggest that the climate in East
Africa was warm
5. In the passage, Harris’s claim that volcanic activity makes for a barren environment is:
A. supported by the fact that no evidence of biological activity has been found in volcanic regions
B. supported by an analogy of volcanic regions to another type of barren environment
C. perhaps true, but not explicitly supported in the passage
D. challenged by the author’s claim that biological communities do develop in volcanic regions
6. Suppose that the marine sediment record was found to show that global temperatures did not drop until well after the Miocene epoch How would this finding be relevant to the passage?
A. It would support the claim that volcanism had an extensive impact on global climate
B. It would weaken the claim that the transition to a cooler climate occurred later than scientists thought
C. It would weaken the claim that marine sediment records are immune to the effects of volcanism
D. It would support the claim that some Miocene savannah environments are an effect of volcanism
7. Suppose that the fossil record in a Pacific Rim country suggests that the region had a savannah ecology 38 million years ago Harris and Van Couvering would most likely respond to this information by asserting that:
A. the record inaccurately reflects the regional climate due to persistent volcanism
B. the record may not be accurate if there was volcanic activity in the region
C. the fossil record should no longer be used a source
of information regarding global climate
D. this supports their theory that volcanism can cause mock aridity
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Trang 4KAPLAN 3
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Passage II (Questions 8-13)
In a society little dedicated to sustaining relationships,
encouraging cooperation and community, recognizing the
value of collaboration, or rewarding altruism rather than
greed, women have historically defined, defended, and
sustained a set of insights, values, and activities which, if
never dominant, at least provided a counterweight and an
alternative ideal to the anomie, disconnectedness,
fragmentation, and commercialization of our culture
Many of us saw women’s experiences and concerns as
the source of a sorely needed transformative vision Our
vision of a more humane society was based on a profound
commitment to caring—to the emotional and physical
activities, attitudes, and ethical comportment that help
people grow and develop, that nurture and empower them,
affirming their strengths and helping them cope with their
weaknesses, vulnerabilities and life crises
American society has made it enormously difficult for
women—or men—to hold to such an alternative ideal
When America’s masculine-dominated, marketplace culture
has not openly thwarted women’s hopes and dreams, it has
often tried to co-opt women’s liberation Thus, while many
women have remained faithful to this transformative vision
and still struggle valiantly to make it a reality, it has been
difficult for millions of others to resist a barrage of
messages from corporate America and the media that define
mastery and liberation in competitive, marketplace terms
Corporate America and the media have declared that
feminism triumphs when women gain the opportunity to
compete in what Abraham Lincoln once called the great
“race of life.” Following a classic pattern in which the
victims of aggression identify with their aggressors, many
prominent advocates of women’s liberation within the
highly competitive capitalist marketplace have themselves
embraced this masculinized corruption of feminist ideals
Placing competition above caring, work above love,
power above empowerment, and personal wealth above
human worth, corporate America has created a
late-twentitieth-century hybrid—a refashioned feminism that
takes traditional American ideas about success and
repackages them for the new female contestants in the
masculine marketplace This hybrid is equal-opportunity
feminism—an ideology that abandons transformation to
adaptation, promoting male-female equality without
questioning the values that define the very identity it
seeks
From the equal-opportunity feminism first envisaged in
The Feminine Mystique to that promoted today by Working
Woman and Savvy magazines, and the dozens of primers
that promote the dress-for-success philosophy that often
pretends to speak for all of feminism, progress and
liberation have been defined in male, market terms While
some equal-opportunity feminists pay lip service to the
work of their more care-oriented sisters, claiming that
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they would support a broad agenda that addresses our caring needs, the overarching mission of many is to help women adapt to the realities of the masculine marketplace
In this environment, the goal of liberation is to be
treated as a man’s equal in a man’s world
We had hoped that by going into the marketplace and taking our posts there as individuals, we would somehow subvert it Many believed that our femininity would protect
us, that the force of our feminism would make us invulnerable to the seductive logic of either patriarchy or capitalism
What we had not counted on was the strength of the marketplace, its ability to seduce and beguile the best and the brightest, and its capacity to entrap us in its rules and entangle us in its imperatives A few women have won great wealth and privilege But, not unlike men in similar positions, many of them are unwilling to jeopardize what they’ve acquired in order to work for change Some are so caught up in their own personal sagas that they have forgotten the women who have been left behind
It is, of course, true that a great many professional women are deeply concerned about the fate of personal, political and social life in modern America They express great disenchantment but nonetheless seem caught in a gilded cage—unhappy with their lot but too fearful of losing what they’ve gained for the promise of a richer life or the fulfillment of a common morality
8. In the context of the sentence beginning “Following a classic pattern ,” (line 30) the word “aggressors” refers to:
A. corporate America and the media
B. equal-opportunity feminists
C. advocates of women’s liberation
D. male chauvinists
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Trang 59. Suppose an equal-opportunity feminist were to argue
that the basic goal of feminism is to eliminate the
barriers that keep women from competing with men
on an equal basis The author of the passage would
most likely counter this stance by arguing that:
A many women have already been assimilated into
the marketplace
B. the desire to compete is contrary to true feminist
ideals
C. the greatest barrier is the dissension among the
ranks of feminists
D. women should aim not for equality but for
eventual dominance
10. Adopting the author’s views as presented in the
passage would most likely mean acknowledging that:
A. feminism as a movement has lost touch with its
roots
B attainment of personal success in the traditional
sense is not the highest of ideals
C. wealth and privilege have no intrinsic personal
value
D. the marketplace is but one of the societal spheres
that are male-dominated
11. Which of the following would the author most readily
accept as an explanation of the fact that many
professional women do not speak out about the need
to care?
A. Women who are deemed troublesome are often
passed over for promotion
B. The philosophy of caring has been shown to be
detrimental to business practice
C. Professional women prefer to lead by example
rather than through activism
D. Equal-opportunity feminism has completely
replaced transformative feminism
12. The author’s claim that “some [women] are so caught
up in their own personal sagas that they have forgotten the women who have been left behind” (lines 71-73) is:
A. supported by the personal experience of the author
B. supported by a comparison with the male experience of the marketplace
C. not supported by any specific evidence given in the passage
D inconsistent with the assumptions and logical reasoning of the passage
13. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following opinions could most reasonably be ascribed
to an equal-opportunity feminist?
A. The woman has to play by traditional rules in order to be a successful professional
B. The commitment to caring is bankrupt as a feminist strategy
C. The marketplace will become more humane as more women gain positions of power
D. Women have finally attained equality with men in the marketplace
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Trang 6KAPLAN 5
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Passage III (Questions 14-18)
At its inception, a mass movement seems to champion
the present against the past It sees in the established
institutions and privileges an encroachment of a senile, vile
past on a pristine present But, to pry loose the stranglehold
of the past, there is need for utmost unity and unlimited
self-sacrifice This means that the people called upon to
attack the past in order to liberate the present must be
willing to give up enthusiastically any chance of ever tasting
or inheriting the present The absurdity of the proposition is
obvious Hence, the inevitable shift in emphasis once the
movement starts rolling The present—the original
objective—is shoved off the stage and its place taken by
posterity—the future More still: the present is driven back
as if it were an unclean thing and lumped with the detested
past The battle line is now drawn between things that are
and have been, and the things that are not yet
To lose one’s life is but to lose the present; and,
clearly, to lose a defiled, worthless present is not to lose
much
Not only does a mass movement depict the present as
mean and miserable—it deliberately makes it so It fashions
a pattern of individual existence that is dour, hard,
repressive, and dull It decries pleasures and comforts and
extols the rigorous life It views ordinary enjoyment as
trivial or even discreditable, and represents the pursuit of
personal happiness as immoral To enjoy oneself is to have
truck with the enemy—the present The prime objective of
the ascetic ideal preached by most movements is to breed
contempt for the present The campaign against the appetites
is an effort to pry loose tenacious tentacles holding on to
the present That this cheerless individual life runs its
course against a colorful and dramatic background of
collective pageantry serves to accentuate its
worthlessness
The very impracticability of many of the goals which
a mass movement sets itself is part of the campaign against
the present All that is practicable, feasible and possible is
part of the present To offer something practicable would be
to increase the promise of the present and reconcile us with
it Faith in miracles, too, implies a rejection and a defiance
of the present When Tertullian proclaimed, “And He was
buried and rose again; it is certain because it is impossible,”
he was snapping his fingers at the present Finally, the
mysticism of a movement is also a means of deprecating the
present It sees the present as the faded and distorted
reflection of a vast unknown throbbing underneath and
beyond us The present is a shadow and an illusion
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There can be no genuine deprecation of the present without the assured hope of a better future For however much we lament the baseness of our times, if the prospect offered by the future is that of advanced deterioration or even an unchanged continuation of the present, we are inevitably moved to reconcile ourselves with our existence—difficult and mean though it may be
All mass movements deprecate the present by depicting it as a preliminary to a glorious future; a mere doormat on the threshold of the millennium To a religious movement the present is a place of exile, a vale of tears leading to the heavenly kingdom; to a social revolution it is
a mean way station on the road to Utopia; to a nationalist movement it is an ignoble episode preceding the final triumph
14. For which of the following statements does the passage provide some evidence or explanation?
I. Mass movements emphasize the future over the present
II. Most mass movements are controlled by a small leadership
III. Religious mass movements are generally more successful than nationalist mass movements
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. II and III
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Trang 715. The author would most likely agree with which one
of the following statements?
A. The future always turns out to be better than the
present
B. Most mass movements eventually fail to achieve
their ultimate goals
C. There are similarities among religious, social, and
nationalist mass movements
D. The achievements of the past are too often
invoked by mass movements
16. In the context of the passage, the phrase the campaign
against the appetites (lines 30-31) refers to:
A. mass movement efforts to get their members to
abstain from political involvement
B. mass movement efforts to get their members to
go without pleasures and comforts
C. mass movement efforts to get their members to
disavow belief in miracles
D. mass movement efforts to get their members to
denounce the current government
17. Suppose that a certain mass movement in Heartland
focuses its energy on reforming the present political
system How would this information affect the
author’s claim about mass movements?
A. It would support the author’s claim
B. It would contradict the author’s claim
C. It would neither support nor contradict the
author’s claim
D It would support the author’s claim only if the
movement lacked a vision of the future
18. Based on information in the passage, which of the
following is/are NOT true?
I. Mass movements consider it necessary to destroy
the present
II. Nationalist mass movements generally glorify the
past
III. Mass movements do not ask members to sacrifice
their lives on behalf of movement goals
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and II
D. II and III
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Trang 8KAPLAN 7
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Passage IV (Questions 19-24)
The planned expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization into Eastern Europe has been compared by
one sour critic to the behavior of a couple in a crumbling
marriage, who instead of going to a marriage counselor
decide to try to save their relationship by having a baby, or
possibly even several babies NATO itself is in the middle
of a very confused debate about its identity and role, and
partly as a result it is difficult to detect any honest, coherent
discussion in the West of the necessity for expansion and of
how it will affect relations with Russia, the security of the
Ukraine and the Baltic States, and the peaceful integration
of Ukraine into Europe A potential diplomatic debacle is
in the making
The official Western line at present is that NATO
expansion is meant to “strengthen European security,” but
not against Russia or against feared Russian aggression
Nevertheless all public discussion in Poland, and much of
it in the United States has been conducted in terms of the
need to contain a presumed Russian threat and to prevent
Russia from exerting influence on its neighbors—influence
that is automatically viewed as illegitimate and threatening
to the West
The attitude of the entire Russian political
establishment to the expansion issue is now strongly and
unanimously negative, though the government hopes for the
moment to continue exerting influence against expansion by
cooperating with NATO—hence its agreement to join the
Partnership for Peace
The reasons for Russian opposition are twofold: In the
first place, NATO expansion is seen as a betrayal of clear
though implicit promises made by the West in 1990-91, and
a sign that the West regards Russia not as an ally but as a
defeated enemy Russians point out that Moscow agreed to
withdraw troops from the former East Germany following
unification after NATO promised not to station its troops
there Now NATO is planning to leapfrog over eastern
Germany and end up 500 miles closer to Russia, in Poland
Western arguments that the 1990 promise to Mikhail
Gorbachev referred only to East Germany, not to the rest of
Eastern Europe, though strictly speaking correct, are not
unnaturally viewed by Russians as purely jesuitical
Russian officials say that the NATO expansion would lead
to a reversal of the previous pro-Western policy of the
Yeltsin and Gorbachev governments
In the second place, Russians fear that NATO
expansion will ultimately mean the inclusion of the Baltic
States and Ukraine within NATO’s sphere of influence, if
not in NATO itself—and thus the loss of any Russian
influence over these states and the stationing of NATO
troops within striking distance of the Russian heartland
Most Western diplomats privately say that these fears are
paranoid, but the West’s inability publicly to rule out
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the possible future inclusion of any country in NATO makes it very difficult to reassure the Russians
The overwhelming majority of Russian politicians, including most liberals, now believe it is necessary that most of the former Soviet Union (excluding the Baltic States) be within a Russian sphere of influence They see this not as imperialism but as a justifiable defense of Russian interests against a multiplicity of potential threats (radical Islam, future Turkish expansionism), of Russian populations outside Russia, and of areas in which Russia has long maintained a cultural presence—Ukraine, for example This does not necessarily involve demands for hegemony over Russia’s neighbors, but it certainly implies the exclusion of any other bloc’s or superpower’s military presence In justification Russians point to the Monroe Doctrine and to the French sphere of influence in Africa Most educated Russians now view Western criticism as mere hypocrisy masking Western aggrandizement
19. In the context of the analogy in the first paragraph, the couple is to the baby as:
A. NATO is to Russia
B. Russia and NATO together are to an Eastern European country
C. NATO is to an Eastern European country
D. Eastern Europe is to NATO
20. The author of this passage would probably give his
greatest support to which of the following actions by
NATO?
A. Admitting officially that NATO expansion is meant to contain the Russian threat
B. Halting expansion once Poland has been absorbed into NATO
C. Stating publicly that Ukraine will never be included in NATO’s sphere of influence
D. Reconsidering plans to establish a presence in Eastern Europe
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Trang 921. Judging from the passage, the “clear though implicit
promises” made by the West to Russia in 1990-91
were promises that:
A. the West would allow Russia to station troops in
Poland
B. the West would not station troops in any East
European country
C. the West would withdraw its troops from East
Germany following unification
D. the West would leapfrog over East Germany into
Poland
22. Based on the passage, which of the following could be
considered true beliefs of the majority of Western
diplomats?
I. Any expansion of Russia’s influence on its
neighbors would endanger the West
II. Ukraine is not in any danger of being absorbed by
NATO
III. Russia would not be justified in regaining control
of former Soviet territories
A. II only
B. II and III
C. I and III
D. I, II and III
23. Based on the passage, which of the following could
one most reasonably expect of a country that is
attempting to expand its sphere of influence?
A. A complete cessation of communication with
potential enemies
B. A declaration that the purpose of expansion is
greater security
C. A stubborn refusal to admit defeat when it has
been suffered
D. A prolonged period of careful planning and
diplomatic negotiation
24. Which of the following theories seems most in agreement with the Russian justification for maintaining a Russian sphere of influence?
A. It’s all right to do something if someone else has done it
B. If you want something done right, you have to do
it yourself
C. If you can’t beat them, you should join them
D. You can never accumulate too much power and influence
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Trang 10KAPLAN 9
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Passage V (Questions 25-30)
Self-government is in inverse ratio to numbers The
larger the constituency, the less the value of any particular
vote When he is merely one of millions, the individual
elector feels himself to be impotent, a negligible quantity
The candidates he has voted into office are far away, at the
top of the pyramid of power Theoretically they are the
servants of the people; but in fact it is the servants who give
orders and the people, far off at the base of the great
pyramid, must obey Increasing population and advancing
technology have resulted in an increase in the number and
complexity of organizations, an increase in the amount of
power concentrated in the hands of officials and a
corresponding decrease in the amount of control exercised
by the electors, coupled with a decrease in the public’s
regard for democratic procedures Already weakened by the
vast impersonal forces at work in the modern world,
democratic institutions are now being undermined from
within by the politicians and their propagandists
Human beings act in a great variety of irrational ways,
but all of them seem capable, if given a fair chance, of
making a reasonable choice in the light of available
evidence Democratic institutions can be made to work
only if all concerned do their best to impart knowledge and
to encourage rationality But today, in the world’s most
powerful democracy, the politicians and their propagandists
prefer to make nonsense of democratic procedures by
appealing almost exclusively to the ignorance and
irrationality of the electors “Both parties,” we were told in
1956 by the editor of a leading business journal, “will
merchandize their candidates and issues by the same
methods that business has developed to sell goods These
include scientific selection of appeals and planned
repetition Radio spot announcements and ads will repeat
phrases with a planned intensity Billboards will push
slogans of proven power Candidates need, in addition to
rich voices and good diction, to be able to look ‘sincerely’
at the TV camera.”
The political merchandisers appeal only to the
weaknesses of voters, never to their potential strength They
make no attempt to educate the masses into becoming fit for
self-government; they are content merely to manipulate and
exploit them For this purpose all the resources of
psychology and the social sciences are mobilized and set to
work Carefully selected samples of the electorate are given
“interviews in depth.” These interviews in depth reveal the
unconscious fears and wishes most prevalent in a given
society at the time of an election Phrases and images aimed
at allaying or, if necessary, enhancing these fears, at
satisfying these wishes, at least symbolically, are then
chosen by the experts, tried out on readers and audiences,
changed or improved in the light of the information thus
obtained After which the political campaign is ready for
the mass communicators All that is now needed is money
and a candidate who can be coached to look “sincere.”
Under the new dispensation, political prin-
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ciples and plans for specific action have come to lose most
of their importance The personality of the candidate and the way he is projected by the advertising experts are the things that really matter
In one way or another, as vigorous he-man or kindly father, the candidate must be glamorous He must also be
an entertainer who never bores his audience Inured to television and radio, the audience is accustomed to being distracted and does not like to be asked to concentrate or make a prolonged intellectual effort All speeches by the entertainer-candidate must therefore be short and snappy The great issues of the day must be dealt with in five minutes at the most—and preferably in sixty seconds flat
25. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the relationship between population size and the amount of power held by officials?
A. The larger the population, the greater the amount
of power held by officials
B. The larger the population, the smaller the amount
of power held by officials
C. The smaller the population, the greater the amount of power held by officials
D. There is no systematic connection between population size and amount of power held by officials
26. With which of the following statements would the author most likely NOT agree?
A. Politicians could win elections without appealing
to voters’ weaknesses
B. In a democracy the officials are supposed to take command of the electorate
C. Science can be perverted to further bad intentions
D. Propaganda that exploits voters’ weaknesses is effective
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